Cambridge IGCSE and O Level Economics

ENDORSED BY l:},;J CAMBRIDG E '< f / International 1-:xaminatinns Cambridge IGCSE ® and O Level Economics Paul Hoang Margaret Ducie /. HODDER 'EDUCATION

ENDORSED BY l:},;J CAMBRIDG E '< f / International 1-:xaminatinns Cambridge IGCSE ® and O Level Economics Paul Hoang Margaret Ducie /. HODDER 'EDUCATION

Economics Paul Hoang and Margaret Ducie '., ~D~~R1~~ AN HACHETTE UK COMPANY

Economics Paul Hoang and Margaret Ducie '., ~D~~R1~~ AN HACHETTE UK COMPANY

® !GCSE is the registettd trademark of Cambridge International Examination, The questiOfls, example answers, marks awarded and/or rommems that app<:ar in this book and CD ""re written by the authors, and are not the responsibility of Cambridge Int ern ational Exa mination, Althougheveryeffurthasbeenmadetoe11surethatwebsite addttssesareco1Tect a ttimeofgoingto p=<, Hodder EdU<:ation cannot be held responsible for the rontem of any website mentioned in this book. It is sometimes possible to find a relocated web page by typing in the address of the home page for a website in the URL window of your browser. Ha chette UK's policy is to use papers that are natural, renewable a nd recyclable products and made from wood grown in sustainable forests. The logging and manufanuring processes are expected to ronformtotheem;ronmentalregnlationsofthecoumryoforigin. Orders: please contact Bookpoint Ltd, 130 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OXl4 4SB. Telephone: (44)0 1235827720 . Fn :(4 4 )0 1235400454 . Llnesareope119.00 - 5.00,,\lo11dayt0Saturday,witha 24 - hour mess.age answering servi,e. Visit our website at www .hoddereducation.com. C PaulHo angand Ma rgaretDu,ie20 13 Firstpublishedin2013by Hodder Education An H achette UK Company London NWI 3BH Impression number 54321 Year 201520142013 All rights reserved. Apan from any use permitted under UK copyright law, 110 part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any fonn or by any means, electronfr or mechanical, induding photocopying a nd recording, or held within any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher or under Ji<:en,e from the Copyright Li,ensing Agen,y Limite d.Furtherdetailsofsnchli,ences(forreprographi,reproduction)maybeobtainedfromthe Copyright Licensing Agency Limited, Saffron House , 6- 10 Kirby Sttt<:t, London ECIN 8TS. Cmu photo C Oleksandr Dibron - Fotolia Illu,trationsbyAptara,Inc. TypesetinITCGallianlbyApta ra ,In c. Printed in Italy Ac ata loguerecordforthistidei,availablefromtheBritishLibrary

® !GCSE is the registettd trademark of Cambridge International Examination, The questiOfls, example answers, marks awarded and/or rommems that app<:ar in this book and CD ""re written by the authors, and are not the responsibility of Cambridge Int ern ational Exa mination, Althougheveryeffurthasbeenmadetoe11surethatwebsite addttssesareco1Tect a ttimeofgoingto p=<, Hodder EdU<:ation cannot be held responsible for the rontem of any website mentioned in this book. It is sometimes possible to find a relocated web page by typing in the address of the home page for a website in the URL window of your browser. Ha chette UK's policy is to use papers that are natural, renewable a nd recyclable products and made from wood grown in sustainable forests. The logging and manufanuring processes are expected to ronformtotheem;ronmentalregnlationsofthecoumryoforigin. Orders: please contact Bookpoint Ltd, 130 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OXl4 4SB. Telephone: (44)0 1235827720 . Fn :(4 4 )0 1235400454 . Llnesareope119.00 - 5.00,,\lo11dayt0Saturday,witha 24 - hour mess.age answering servi,e. Visit our website at www .hoddereducation.com. C PaulHo angand Ma rgaretDu,ie20 13 Firstpublishedin2013by Hodder Education An H achette UK Company London NWI 3BH Impression number 54321 Year 201520142013 All rights reserved. Apan from any use permitted under UK copyright law, 110 part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any fonn or by any means, electronfr or mechanical, induding photocopying a nd recording, or held within any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher or under Ji<:en,e from the Copyright Li,ensing Agen,y Limite d.Furtherdetailsofsnchli,ences(forreprographi,reproduction)maybeobtainedfromthe Copyright Licensing Agency Limited, Saffron House , 6- 10 Kirby Sttt<:t, London ECIN 8TS. Cmu photo C Oleksandr Dibron - Fotolia Illu,trationsbyAptara,Inc. TypesetinITCGallianlbyApta ra ,In c. Printed in Italy Ac ata loguerecordforthistidei,availablefromtheBritishLibrary