Please write clearly in block capitals. Centre number Candidate number Surname Forename(s) Candidate signature H GCSE BIOLOGY Higher Tier Paper 1H Tuesday 15 May 2018 Afternoon Time allowed: 1 h ou r 45 minutes Materials For Examiner’s Use For this paper you must have: Question Mark • a ruler 1 • a scientific calculator . 2 Instructions 3 • Use black ink or black ball - point pen. 4 • Fill in the boxes at the top of this page. 5 • Answer all questions in the spaces provided. • Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want 6 to be marked. 7 • In all calculations, show clearly how you work out your answer. TOTAL Information • There are 100 marks available on this paper. • The marks for questions are shown in brackets. • You are expected to use a calculator where appropriate. • You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation in your answers. * JUN18 84611H01 * 8461/1H IB/M/Jun18/E 8

Please write clearly in block capitals.
Centre number Candidate number
Surname
Forename(s)
Candidate signature
H
GCSE
BIOLOGY
Higher Tier Paper 1H
Tuesday 15 May 2018 Afternoon Time allowed: 1 h ou r 45 minutes
Materials
For Examiner’s Use
For this paper you must have:
Question Mark
• a ruler
1
• a scientific calculator .
2
Instructions
3
• Use black ink or black ball - point pen.
4
• Fill in the boxes at the top of this page.
• Answer all questions in the spaces provided. 5
• Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want 6
to be marked.
7
• In all calculations, show clearly how you work out your answer.
TOTAL
Information
• There are 100 marks available on this paper.
• The marks for questions are shown in brackets.
• You are expected to use a calculator where appropriate.
• You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation
in your answers.
* JUN18 84611H01 * 8461/1H
IB/M/Jun18/E 8

2 Do not write outside the box There are no questions printed on this page DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED * 02 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

2
Do not write
outside the
box
There are no questions printed on this page
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE
ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED
* 02 *
IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

3 Do not write - outside the 0 1 Eating food containing Salmonella bacteria can cause illness . box 0 1 . 1 Two symptoms of infection by Salmonella are vomiting and diarrhoea. What causes these symptoms? [1 mark] l toxins 0 1 . 2 Give two ways a person with a mild infection of Salmonella can help prevent the spread of the bacteria to other people. [2 marks] 1 wash hands after being sick Isolation - 2 Avoid food Isolate infected person preparing - if 1 , 0 1 . 3 In very serious infections of Salmonella , a doctor can prescribe drugs to kill the bacteria. - What type of drug can the doctor prescribe to kill the bacteria? [1 mark] Antibiotics I acquired immunodeficiency syndrome § gy ← 0 1 . 4 A person with AIDS may take longer than a healthy person to recover from a Salmonella infection. Explain why. [2 marks] Immune system damaged / weaker is and white blood , healthy cells cannot kill Salmonella effectively as as in a person . Turn over ► * 03 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

3
Do not write
- outside the
0 1 Eating food containing Salmonella bacteria can cause illness . box
0 1 . 1 Two symptoms of infection by Salmonella are vomiting and diarrhoea.
What causes these symptoms?
[1 mark]
l
toxins
0 1 . 2 Give two ways a person with a mild infection of Salmonella can help prevent the
spread of the bacteria to other people.
[2 marks]
1 wash hands after being sick
Isolation
-
2 Avoid food
Isolate infected person preparing
-
if
1
,
0 1 . 3 In very serious infections of Salmonella , a doctor can prescribe drugs to kill
the bacteria.
-
What type of drug can the doctor prescribe to kill the bacteria?
[1 mark]
Antibiotics
I
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
§ gy ←
0 1 . 4 A person with AIDS may take longer than a healthy person to recover from a
Salmonella infection.
Explain why.
[2 marks]
Immune system is damaged / weaker and white blood
,
cells cannot kill Salmonella effectively healthy
as as in a
person
.
Turn over ►
* 03 *
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4 Do not write - outside the 0 1 . 5 l Salmonella bacteria can be transmitted from chickens to humans. Chickens can be box vaccinated to prevent the transmission of Salmonella bacteria to humans. Suggest one other way farmers could prevent the transmission of Salmonella from chickens to humans . [1 mark] infected Isolate chickens Slaughter infected chickens - - Antibiotics to chickens - given A restaurant owner employed a scientist to test the effectiveness of two kitchen cleaning liquids. The scientist took samples from two work surfaces: • before the surfaces had been cleaned with the cleaning liquids • after the surfaces had been cleaned with the cleaning liquids. The samples were then analysed for the number of bacteria they contained. The results are shown in Figure 1 . Figure 1 ^ * 04 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

4
Do not write
- outside the
0 1 . 5 l Salmonella bacteria can be transmitted from chickens to humans. Chickens can be box
vaccinated to prevent the transmission of Salmonella bacteria to humans.
Suggest one other way farmers could prevent the transmission of Salmonella
from chickens to humans .
[1 mark]
Isolate infected chickens Slaughter infected chickens
- -
- Antibiotics given to chickens
A restaurant owner employed a scientist to test the effectiveness of two kitchen
cleaning liquids.
The scientist took samples from two work surfaces:
• before the surfaces had been cleaned with the cleaning liquids
• after the surfaces had been cleaned with the cleaning liquids.
The samples were then analysed for the number of bacteria they contained.
The results are shown in Figure 1 .
Figure 1
^
* 04 *
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5 - Do not write outside the 0 1 . 6 Which cleaning liquid is the more effective? box Give a reason for your answer. [1 mark] B Cleaning Liquid Reason Greater reduction the number in of bacteria Question 1 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 05 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

5
- Do not write
outside the
0 1 . 6 Which cleaning liquid is the more effective? box
Give a reason for your answer.
[1 mark]
Cleaning Liquid B
Reason Greater reduction in the number of
bacteria
Question 1 continues on the next page
Turn over ►
* 05 *
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6 Do not write outside the The scientist investigated the effect of cleaning liquid A and cleaning liquid B on box Salmonella bacteria grown in a laboratory. Figure 2 shows the way the investigation was set up. Figure 2 0 The Petri dish was placed in an incubator at 25 °C for 48 hours. After 48 hours, the scientist calculated the area around each paper disc where no bacteria were growing. The results are shown in Table 1 . Table 1 Area around disc with no Filter paper disc bacteria growing in cm 2 Water 0 Cleaning liquid A 11 Cleaning liquid B 13 0 1 . 7 What measurement would the scientist need to take to calculate the area where no bacteria were growing? # Tlr [1 mark] radius ← Radius diameter ( = 2 × r * 06 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

6
Do not write
The scientist investigated the effect of cleaning liquid A and cleaning liquid B on outside the
box
Salmonella bacteria grown in a laboratory.
Figure 2 shows the way the investigation was set up.
Figure 2
0
The Petri dish was placed in an incubator at 25 °C for 48 hours.
After 48 hours, the scientist calculated the area around each paper disc where no
bacteria were growing.
The results are shown in Table 1 .
Table 1
Area around disc with no
Filter paper disc
bacteria growing in cm 2
Water 0
Cleaning liquid A 11
Cleaning liquid B 13
0 1 . 7 What measurement would the scientist need to take to calculate the area where no
bacteria were growing? #
Tlr [1 mark]
← radius
Radius
( diameter
= 2 × r
* 06 *
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7 Do not write ✓ outside the 0 1 . 8 Give one change to the investigation that would allow the scientist to chec k if the box results are repeatable. → same person repeats experiment with same - result [1 mark] same method to get the same Do ( experiment repeat the again to results see if are similar 0 1 . 9 The scientist showed the results to the restaurant owner. Both cleaning liquids cost the same per dm 3 . Suggest one other factor the restaurant owner should consider when choosing which cleaning liquid to use . [1 mark] Interactions with other Toxicity of product - - For cleaners harmful side effects Ease of Use - 11 @-EI--__-S_E_s-@ Turn over for the next question r Turn over ► * 07 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

7
Do not write
✓ outside the
0 1 . 8 Give one change to the investigation that would allow the scientist to chec k if the box
results are repeatable.
→ same person repeats same experiment with
- result [1 mark]
same method to get the same
Do experiment again ( repeat to see if the results are
similar
0 1 . 9 The scientist showed the results to the restaurant owner.
Both cleaning liquids cost the same per dm 3 .
Suggest one other factor the restaurant owner should consider when choosing which
cleaning liquid to use .
[1 mark]
Interactions with other
- Toxicity of product -
For cleaners
harmful
side effects
Ease of Use
-
11
@-EI--__-S_E_s-@ Turn over for the next question
r
Turn over ►
* 07 *
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8 ÷ Do not write outside the 0 2 Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical reactions in the cells of the body. box One metabolic reaction is the formation of lipids . 0 2 . 1 Give one other metabolic reaction in cells. formation / breakdown - [1 mark] glycogen proteins of / Respiration - formation Photosynthesis - of urea - Table 2 shows the mean metabolic rate of humans of different ages. Table 2 Mean metabolic rate in kJ/m 2 /hour 6 → Age in years Males Females 5 53 53 15 45 42 25 39 35 35 37 35 0 45 36 35 0 2 . 2 What two conclusions can be made from the data in Table 2 ? [2 marks] AAAAA Tick two boxes. As age increases, mean metabolic rate of males and ✗ females increases. = Males have a higher metabolic rate than females after five years of age. The mean metabolic rate of females decreases faster than males up to 25 years of age. The mean metabolic rate of males and females decreases more quickly after the age of 35. ✗ There is no relationship between age and mean metabolic rate. ✗ * 08 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

8
÷
Do not write
outside the
0 2 Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical reactions in the cells of the body.
box
One metabolic reaction is the formation of lipids .
0 2 . 1 Give one other metabolic reaction in cells.
formation / breakdown
- [1 mark]
of glycogen / proteins
Respiration
-
Photosynthesis formation
- - of urea
Table 2 shows the mean metabolic rate of humans of different ages.
Table 2
→ Age in Mean metabolic rate in kJ/m 2 /hour 6
years Males Females
5 53 53
15 45 42
25 39 35
35 37 35
45 0 36 35
0 2 . 2 What two conclusions can be made from the data in Table 2 ?
[2 marks]
AAAAA Tick two boxes.
As age increases, mean metabolic rate of males and ✗
females increases. =
Males have a higher metabolic rate than females after
five years of age.
The mean metabolic rate of females decreases faster than males
up to 25 years of age.
The mean metabolic rate of males and females decreases more
quickly after the age of 35. ✗
There is no relationship between age and mean metabolic rate. ✗
* 08 *
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9 Do not write outside the 0 2 . 3 Calculate the percentage decrease in the mean metabolic rate of males between box 5 years and 45 years of age. - - Use the equation: decrease in metabolic rate percentage decrease= × 100 - original metabolic rate ← Give your answer to 3 significant figures. - [3 marks] -BozasaI ÷ ¥ ← a " Percentage decrease = Question 2 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 09 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

9
Do not write
outside the
0 2 . 3 Calculate the percentage decrease in the mean metabolic rate of males between box
5 years and 45 years of age.
- -
Use the equation:
decrease in metabolic rate
percentage decrease= × 100
- original metabolic rate ←
Give your answer to 3 significant figures.
- [3 marks]
-BozasaI ÷
¥
← a "
Percentage decrease =
Question 2 continues on the next page
Turn over ►
* 09 *
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10 Do not write outside the Regular exercise can increase metabolic rate. box Two people did five minutes of gentle exercise from rest. Table 3 shows the effect of the exercise on their heart rates. Table 3 Rate - of Time in Heart rate in beats per minute increase minutes Person R Person S 0 (at rest) 60 78 Plateau - 1 76 100 Levelling off 2 85 110 challenge 3 91 119 overall - ☐ 4 99 129 5 99 132 . 0 2 . 4 Describe two differences in the response of person R and person S to the exercise. Use information from Table 3 . [2 marks] Person 1 S heart rate increased faster than 's that of R person Person rate 2 R heart 's 0 2 . 5 Complete the line graph in Figure 3 for person S . r You should: • a dd the scale to the x axis • l abel the x axis . [4 marks] * 10 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

10
Do not write
Regular exercise can increase metabolic rate. outside the
box
Two people did five minutes of gentle exercise from rest.
Table 3 shows the effect of the exercise on their heart rates.
Table 3
Rate
- of
Time in Heart rate in beats per minute
minutes increase
Person R Person S
0 (at rest) 60 78 Plateau
-
1 76 100 Levelling off
2 85 110
challenge
3 91 119 - overall
☐
4 99 129
5 99 132
.
0 2 . 4 Describe two differences in the response of person R and person S to the exercise.
Use information from Table 3 .
[2 marks]
Person
1 S heart rate increased faster than
's
that of R
person
2 Person R 's heart rate
0 2 . 5 Complete the line graph in Figure 3 for person S .
r
You should:
• a dd the scale to the x axis
• l abel the x axis .
[4 marks]
* 10 *
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11 → Do not write outside the Figure 3 box Persons ✗ ✗ ✗ * ✗ ✗ 8 1 I 5 I 1 / minutes Time 0 2 . 6 After five minutes of exercise, the heart rate of person S was 132 beats per minute. When person S rested, his heart rate decreased steadily at a rate of 12 beats every minute. Calculate how much time it would take the heart rate of person S to return to its resting rate. ( [2 marks] 152 ¥ 4,5 ✓ Time = minutes His Turn over ► * 11 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

11
→ Do not write
Figure 3 outside the
box
Persons
✗
✗
✗
*
✗
✗
8 1 I 5 I 1
Time / minutes
0 2 . 6 After five minutes of exercise, the heart rate of person S was 132 beats per minute.
When person S rested, his heart rate decreased steadily at a rate of 12 beats
every minute.
Calculate how much time it would take the heart rate of person S to return to its
resting rate.
( [2 marks]
152 ¥
4,5
✓
Time = His minutes
Turn over ►
* 11 *
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12 Do not write outside the 0 2 . 7 A student made the following hypothesis about the heart rate of smokers and box non - smokers during exercise. - - “During exercise, the heart rate of smokers increases more than the heart rate - of non - smokers.” Design an investigation that would allow you to test this hypothesis. [6 marks] and Get people two smokers groups of group - one , should the have at other smokers Each non group - . least people ✓ controlled five . variable y Get both to do ÑÉie the the for - groups lsameamountoft.im# ✓ trolled Cong Variable Ensure the health and - groups same are of age , gender ✓ variable Dependent ÑÉÉat before and of each person - after exercise ✓ Tin [ Calculate rate the change each 's heart person and ÉÉts of each group - 20 * 12 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

12
Do not write
outside the
0 2 . 7 A student made the following hypothesis about the heart rate of smokers and box
non - smokers during exercise. -
-
“During exercise, the heart rate of smokers increases more than the heart rate
of non - smokers.” -
Design an investigation that would allow you to test this hypothesis.
[6 marks]
Get two people smokers and
- groups of one group
,
the other smokers Each should have at
non - . group
least people ✓ controlled
five
. variable
y
Get both to do the ÑÉie the
- groups for
lsameamountoft.im#
✓
trolled
Cong
Variable
Ensure the health and
- groups are of same age
,
gender ✓
Dependent variable
ÑÉÉat
before and
of each person
-
after exercise ✓
Tin
[
Calculate the change each 's heart rate
person
and ÉÉts
of each group -
20
* 12 *
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13 Do not write outside the 0 3 The circulatory system is composed of the blood, blood vessels and the heart. box 0 3 . 1 Urea is transported in the blood plasma. Name two other substances transported in the blood plasma. A [2 marks] 1 Carbon Dioxide Glucose Amino acids - - - 2 Water Lactic acid - - 0 3 . 2 Some athletes train at high altitude. Training at high altitude increases the number of red blood cells per cm 3 of blood. Explain why having more red blood cells per cm 3 of blood is an advantage to an athlete . I [3 marks] More red blood cells haemoglobin present ✓ - means more ✓ Therefore transported be respiration in the - more oxygen can presence ae ¥ a of Oz allows More for muscle cells ✓ - oxygen more of ( ) them giving more energy 0 3 . 3 Which two blood vessels carry deoxygenated blood? Ñod [2 marks] without oxygen Tick two boxes. blood oxygenated to delivers Aorta ← ✗ body - heart blood to oxygenated delivers Coronary artery × G- ¥ 7 lungs deoxygenated blood to delivers ✓ Pulmonary artery ← - heart to delivers oxygenated blood Pulmonary vein ← + - ) ( to later to body go n ✓ heart to Vena cava delivers blood deoxygenated ← ) ( to later to lungs go on Turn over ► * 13 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

13
Do not write
outside the
0 3 The circulatory system is composed of the blood, blood vessels and the heart. box
0 3 . 1 Urea is transported in the blood plasma.
Name two other substances transported in the blood plasma.
A
[2 marks]
1
- Carbon Dioxide - Glucose - Amino acids
2
- Water - Lactic acid
0 3 . 2 Some athletes train at high altitude.
Training at high altitude increases the number of red blood cells per cm 3 of blood.
Explain why having more red blood cells per cm 3 of blood is an advantage to
an athlete . I
[3 marks]
More red blood cells haemoglobin present ✓
- means more
✓
- Therefore more oxygen can be transported respiration in the presence
ae ¥ a
of Oz
More allows for muscle cells ✓
- oxygen more of
( giving them more energy )
0 3 . 3 Which two blood vessels carry deoxygenated blood?
Ñod
[2 marks]
without oxygen
Tick two boxes.
oxygenated blood to
delivers
Aorta ←
✗ body
-
oxygenated blood to heart
Coronary artery delivers
× G-
¥ 7
lungs
delivers deoxygenated blood to
Pulmonary artery ✓ ←
-
delivers oxygenated blood to heart
Pulmonary vein ←
+
- ( to later to body )
go n
✓ to heart
Vena cava ← delivers deoxygenated blood
)
( to later go on to lungs
Turn over ►
* 13 *
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14 Do not write - outside the Figure 4 shows the three types of blood vessel. box Figure 4 " " Y lumen Thick muscle t elastic wall narrow lumen - capillary vein Artery cry 0 3 . 4 Which type of blood vessel carries blood into the right atrium? Twin [1 mark] Tick one box. ✓ A B C Wall → elasticity / thiktfness - Size of lumen - 0 3 . 5 Compare the structure of an artery with the structure of a vein. Valves - - [3 marks] - - Arteries have thicker layer muscle than ✓ - a of veins e- Arteries ✓ have lumen than - a narrower veins Veins have valves ; arteries don't ✓ - f) Arteries have / thicker elastic tissue - more - * 14 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H -

14
- Do not write
Figure 4 shows the three types of blood vessel. outside the
box
Figure 4
" "
Y lumen
Thick
muscle t
elastic
wall narrow
lumen
- vein capillary
Artery
cry
0 3 . 4 Which type of blood vessel carries blood into the right atrium?
Twin
[1 mark]
Tick one box.
✓
A B C
Wall → elasticity / thiktfness
-
- Size of lumen
0 3 . 5 Compare the structure of an artery with the structure of a vein. Valves
- -
- - [3 marks]
Arteries have thicker layer muscle than ✓
- a of veins
e-
Arteries have lumen than ✓
- a narrower veins
- Veins have valves ; arteries don't ✓
f)
- Arteries have more / thicker elastic tissue
-
* 14 *
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-

15 Do not write q outside the 0 3 . 6 Heart rate is controlled by a group of cells. This group of cells act as a pacemaker. box Figure 5 shows a section through the heart. r Draw an X on Figure 5 to show the position of the pacemaker. 1- [1 mark] Figure 5 ✗ an 0 3 . 7 A patient may be fitted with an artificial pacemaker. What condition may be treated using an artificial pacemaker? [1 mark] An ( irregular heartbeat arrhythmia - 13 Turn over ► * 15 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

15
Do not write
q outside the
0 3 . 6 Heart rate is controlled by a group of cells. This group of cells act as a pacemaker. box
Figure 5 shows a section through the heart.
r
Draw an X on Figure 5 to show the position of the pacemaker.
1-
[1 mark]
Figure 5
✗
an
0 3 . 7 A patient may be fitted with an artificial pacemaker.
What condition may be treated using an artificial pacemaker?
[1 mark]
An irregular heartbeat ( arrhythmia
-
13
Turn over ►
* 15 *
IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

16 6- Do not write outside the 0 4 A student carried out an investigation using chicken eggs. box This is the method used. 1. Place 5 eggs in acid for 24 hours to dissolve the egg shell. 2. Measure and record the mass of each egg. 3. Place each egg into a separate beaker containing 200 cm 3 of distilled water. 4. After 20 minutes, remove the eggs from the beakers and dry them gently with a paper towel. 5. Measure and record the mass of each egg. Table 4 shows the results. Table 4 Mass of egg without shell Mass of egg after 20 Egg in grams minutes in grams 1 73.5 77.0 3,5 2 70.3 73.9 3.6 3 72.4 75.7 33 4 71.6 73.1 / is 5 70.5 73.8 3.3 0 4 . 1 Another student suggested that the result for egg 4 was anomalous. Do you agree with the student? Give a reason for your answer. [1 mark] Yes because change lower than others mass is much , - s * 16 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H -

16
6- Do not write
outside the
0 4 A student carried out an investigation using chicken eggs. box
This is the method used.
1. Place 5 eggs in acid for 24 hours to dissolve the egg shell.
2. Measure and record the mass of each egg.
3. Place each egg into a separate beaker containing 200 cm 3 of distilled water.
4. After 20 minutes, remove the eggs from the beakers and dry them gently with a
paper towel.
5. Measure and record the mass of each egg.
Table 4 shows the results.
Table 4
Mass of egg without shell Mass of egg after 20
Egg
in grams minutes in grams
1 73.5 77.0 3,5
2 70.3 73.9 3.6
3 72.4 75.7 33
4 71.6 73.1 / is
5 70.5 73.8 3.3
0 4 . 1 Another student suggested that the result for egg 4 was anomalous.
Do you agree with the student?
Give a reason for your answer.
[1 mark]
Yes because change lower than others
mass is much
,
-
s
* 16 *
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-

17 Do not write outside the 0 4 . 2 Calculate the percentage change in mass of egg 3 . box [2 marks] sina.n.fi ? aiti# 100 ✗ 10 £ 7517 7214 - ✗ 72,4 Percentage change in mass = ✓ 4. 6% I 0 4 . 3 Explain why the masses of the eggs increased . [3 marks] ✓ Mass increased because entered by water osmosis - ) ( water has moved the from the dilute solution the beaker to - in concentrated solution ✓ in the egg Through partiaypermeabe membrane ✓ - a only certain substances through can pass 0 4 . 4 Explain how the student could modify the investigation to determine the concentration of the solution inside each egg. [3 marks] Use at least concentrations / salt solution ✓ five of - sugar Keane ) solution and plot eggs the percentage change - in in mass or graph a ✓ Determine the concentration where the percent - change ✓ This tells you when the concentration either side the membrane equal on of is , as no osmosis is occurring Turn over ► * 17 * I IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

17
Do not write
outside the
0 4 . 2 Calculate the percentage change in mass of egg 3 . box
[2 marks]
sina.n.fi ? aiti#
✗ 100
10 £
7517 - 7214
✗
72,4
Percentage change in mass = ✓
4. 6%
I
0 4 . 3 Explain why the masses of the eggs increased .
[3 marks]
✓
Mass increased because water entered by osmosis
-
( )
water has moved from the dilute solution the beaker to the
- in
concentrated solution ✓
in the egg
- Through a partiaypermeabe membrane ✓
only certain substances can pass through
0 4 . 4 Explain how the student could modify the investigation to determine the concentration
of the solution inside each egg.
[3 marks]
Use at least five concentrations of / salt solution ✓
- sugar
Keane )
eggs solution and plot the percentage change
- in in mass or
graph
a ✓
Determine the concentration where the percent
-
change ✓
This tells you when the concentration
on either side of the membrane is equal
,
as no osmosis is occurring
Turn over ►
* 17 *
I
IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

18 Do not write outside the Chicken egg shells contain calcium. Calcium ions are moved from the shell into the box cytoplasm of the egg. Table 5 shows information about the concentration of calcium ions. Table 5 Concentration of calcium Location ions in arbitrary units ] lovey Egg shell 0.6 Area of ? - concentration - Egg cytoplasm 2.1 higher Area of - concentrating - t Tg Active transport 0 4 . 5 Explain how calcium ions are moved from the shell into the cytoplasm of the egg. [3 marks] Ions moved low concentration to from - are an area of an high ✓ concentration area of ( ) Bg Active transport ✓ - ) ✓ ( which requires the of - use energy 12 * 18 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

18
Do not write
Chicken egg shells contain calcium. Calcium ions are moved from the shell into the outside the
box
cytoplasm of the egg.
Table 5 shows information about the concentration of calcium ions.
Table 5
Concentration of calcium
Location
ions in arbitrary units
lovey ]
Egg shell 0.6 Area of
? - concentration
-
Egg cytoplasm 2.1 higher
- Area concentrating of
-
t
Tg Active transport
0 4 . 5 Explain how calcium ions are moved from the shell into the cytoplasm of the egg.
[3 marks]
Ions moved from low concentration to
- are an area of an
area of high concentration ✓
( Bg ) Active transport ✓
-
( which ) requires the of ✓
- use energy
12
* 18 *
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19 ' Do not write outside the \ 0 5 Plants can be infected by fungi, viruses and insects. box Aphids are small insects that carry pathogens. Figure 6 shows an aphid feeding from a plant stem. Figure 6 .my , μ , . 0 5 . 1 An aphid feeds by inserting its sharp mouthpiece into the stem of a plant. E. - Give the reason why the mouthpiece of an aphid contains a high concentration of dissolved sugars after feeding. [1 mark] Aphid has been feeding the phtoem from Question 5 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 19 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

19
Do not write '
0 5 Plants can be infected by fungi, viruses and insects. \ outside the
box
Aphids are small insects that carry pathogens.
Figure 6 shows an aphid feeding from a plant stem.
Figure 6
μ .my , ,
.
0 5 . 1 An aphid feeds by inserting its sharp mouthpiece into the stem of a plant.
E.
-
Give the reason why the mouthpiece of an aphid contains a high concentration of
dissolved sugars after feeding.
[1 mark]
Aphid has been feeding the phtoem
from
Question 5 continues on the next page
Turn over ►
* 19 *
IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

20 Do not write outside the 0 5 . 2 I Plants infected with aphids may show symptoms of magnesium deficiency. box The / Magnesium deficiency symptoms include: Ips plant make • yellow leaves ] chlorophyll - • stunted growth. Explain how a deficiency of magnesium could cause these symptoms. [5 marks] ✓ Yellow leaves chlorophyll due to lack of - therefore Less light absorbed by chlorophyll ✓ - Lower rate photosynthesis ✓ of - Plant less glucose ✓ makes - y ✓ Less glucose converted into protein - cellulose into less glucose converted ,y ( which makes the , , ce wa Results in less protein synthesis energy for stunted growth * 20 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

20
Do not write
outside the
0 5 . 2 I Plants infected with aphids may show symptoms of magnesium deficiency. box
The /
Magnesium deficiency symptoms include: Ips plant make
• yellow leaves ] chlorophyll
• - stunted growth.
Explain how a deficiency of magnesium could cause these symptoms.
[5 marks]
✓
Yellow leaves due to lack of chlorophyll
-
Less light therefore absorbed by chlorophyll ✓
-
Lower rate photosynthesis ✓
- of
Plant makes less glucose ✓
y -
Less glucose converted into protein ✓
-
into cellulose
less glucose converted
,y
( which makes the ce , , wa
Results in less
protein synthesis
energy for
stunted
growth
* 20 *
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21 Do not write outside the / 0 5 . 3 A farmer thinks a potato crop is infected with potato virus Y (PVY). box The farmer obtains a monoclonal antibody test kit for PVY. To make the monoclonal antibodies a scientist first isolates the PVY protein from the virus. Describe how the scientist would use the protein to produce the PVY monoclonal antibody . [4 marks] Inject the protein ✓ into - a mouse lymphocytes cells Combine with to make hybrid cancer omg - cells ✓ type blood white cell of Find hybridoma_ making monoclonal antibodies specific a - to PVY ' ✓ hybrid ' lymphocytes and cells tumor → fusion of produce Hybrid cloned cells to ✓ coma is many - antibody ( to make the 10 -0ft Turn over for the next question Turn over ► * 21 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

21
Do not write
outside the /
0 5 . 3 A farmer thinks a potato crop is infected with potato virus Y (PVY). box
The farmer obtains a monoclonal antibody test kit for PVY.
To make the monoclonal antibodies a scientist first isolates the PVY protein from
the virus.
Describe how the scientist would use the protein to produce the PVY
monoclonal antibody .
[4 marks]
Inject the protein into ✓
- a mouse
Combine lymphocytes with cells to make hybrid
- cancer omg
cells ✓ type white blood cell
of
Find hybridoma_ making monoclonal antibodies specific
- a
to PVY ✓ ' hybrid ' → lymphocytes and tumor cells
fusion of
Hybrid cloned to produce cells ✓
- coma is many
( antibody
to make the
10
-0ft Turn over for the next question
Turn over ►
* 21 *
IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

22 Do not write outside the 0 6 Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder caused by a change in a gene. box - 0 6 . 1 What molecule are genes made of? [1 mark] acid ( DNA deoxy ribonucleic 0 6 . 2 CF affects the cell membranes of cells in the lungs and digestive system. What is the function of the cell membrane? [1 mark] and controls the movement substances out of in the cell of 1 0 6 . 3 In a person with CF, cells lining the lungs and digestive system create too much mucus. g-qogi.cat digestive enzymes releases [ In structure The mucus can: - , fdeta.ie/Gtqstedpornts • block the duct leading from the pancreas to the small intestine • block the tubes leading to the alveoli in the lungs. blood ② into allows diffusion of required Explain why children with CF grow more slowly than children without CF. ☐ for [6 marks] % fewer digestive enter small intestine enzymes enzyme - so , breaking down food ✓ less Therefore less absorption nutrients ✓ - of bloodstream fewer acids enter the ✓ amino can - ) ✓ Less protein for is made growth - F) ( Regarding pancreas ( 7) alveoli Regarding Less entering blood available and - oxygen respiration for less available growth so energy for - * 22 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

22
Do not write
outside the
0 6 Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder caused by a change in a gene. box
-
0 6 . 1 What molecule are genes made of?
[1 mark]
DNA ( deoxy ribonucleic acid
0 6 . 2 CF affects the cell membranes of cells in the lungs and digestive system.
What is the function of the cell membrane?
[1 mark]
controls the movement of substances in and out
of the cell
1
0 6 . 3 In a person with CF, cells lining the lungs and digestive system create too much
mucus.
digestive enzymes g-qogi.cat
releases
[
- The mucus can: In structure ,
• block the duct leading from the pancreas to the small intestine fdeta.ie/Gtqstedpornts
• block the tubes leading to the alveoli in the lungs.
blood
② into
allows diffusion of required
Explain why children with CF grow more slowly than children without CF.
☐ for
[6 marks]
%
fewer digestive enzymes enter small intestine
- , so enzyme
breaking down less food ✓
Therefore less absorption nutrients ✓
- of
fewer acids enter the bloodstream ✓
- amino can
) ✓
Less protein is made for growth
-
F)
( Regarding
pancreas
( 7)
Regarding alveoli
Less entering blood and available
- oxygen
for respiration
so less energy available for growth
-
* 22 *
IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

23 Do not write outside the box Table 6 shows information about people in the UK in 2015 . Table 6 Median age in years People with CF 19 Whole population 40 0 6 . 4 Describe how the median age of a group of people can be determined . [2 marks] ✓ Put middle chronological order and find the - ages in value ✓ - 0 6 . 5 Suggest one reason why the median age for people with CF is lower than the median I age for the whole population . [1 mark] Most people - common in young ( ) don't live to old - more an age Turn over ► * 23 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

23
Do not write
outside the
box
Table 6 shows information about people in the UK in 2015 .
Table 6
Median age in years
People with CF 19
Whole population 40
0 6 . 4 Describe how the median age of a group of people can be determined .
[2 marks]
Put chronological order ✓ and find the middle
- ages in
value ✓
-
0 6 . 5 Suggest one reason why the median age for people with CF is lower than the median I
age for the whole population .
[1 mark]
Most people
- common in young
( ) don't live to old
- more an age
Turn over ►
* 23 *
IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

24 Do not write outside the 0 6 . 6 People with a lung function below 30% may need a lung transplant. box Table 7 gives information about people with CF in 2015. Table 7 Lung Function (%) Percentage of people with CF >75 22 51 – 75 72 30 – 50 4 2% 2- <30 2 transplants ( need In 2015 , the total number of people with CF in the UK was 10 800. = Calculate how many people with CF in the UK in 2015 would not need a lung transplant. [2 marks] 100% 2% Q98- - = 98% = plant I don't 0198 × 10800 spy = 10 Number of people = 10 584 * 24 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

24
Do not write
outside the
0 6 . 6 People with a lung function below 30% may need a lung transplant. box
Table 7 gives information about people with CF in 2015.
Table 7
Lung Function (%) Percentage of people with CF
>75 22
51 – 75 72
30 – 50 4
2%
2-
<30 2
transplants
( need
In 2015 , the total number of people with CF in the UK was 10 800.
=
Calculate how many people with CF in the UK in 2015 would not need a
lung transplant.
[2 marks]
100% 2% Q98-
- = 98% =
plant
I don't
0198 × 10800 = 10 spy
Number of people = 10 584
* 24 *
IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

25 Do not write outside the 0 6 . 7 Lung transplants from donors have risks. One risk is organ rejection. box Scientists are researching how to solve the problem of organ rejection and hope to use stem cells to create healthy lungs. The healthy lungs can then be transplanted into CF patients without the risk of organ rejection. Describe how scientists may use stem cells to create healthy lungs that are not rejected by the CF patient. [4 marks] ✓ Take ( skin stem cells patient bone / - from marrow Remove / correct ✓ CF - gene cells / create embryo these stem using - Remove stem cells embryo and stimulate differentiation - from into long cells ✓ 0 6 . 8 Some people disagree with the use of stem cells because of the risk of cancer. Give one other reason why some people disagree with the use of stem cells to cre ate new organs for transplants. [1 mark] Ethical / religious ; embryo potential human life concerns is a 18 Turn over ► - * 25 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

25
Do not write
outside the
0 6 . 7 Lung transplants from donors have risks. One risk is organ rejection. box
Scientists are researching how to solve the problem of organ rejection and hope to
use stem cells to create healthy lungs.
The healthy lungs can then be transplanted into CF patients without the risk of
organ rejection.
Describe how scientists may use stem cells to create healthy lungs that are
not rejected by the CF patient.
[4 marks]
Take stem cells patient ✓ ( bone / skin
- from marrow
Remove / correct CF ✓
- gene
create embryo using these stem cells /
-
Remove stem cells embryo and stimulate differentiation
- from into
long cells ✓
0 6 . 8 Some people disagree with the use of stem cells because of the risk of cancer.
Give one other reason why some people disagree with the use of stem cells to cre ate
new organs for transplants.
[1 mark]
Ethical / religious concerns ; embryo is potential human life
a
18
Turn over ►
-
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26 Do not write outside the 0 7 Table 8 shows information about some food components in cow’s milk. box Table 8 I Recommended Daily Value per Allowance (RDA) 500 cm 3 for a typical adult Energy in kJ 1046 8700 Fat in g 8.4 70.0 Salt in g 0.5 6.0 Calcium in mg 605 1000 Vitamin B - 12 in μ g 4.5 2.4 0 7 . 1 How much more milk would a typical adult have to drink to get their RDA for calcium compared with the amount of milk needed to get their RDA for vitamin B - 12? [3 marks] 1000=82%11%1-811 8 ¥ ✗ 2 ¥ =h ¥ j ¥ am÷ → Ñ ✗ hit 7 8 26 67 559 7 4 4 62 - 266 = i i i . . . . . . . . ✓ Volume of milk = cm 3 560 * 26 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

26
Do not write
outside the
0 7 Table 8 shows information about some food components in cow’s milk. box
Table 8 I
Recommended Daily
Value per
Allowance (RDA)
500 cm 3
for a typical adult
Energy in kJ 1046 8700
Fat in g 8.4 70.0
Salt in g 0.5 6.0
Calcium in mg 605 1000
Vitamin B - 12 in μ g 4.5 2.4
0 7 . 1 How much more milk would a typical adult have to drink to get their RDA for calcium
compared with the amount of milk needed to get their RDA for vitamin B - 12?
[3 marks]
1000=82%11%1-811
8 ¥
✗
2 ¥ =h ¥ j ¥ am÷ → Ñ
✗ hit
8 26 4 4 62 - 266 i 67 = 559 i 7 7
i . . . . . . . .
✓
Volume of milk = 560 cm 3
* 26 *
IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

27 Do not write outside the 0 7 . 2 Describe how a student could test cow’s milk to show whether it contains protein and box mention different types of carbohydrate. ✗ all three [6 marks] and NaOH allows Cio Sox tests in ← ✓ Biuret order reagent tests protein to for - ✓ get full Add Biuret milk ✓ reagent to solution will turn blue to lilac positive from if - marks Iodine solution tests ✓ starch for - Add iodine solution to milk ✓ solution / will turn blue from to black - orange if Explain * ✓ positive point each ✓ and have Benedict 's reagent tests - for sugars logical a ✓ Add Benedict and 's reagent to milk boil Cheat f) solution to 60°C will - structure ÉÉ ✓ turn blue to positive from if don't need to list all these of -2--7 Question 7 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 27 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

27
Do not write
outside the
0 7 . 2 Describe how a student could test cow’s milk to show whether it contains protein and box
✗ mention different types of carbohydrate.
all three [6 marks]
and NaOH
allows Cio Sox
tests in ←
Biuret ✓
order to reagent tests for protein
- ✓
get full
Add Biuret reagent to milk ✓ solution will turn from blue to lilac if positive
-
marks
Iodine solution tests for starch ✓
-
Add iodine solution to milk ✓ solution will turn from to blue / black
- orange if
Explain
*
positive ✓
each point
✓
and have Benedict 's reagent tests
- for sugars
logical
a ✓
Add Benedict 's reagent to milk and boil Cheat to 60°C f) solution will
structure -
turn blue to ÉÉ positive ✓
from if
don't need to list all these
of
-2--7
Question 7 continues on the next page
Turn over ►
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IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

28 - Do not write outside the A scientist investigated the effect of bile on the breakdown of fat in a sample of milk. box The scientist used an indicator that is colourless in solutions with a pH lower than 10, and pink in solutions with a pH above 10. This is the method used. 1. Add 1 drop of bile to a test tube and one drop of water to a second test tube. 2. Add the following to each test tube: • 5 cm 3 of milk • 7 cm 3 of sodium carbonate solution (to make the solution above pH 10) • 5 drops of the indicator • 1 cm 3 of lipase. 3. Time how long it takes for the indicator in the solutions to become colourless . The results are shown in Table 9 . Table 9 Time taken for the indicator to become colourless in seconds Solution with bile 65 Solution without bile 143 0 7 . 3 Explain why the indicator in both tubes became colourless. [3 marks] fatty ) ✓ € -4 breaks down fats into acids ( glycerol and Acids have pH < 7 fatty acids pH lower the Enzyme - W~fattyaids.se#-hepH to drop below 10 the indicator - becomes colourless ✓ * 28 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

28
-
Do not write
A scientist investigated the effect of bile on the breakdown of fat in a sample of milk. outside the
box
The scientist used an indicator that is colourless in solutions with a pH lower than 10,
and pink in solutions with a pH above 10.
This is the method used.
1. Add 1 drop of bile to a test tube and one drop of water to a second test tube.
2. Add the following to each test tube:
• 5 cm 3 of milk
• 7 cm 3 of sodium carbonate solution (to make the solution above pH 10)
• 5 drops of the indicator
• 1 cm 3 of lipase.
3. Time how long it takes for the indicator in the solutions to become colourless .
The results are shown in Table 9 .
Table 9
Time taken for the indicator to become
colourless in seconds
Solution with bile 65
Solution without bile 143
0 7 . 3 Explain why the indicator in both tubes became colourless.
[3 marks]
€ -4 breaks down fats into fatty acids ( and glycerol ) ✓
Acids have pH < 7
fatty acids lower the pH
Enzyme - W~fattyaids.se#-hepH
to drop below 10 the indicator
-
becomes colourless ✓
* 28 *
IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

29 Do not write outside the 0 7 . 4 Give the reason why the measurement of the time taken for the indicator to become box colourless might be inaccurate. [1 mark] Observation of colour change subjective based / is opinion 0 7 . 5 Explain the difference in the results for the two test tubes in Table 9 . [3 marks] Bile emulsifies fat ✓ - breaks droplets fat larger droplets to smaller from This larger fat creates ✓ - a surface of area produce acids so lipase break down fat to fatty - can more ✓ quickly 16 III END OF QUESTIONS * 29 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

29
Do not write
outside the
0 7 . 4 Give the reason why the measurement of the time taken for the indicator to become box
colourless might be inaccurate.
[1 mark]
Observation of colour change is subjective / opinion based
0 7 . 5 Explain the difference in the results for the two test tubes in Table 9 .
[3 marks]
Bile emulsifies fat ✓
-
breaks fat larger droplets to smaller droplets
from
This creates larger fat ✓
- a surface area of
produce acids
so lipase break down fat to fatty
- can more
quickly ✓
16
III
END OF QUESTIONS
* 29 *
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30 Do not write outside the box There are no questions printed on this page DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED * 30 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

30
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31 Do not write outside the box There are no questions printed on this page DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED * 31 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

31
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32 Do not write outside the box There are no questions printed on this page DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED Copyright i nformation For confidentiality purposes, from the November 2015 examination series, acknowledgements of third party copyright material w ill be published in a separate booklet rather than including them on the examination paper or support materials. This booklet is p ublished after each examination series and is available for free download from www.aqa.org.uk after the live examination series. Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for. In some cases, efforts to contact copyright - holders may have been unsuccessful and AQA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgements. If you have any queries please contact the Copyright Team, A QA, Stag Hill House, Guildford, GU2 7XJ. Copyright © 201 8 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved. * 32 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

32
Do not write
outside the
box
There are no questions printed on this page
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE
ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED
Copyright i nformation
For confidentiality purposes, from the November 2015 examination series, acknowledgements of third party copyright material w ill be published in a
separate booklet rather than including them on the examination paper or support materials. This booklet is p ublished after each examination series and is
available for free download from www.aqa.org.uk after the live examination series.
Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for. In some cases, efforts to contact copyright - holders may have been unsuccessful and
AQA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgements. If you have any queries please contact the Copyright Team, A QA, Stag Hill House,
Guildford, GU2 7XJ.
Copyright © 201 8 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved.
* 32 *
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