PMT PMT Please write clearly in block capitals. Centre number Candidate number Surname Forename(s) Candidate signature H GCSE BIOLOGY Higher Tier Paper 1H Tuesday 15 May 2018 Afternoon Time allowed: 1 hour 45 minutes Materials For Examiner’s Use For this paper you must have: Question Mark • a ruler 1 • a scientific calculator. 2 Instructions 3 • Use black ink or black ball-point pen. 4 • Fill in the boxes at the top of this page. 5 • Answer all questions in the spaces provided. • Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want 6 to be marked. 7 • In all calculations, show clearly how you work out your answer. TOTAL Information • There are 100 marks available on this paper. • The marks for questions are shown in brackets. • You are expected to use a calculator where appropriate. • You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation in your answers. * JUN18 84611H01 * 8461/1H IB/M/Jun18/E8

PMT PMT
Please write clearly in block capitals.
Centre number Candidate number
Surname
Forename(s)
Candidate signature
H
GCSE
BIOLOGY
Higher Tier Paper 1H
Tuesday 15 May 2018 Afternoon Time allowed: 1 hour 45 minutes
Materials
For Examiner’s Use
For this paper you must have:
Question Mark
• a ruler
1
• a scientific calculator.
2
Instructions
3
• Use black ink or black ball-point pen.
4
• Fill in the boxes at the top of this page.
• Answer all questions in the spaces provided. 5
• Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want 6
to be marked.
7
• In all calculations, show clearly how you work out your answer.
TOTAL
Information
• There are 100 marks available on this paper.
• The marks for questions are shown in brackets.
• You are expected to use a calculator where appropriate.
• You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation
in your answers.
* JUN18 84611H01 * 8461/1H
IB/M/Jun18/E8

PMT PMT 2 Do not write outside the box There are no questions printed on this page DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED * 02 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

PMT PMT
2
Do not write
outside the
box
There are no questions printed on this page
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE
ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED
* 02 *
IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

PMT PMT 3 Do not write outside the 0 1 Eating food containing Salmonella bacteria can cause illness. box 0 1 . 1 Two symptoms of infection by Salmonella are vomiting and diarrhoea. What causes these symptoms? [1 mark] 0 1 . 2 Give two ways a person with a mild infection of Salmonella can help prevent the spread of the bacteria to other people. [2 marks] 1 2 0 1 . 3 In very serious infections of Salmonella , a doctor can prescribe drugs to kill the bacteria. What type of drug can the doctor prescribe to kill the bacteria? [1 mark] 0 1 . 4 A person with AIDS may take longer than a healthy person to recover from a Salmonella infection. Explain why. [2 marks] Turn over ► * 03 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

PMT PMT
3
Do not write
outside the
0 1 Eating food containing Salmonella bacteria can cause illness. box
0 1 . 1 Two symptoms of infection by Salmonella are vomiting and diarrhoea.
What causes these symptoms?
[1 mark]
0 1 . 2 Give two ways a person with a mild infection of Salmonella can help prevent the
spread of the bacteria to other people.
[2 marks]
1
2
0 1 . 3 In very serious infections of Salmonella , a doctor can prescribe drugs to kill
the bacteria.
What type of drug can the doctor prescribe to kill the bacteria?
[1 mark]
0 1 . 4 A person with AIDS may take longer than a healthy person to recover from a
Salmonella infection.
Explain why.
[2 marks]
Turn over ►
* 03 *
IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

PMT PMT 4 Do not write outside the 0 1 . 5 Salmonella bacteria can be transmitted from chickens to humans. Chickens can be box vaccinated to prevent the transmission of Salmonella bacteria to humans. Suggest one other way farmers could prevent the transmission of Salmonella from chickens to humans. [1 mark] A restaurant owner employed a scientist to test the effectiveness of two kitchen cleaning liquids. The scientist took samples from two work surfaces: • before the surfaces had been cleaned with the cleaning liquids • after the surfaces had been cleaned with the cleaning liquids. The samples were then analysed for the number of bacteria they contained. The results are shown in Figure 1 . Figure 1 * 04 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

PMT PMT
4
Do not write
outside the
0 1 . 5 Salmonella bacteria can be transmitted from chickens to humans. Chickens can be box
vaccinated to prevent the transmission of Salmonella bacteria to humans.
Suggest one other way farmers could prevent the transmission of Salmonella
from chickens to humans.
[1 mark]
A restaurant owner employed a scientist to test the effectiveness of two kitchen
cleaning liquids.
The scientist took samples from two work surfaces:
• before the surfaces had been cleaned with the cleaning liquids
• after the surfaces had been cleaned with the cleaning liquids.
The samples were then analysed for the number of bacteria they contained.
The results are shown in Figure 1 .
Figure 1
* 04 *
IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

PMT PMT 5 Do not write outside the 0 1 . 6 Which cleaning liquid is the more effective? box Give a reason for your answer. [1 mark] Cleaning Liquid Reason Question 1 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 05 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

PMT PMT
5
Do not write
outside the
0 1 . 6 Which cleaning liquid is the more effective? box
Give a reason for your answer.
[1 mark]
Cleaning Liquid
Reason
Question 1 continues on the next page
Turn over ►
* 05 *
IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

PMT PMT 6 Do not write outside the The scientist investigated the effect of cleaning liquid A and cleaning liquid B on box Salmonella bacteria grown in a laboratory. Figure 2 shows the way the investigation was set up. Figure 2 The Petri dish was placed in an incubator at 25 °C for 48 hours. After 48 hours, the scientist calculated the area around each paper disc where no bacteria were growing. The results are shown in Table 1 . Table 1 Area around disc with no Filter paper disc bacteria growing in cm 2 Water 0 Cleaning liquid A 11 Cleaning liquid B 13 0 1 . 7 What measurement would the scientist need to take to calculate the area where no bacteria were growing? [1 mark] * 06 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

PMT PMT
6
Do not write
The scientist investigated the effect of cleaning liquid A and cleaning liquid B on outside the
box
Salmonella bacteria grown in a laboratory.
Figure 2 shows the way the investigation was set up.
Figure 2
The Petri dish was placed in an incubator at 25 °C for 48 hours.
After 48 hours, the scientist calculated the area around each paper disc where no
bacteria were growing.
The results are shown in Table 1 .
Table 1
Area around disc with no
Filter paper disc
bacteria growing in cm 2
Water 0
Cleaning liquid A 11
Cleaning liquid B 13
0 1 . 7 What measurement would the scientist need to take to calculate the area where no
bacteria were growing?
[1 mark]
* 06 *
IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

PMT PMT 7 Do not write outside the 0 1 . 8 Give one change to the investigation that would allow the scientist to check if the box results are repeatable. [1 mark] 0 1 . 9 The scientist showed the results to the restaurant owner. Both cleaning liquids cost the same per dm 3 . Suggest one other factor the restaurant owner should consider when choosing which cleaning liquid to use. [1 mark] 11 Turn over for the next question Turn over ► * 07 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

PMT PMT
7
Do not write
outside the
0 1 . 8 Give one change to the investigation that would allow the scientist to check if the box
results are repeatable.
[1 mark]
0 1 . 9 The scientist showed the results to the restaurant owner.
Both cleaning liquids cost the same per dm 3 .
Suggest one other factor the restaurant owner should consider when choosing which
cleaning liquid to use.
[1 mark]
11
Turn over for the next question
Turn over ►
* 07 *
IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

PMT PMT 8 Do not write outside the 0 2 Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical reactions in the cells of the body. box One metabolic reaction is the formation of lipids. 0 2 . 1 Give one other metabolic reaction in cells. [1 mark] Table 2 shows the mean metabolic rate of humans of different ages. Table 2 Mean metabolic rate in kJ/m 2 /hour Age in years Males Females 5 53 53 15 45 42 25 39 35 35 37 35 45 36 35 0 2 . 2 What two conclusions can be made from the data in Table 2 ? [2 marks] Tick two boxes. As age increases, mean metabolic rate of males and females increases. Males have a higher metabolic rate than females after five years of age. The mean metabolic rate of females decreases faster than males up to 25 years of age. The mean metabolic rate of males and females decreases more quickly after the age of 35. There is no relationship between age and mean metabolic rate. * 08 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

PMT PMT
8
Do not write
outside the
0 2 Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical reactions in the cells of the body. box
One metabolic reaction is the formation of lipids.
0 2 . 1 Give one other metabolic reaction in cells.
[1 mark]
Table 2 shows the mean metabolic rate of humans of different ages.
Table 2
Mean metabolic rate in kJ/m 2 /hour
Age in
years Males Females
5 53 53
15 45 42
25 39 35
35 37 35
45 36 35
0 2 . 2 What two conclusions can be made from the data in Table 2 ?
[2 marks]
Tick two boxes.
As age increases, mean metabolic rate of males and
females increases.
Males have a higher metabolic rate than females after
five years of age.
The mean metabolic rate of females decreases faster than males
up to 25 years of age.
The mean metabolic rate of males and females decreases more
quickly after the age of 35.
There is no relationship between age and mean metabolic rate.
* 08 *
IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

PMT PMT 9 Do not write outside the 0 2 . 3 Calculate the percentage decrease in the mean metabolic rate of males between box 5 years and 45 years of age. Use the equation: decrease in metabolic rate percentage decrease= × 100 original metabolic rate Give your answer to 3 significant figures. [3 marks] Percentage decrease = Question 2 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 09 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

PMT PMT
9
Do not write
outside the
0 2 . 3 Calculate the percentage decrease in the mean metabolic rate of males between box
5 years and 45 years of age.
Use the equation:
decrease in metabolic rate
percentage decrease= × 100
original metabolic rate
Give your answer to 3 significant figures.
[3 marks]
Percentage decrease =
Question 2 continues on the next page
Turn over ►
* 09 *
IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

PMT PMT 10 Do not write outside the Regular exercise can increase metabolic rate. box Two people did five minutes of gentle exercise from rest. Table 3 shows the effect of the exercise on their heart rates. Table 3 Time in Heart rate in beats per minute minutes Person R Person S 0 (at rest) 60 78 1 76 100 2 85 110 3 91 119 4 99 129 5 99 132 0 2 . 4 Describe two differences in the response of person R and person S to the exercise. Use information from Table 3 . [2 marks] 1 2 0 2 . 5 Complete the line graph in Figure 3 for person S . You should: • add the scale to the x axis • label the x axis. [4 marks] * 10 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

PMT PMT
10
Do not write
Regular exercise can increase metabolic rate. outside the
box
Two people did five minutes of gentle exercise from rest.
Table 3 shows the effect of the exercise on their heart rates.
Table 3
Time in Heart rate in beats per minute
minutes
Person R Person S
0 (at rest) 60 78
1 76 100
2 85 110
3 91 119
4 99 129
5 99 132
0 2 . 4 Describe two differences in the response of person R and person S to the exercise.
Use information from Table 3 .
[2 marks]
1
2
0 2 . 5 Complete the line graph in Figure 3 for person S .
You should:
• add the scale to the x axis
• label the x axis.
[4 marks]
* 10 *
IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

PMT PMT 11 Do not write outside the Figure 3 box 0 2 . 6 After five minutes of exercise, the heart rate of person S was 132 beats per minute. When person S rested, his heart rate decreased steadily at a rate of 12 beats every minute. Calculate how much time it would take the heart rate of person S to return to its resting rate. [2 marks] Time = minutes Turn over ► * 11 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

PMT PMT
11
Do not write
Figure 3 outside the
box
0 2 . 6 After five minutes of exercise, the heart rate of person S was 132 beats per minute.
When person S rested, his heart rate decreased steadily at a rate of 12 beats
every minute.
Calculate how much time it would take the heart rate of person S to return to its
resting rate.
[2 marks]
Time = minutes
Turn over ►
* 11 *
IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

PMT PMT 12 Do not write outside the 0 2 . 7 A student made the following hypothesis about the heart rate of smokers and box non-smokers during exercise. “During exercise, the heart rate of smokers increases more than the heart rate of non-smokers.” Design an investigation that would allow you to test this hypothesis. [6 marks] 20 * 12 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

PMT PMT
12
Do not write
outside the
0 2 . 7 A student made the following hypothesis about the heart rate of smokers and box
non-smokers during exercise.
“During exercise, the heart rate of smokers increases more than the heart rate
of non-smokers.”
Design an investigation that would allow you to test this hypothesis.
[6 marks]
20
* 12 *
IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

PMT PMT 13 Do not write outside the 0 3 The circulatory system is composed of the blood, blood vessels and the heart. box 0 3 . 1 Urea is transported in the blood plasma. Name two other substances transported in the blood plasma. [2 marks] 1 2 0 3 . 2 Some athletes train at high altitude. Training at high altitude increases the number of red blood cells per cm 3 of blood. Explain why having more red blood cells per cm 3 of blood is an advantage to an athlete. [3 marks] 0 3 . 3 Which two blood vessels carry deoxygenated blood? [2 marks] Tick two boxes. Aorta Coronary artery Pulmonary artery Pulmonary vein Vena cava Turn over ► * 13 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

PMT PMT
13
Do not write
outside the
0 3 The circulatory system is composed of the blood, blood vessels and the heart. box
0 3 . 1 Urea is transported in the blood plasma.
Name two other substances transported in the blood plasma.
[2 marks]
1
2
0 3 . 2 Some athletes train at high altitude.
Training at high altitude increases the number of red blood cells per cm 3 of blood.
Explain why having more red blood cells per cm 3 of blood is an advantage to
an athlete.
[3 marks]
0 3 . 3 Which two blood vessels carry deoxygenated blood?
[2 marks]
Tick two boxes.
Aorta
Coronary artery
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein
Vena cava
Turn over ►
* 13 *
IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

PMT PMT 14 Do not write outside the Figure 4 shows the three types of blood vessel. box Figure 4 0 3 . 4 Which type of blood vessel carries blood into the right atrium? [1 mark] Tick one box. A B C 0 3 . 5 Compare the structure of an artery with the structure of a vein. [3 marks] * 14 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

PMT PMT
14
Do not write
Figure 4 shows the three types of blood vessel. outside the
box
Figure 4
0 3 . 4 Which type of blood vessel carries blood into the right atrium?
[1 mark]
Tick one box.
A B C
0 3 . 5 Compare the structure of an artery with the structure of a vein.
[3 marks]
* 14 *
IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

PMT PMT 15 Do not write outside the 0 3 . 6 Heart rate is controlled by a group of cells. This group of cells act as a pacemaker. box Figure 5 shows a section through the heart. Draw an X on Figure 5 to show the position of the pacemaker. [1 mark] Figure 5 0 3 . 7 A patient may be fitted with an artificial pacemaker. What condition may be treated using an artificial pacemaker? [1 mark] 13 Turn over ► * 15 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

PMT PMT
15
Do not write
outside the
0 3 . 6 Heart rate is controlled by a group of cells. This group of cells act as a pacemaker. box
Figure 5 shows a section through the heart.
Draw an X on Figure 5 to show the position of the pacemaker.
[1 mark]
Figure 5
0 3 . 7 A patient may be fitted with an artificial pacemaker.
What condition may be treated using an artificial pacemaker?
[1 mark]
13
Turn over ►
* 15 *
IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

PMT PMT 16 Do not write outside the 0 4 A student carried out an investigation using chicken eggs. box This is the method used. 1. Place 5 eggs in acid for 24 hours to dissolve the egg shell. 2. Measure and record the mass of each egg. 3. Place each egg into a separate beaker containing 200 cm 3 of distilled water. 4. After 20 minutes, remove the eggs from the beakers and dry them gently with a paper towel. 5. Measure and record the mass of each egg. Table 4 shows the results. Table 4 Mass of egg without shell Mass of egg after 20 Egg in grams minutes in grams 1 73.5 77.0 2 70.3 73.9 3 72.4 75.7 4 71.6 73.1 5 70.5 73.8 0 4 . 1 Another student suggested that the result for egg 4 was anomalous. Do you agree with the student? Give a reason for your answer. [1 mark] * 16 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

PMT PMT
16
Do not write
outside the
0 4 A student carried out an investigation using chicken eggs. box
This is the method used.
1. Place 5 eggs in acid for 24 hours to dissolve the egg shell.
2. Measure and record the mass of each egg.
3. Place each egg into a separate beaker containing 200 cm 3 of distilled water.
4. After 20 minutes, remove the eggs from the beakers and dry them gently with a
paper towel.
5. Measure and record the mass of each egg.
Table 4 shows the results.
Table 4
Mass of egg without shell Mass of egg after 20
Egg
in grams minutes in grams
1 73.5 77.0
2 70.3 73.9
3 72.4 75.7
4 71.6 73.1
5 70.5 73.8
0 4 . 1 Another student suggested that the result for egg 4 was anomalous.
Do you agree with the student?
Give a reason for your answer.
[1 mark]
* 16 *
IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

PMT PMT 17 Do not write outside the 0 4 . 2 Calculate the percentage change in mass of egg 3 . box [2 marks] Percentage change in mass = 0 4 . 3 Explain why the masses of the eggs increased. [3 marks] 0 4 . 4 Explain how the student could modify the investigation to determine the concentration of the solution inside each egg. [3 marks] Turn over ► * 17 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

PMT PMT
17
Do not write
outside the
0 4 . 2 Calculate the percentage change in mass of egg 3 . box
[2 marks]
Percentage change in mass =
0 4 . 3 Explain why the masses of the eggs increased.
[3 marks]
0 4 . 4 Explain how the student could modify the investigation to determine the concentration
of the solution inside each egg.
[3 marks]
Turn over ►
* 17 *
IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

PMT PMT 18 Do not write outside the Chicken egg shells contain calcium. Calcium ions are moved from the shell into the box cytoplasm of the egg. Table 5 shows information about the concentration of calcium ions. Table 5 Concentration of calcium Location ions in arbitrary units Egg shell 0.6 Egg cytoplasm 2.1 0 4 . 5 Explain how calcium ions are moved from the shell into the cytoplasm of the egg. [3 marks] 12 * 18 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

PMT PMT
18
Do not write
Chicken egg shells contain calcium. Calcium ions are moved from the shell into the outside the
box
cytoplasm of the egg.
Table 5 shows information about the concentration of calcium ions.
Table 5
Concentration of calcium
Location
ions in arbitrary units
Egg shell 0.6
Egg cytoplasm 2.1
0 4 . 5 Explain how calcium ions are moved from the shell into the cytoplasm of the egg.
[3 marks]
12
* 18 *
IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

PMT PMT 19 Do not write outside the 0 5 Plants can be infected by fungi, viruses and insects. box Aphids are small insects that carry pathogens. Figure 6 shows an aphid feeding from a plant stem. Figure 6 0 5 . 1 An aphid feeds by inserting its sharp mouthpiece into the stem of a plant. Give the reason why the mouthpiece of an aphid contains a high concentration of dissolved sugars after feeding. [1 mark] Question 5 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 19 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

PMT PMT
19
Do not write
outside the
0 5 Plants can be infected by fungi, viruses and insects. box
Aphids are small insects that carry pathogens.
Figure 6 shows an aphid feeding from a plant stem.
Figure 6
0 5 . 1 An aphid feeds by inserting its sharp mouthpiece into the stem of a plant.
Give the reason why the mouthpiece of an aphid contains a high concentration of
dissolved sugars after feeding.
[1 mark]
Question 5 continues on the next page
Turn over ►
* 19 *
IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

PMT PMT 20 Do not write outside the 0 5 . 2 Plants infected with aphids may show symptoms of magnesium deficiency. box Magnesium deficiency symptoms include: • yellow leaves • stunted growth. Explain how a deficiency of magnesium could cause these symptoms. [5 marks] * 20 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

PMT PMT
20
Do not write
outside the
0 5 . 2 Plants infected with aphids may show symptoms of magnesium deficiency. box
Magnesium deficiency symptoms include:
• yellow leaves
• stunted growth.
Explain how a deficiency of magnesium could cause these symptoms.
[5 marks]
* 20 *
IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

PMT PMT 21 Do not write outside the 0 5 . 3 A farmer thinks a potato crop is infected with potato virus Y (PVY). box The farmer obtains a monoclonal antibody test kit for PVY. To make the monoclonal antibodies a scientist first isolates the PVY protein from the virus. Describe how the scientist would use the protein to produce the PVY monoclonal antibody. [4 marks] 10 Turn over for the next question Turn over ► * 21 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

PMT PMT
21
Do not write
outside the
0 5 . 3 A farmer thinks a potato crop is infected with potato virus Y (PVY). box
The farmer obtains a monoclonal antibody test kit for PVY.
To make the monoclonal antibodies a scientist first isolates the PVY protein from
the virus.
Describe how the scientist would use the protein to produce the PVY
monoclonal antibody.
[4 marks]
10
Turn over for the next question
Turn over ►
* 21 *
IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

PMT PMT 22 Do not write outside the 0 6 Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder caused by a change in a gene. box 0 6 . 1 What molecule are genes made of? [1 mark] 0 6 . 2 CF affects the cell membranes of cells in the lungs and digestive system. What is the function of the cell membrane? [1 mark] 0 6 . 3 In a person with CF, cells lining the lungs and digestive system create too much mucus. The mucus can: • block the duct leading from the pancreas to the small intestine • block the tubes leading to the alveoli in the lungs. Explain why children with CF grow more slowly than children without CF. [6 marks] * 22 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

PMT PMT
22
Do not write
outside the
0 6 Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder caused by a change in a gene. box
0 6 . 1 What molecule are genes made of?
[1 mark]
0 6 . 2 CF affects the cell membranes of cells in the lungs and digestive system.
What is the function of the cell membrane?
[1 mark]
0 6 . 3 In a person with CF, cells lining the lungs and digestive system create too much
mucus.
The mucus can:
• block the duct leading from the pancreas to the small intestine
• block the tubes leading to the alveoli in the lungs.
Explain why children with CF grow more slowly than children without CF.
[6 marks]
* 22 *
IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

PMT PMT 23 Do not write outside the box Table 6 shows information about people in the UK in 2015. Table 6 Median age in years People with CF 19 Whole population 40 0 6 . 4 Describe how the median age of a group of people can be determined. [2 marks] 0 6 . 5 Suggest one reason why the median age for people with CF is lower than the median age for the whole population. [1 mark] Turn over ► * 23 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

PMT PMT
23
Do not write
outside the
box
Table 6 shows information about people in the UK in 2015.
Table 6
Median age in years
People with CF 19
Whole population 40
0 6 . 4 Describe how the median age of a group of people can be determined.
[2 marks]
0 6 . 5 Suggest one reason why the median age for people with CF is lower than the median
age for the whole population.
[1 mark]
Turn over ►
* 23 *
IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

PMT PMT 24 Do not write outside the 0 6 . 6 People with a lung function below 30% may need a lung transplant. box Table 7 gives information about people with CF in 2015. Table 7 Lung Function (%) Percentage of people with CF >75 22 51 – 75 72 30 – 50 4 <30 2 In 2015, the total number of people with CF in the UK was 10 800. Calculate how many people with CF in the UK in 2015 would not need a lung transplant. [2 marks] Number of people = * 24 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

PMT PMT
24
Do not write
outside the
0 6 . 6 People with a lung function below 30% may need a lung transplant. box
Table 7 gives information about people with CF in 2015.
Table 7
Lung Function (%) Percentage of people with CF
>75 22
51 – 75 72
30 – 50 4
<30 2
In 2015, the total number of people with CF in the UK was 10 800.
Calculate how many people with CF in the UK in 2015 would not need a
lung transplant.
[2 marks]
Number of people =
* 24 *
IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

PMT PMT 25 Do not write outside the 0 6 . 7 Lung transplants from donors have risks. One risk is organ rejection. box Scientists are researching how to solve the problem of organ rejection and hope to use stem cells to create healthy lungs. The healthy lungs can then be transplanted into CF patients without the risk of organ rejection. Describe how scientists may use stem cells to create healthy lungs that are not rejected by the CF patient. [4 marks] 0 6 . 8 Some people disagree with the use of stem cells because of the risk of cancer. Give one other reason why some people disagree with the use of stem cells to create new organs for transplants. [1 mark] 18 Turn over ► * 25 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

PMT PMT
25
Do not write
outside the
0 6 . 7 Lung transplants from donors have risks. One risk is organ rejection. box
Scientists are researching how to solve the problem of organ rejection and hope to
use stem cells to create healthy lungs.
The healthy lungs can then be transplanted into CF patients without the risk of
organ rejection.
Describe how scientists may use stem cells to create healthy lungs that are
not rejected by the CF patient.
[4 marks]
0 6 . 8 Some people disagree with the use of stem cells because of the risk of cancer.
Give one other reason why some people disagree with the use of stem cells to create
new organs for transplants.
[1 mark]
18
Turn over ►
* 25 *
IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

PMT PMT 26 Do not write outside the 0 7 Table 8 shows information about some food components in cow’s milk. box Table 8 Recommended Daily Value per Allowance (RDA) 500 cm 3 for a typical adult Energy in kJ 1046 8700 Fat in g 8.4 70.0 Salt in g 0.5 6.0 Calcium in mg 605 1000 Vitamin B-12 in μg 4.5 2.4 0 7 . 1 How much more milk would a typical adult have to drink to get their RDA for calcium compared with the amount of milk needed to get their RDA for vitamin B-12? [3 marks] Volume of milk = cm 3 * 26 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

PMT PMT
26
Do not write
outside the
0 7 Table 8 shows information about some food components in cow’s milk. box
Table 8
Recommended Daily
Value per
Allowance (RDA)
500 cm 3
for a typical adult
Energy in kJ 1046 8700
Fat in g 8.4 70.0
Salt in g 0.5 6.0
Calcium in mg 605 1000
Vitamin B-12 in μg 4.5 2.4
0 7 . 1 How much more milk would a typical adult have to drink to get their RDA for calcium
compared with the amount of milk needed to get their RDA for vitamin B-12?
[3 marks]
Volume of milk = cm 3
* 26 *
IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

PMT PMT 27 Do not write outside the 0 7 . 2 Describe how a student could test cow’s milk to show whether it contains protein and box different types of carbohydrate. [6 marks] Question 7 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 27 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

PMT PMT
27
Do not write
outside the
0 7 . 2 Describe how a student could test cow’s milk to show whether it contains protein and box
different types of carbohydrate.
[6 marks]
Question 7 continues on the next page
Turn over ►
* 27 *
IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

PMT PMT 28 Do not write outside the A scientist investigated the effect of bile on the breakdown of fat in a sample of milk. box The scientist used an indicator that is colourless in solutions with a pH lower than 10, and pink in solutions with a pH above 10. This is the method used. 1. Add 1 drop of bile to a test tube and one drop of water to a second test tube. 2. Add the following to each test tube: • 5 cm 3 of milk • 7 cm 3 of sodium carbonate solution (to make the solution above pH 10) • 5 drops of the indicator • 1 cm 3 of lipase. 3. Time how long it takes for the indicator in the solutions to become colourless. The results are shown in Table 9 . Table 9 Time taken for the indicator to become colourless in seconds Solution with bile 65 Solution without bile 143 0 7 . 3 Explain why the indicator in both tubes became colourless. [3 marks] * 28 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

PMT PMT
28
Do not write
A scientist investigated the effect of bile on the breakdown of fat in a sample of milk. outside the
box
The scientist used an indicator that is colourless in solutions with a pH lower than 10,
and pink in solutions with a pH above 10.
This is the method used.
1. Add 1 drop of bile to a test tube and one drop of water to a second test tube.
2. Add the following to each test tube:
• 5 cm 3 of milk
• 7 cm 3 of sodium carbonate solution (to make the solution above pH 10)
• 5 drops of the indicator
• 1 cm 3 of lipase.
3. Time how long it takes for the indicator in the solutions to become colourless.
The results are shown in Table 9 .
Table 9
Time taken for the indicator to become
colourless in seconds
Solution with bile 65
Solution without bile 143
0 7 . 3 Explain why the indicator in both tubes became colourless.
[3 marks]
* 28 *
IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

PMT PMT 29 Do not write outside the 0 7 . 4 Give the reason why the measurement of the time taken for the indicator to become box colourless might be inaccurate. [1 mark] 0 7 . 5 Explain the difference in the results for the two test tubes in Table 9 . [3 marks] 16 END OF QUESTIONS * 29 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

PMT PMT
29
Do not write
outside the
0 7 . 4 Give the reason why the measurement of the time taken for the indicator to become box
colourless might be inaccurate.
[1 mark]
0 7 . 5 Explain the difference in the results for the two test tubes in Table 9 .
[3 marks]
16
END OF QUESTIONS
* 29 *
IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

PMT PMT 30 Do not write outside the box There are no questions printed on this page DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED * 30 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

PMT PMT
30
Do not write
outside the
box
There are no questions printed on this page
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE
ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED
* 30 *
IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

PMT PMT 31 Do not write outside the box There are no questions printed on this page DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED * 31 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

PMT PMT
31
Do not write
outside the
box
There are no questions printed on this page
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE
ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED
* 31 *
IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

PMT PMT 32 Do not write outside the box There are no questions printed on this page DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED Copyright i nformation For confidentiality purposes, from the November 2015 examination series, acknowledgements of third party copyright material will be published in a separate booklet rather than including them on the examination paper or support materials. This booklet is published after each examination series and is available for free download from www.aqa.org.uk after the live examination series. Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for. In some cases, efforts to contact copyright-holders may have been unsuccessful and AQA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgements. If you have any queries please contact the Copyright Team, AQA, Stag Hill House, Guildford, GU2 7XJ. Copyright © 2018 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved. * 32 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

PMT PMT
32
Do not write
outside the
box
There are no questions printed on this page
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE
ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED
Copyright i nformation
For confidentiality purposes, from the November 2015 examination series, acknowledgements of third party copyright material will be published in a
separate booklet rather than including them on the examination paper or support materials. This booklet is published after each examination series and is
available for free download from www.aqa.org.uk after the live examination series.
Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for. In some cases, efforts to contact copyright-holders may have been unsuccessful and
AQA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgements. If you have any queries please contact the Copyright Team, AQA, Stag Hill House,
Guildford, GU2 7XJ.
Copyright © 2018 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved.
* 32 *
IB/M/Jun18/8461/1H

June 2018 QP_2