PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com Please write clearly in block capitals. Centre number Candidate number Surname Forename(s) Candidate signature F GCSE BIOLOGY Foundation Tier Paper 2F Friday 7 June 2019 Afternoon Time allowed: 1 hour 45 minutes Materials For this paper you must have: For Examiner’s Use • a ruler Question Mark • a scientific calculator. 1 Instructions 2 • Use black ink or black ball-point pen. 3 • Fill in the boxes at the top of this page. • Answer all questions in the spaces provided. 4 • Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want to 5 be marked. 6 • In all calculations, show clearly how you work out your answer. 7 Information 8 • The maximum mark for this paper is 100. 9 • The marks for questions are shown in brackets. • You are expected to use a calculator where appropriate. TOTAL • You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation in your answers. * Jun1984612F01 * 8461/2F IB/M/Jun19/E15

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Please write clearly in block capitals.
Centre number Candidate number
Surname
Forename(s)
Candidate signature
F
GCSE
BIOLOGY
Foundation Tier Paper 2F
Friday 7 June 2019 Afternoon Time allowed: 1 hour 45 minutes
Materials
For this paper you must have: For Examiner’s Use
• a ruler
• a scientific calculator. Question Mark
1
Instructions
2
• Use black ink or black ball-point pen.
• Fill in the boxes at the top of this page. 3
• Answer all questions in the spaces provided. 4
• Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want to
5
be marked.
6
• In all calculations, show clearly how you work out your answer.
7
Information 8
• The maximum mark for this paper is 100.
9
• The marks for questions are shown in brackets.
• You are expected to use a calculator where appropriate. TOTAL
• You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation
in your answers.
* Jun1984612F01 * 8461/2F
IB/M/Jun19/E15

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 2 Do not write outside the Answer all questions in the spaces provided. box 0 1 The nervous system allows a person to detect stimuli. 0 1 . 1 Draw one line from each stimulus to the sense organ that detects the stimulus. [2 marks] ent :& In → Stimulus Sense organ Ear Chemicals × Eye Light Tongue Moving a hand away from a hot object is an example of a reflex action. 0 1 . 2 What is a reflex action? [2 marks] Rapid involuntary response to protect the body harm from , * 02 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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2
Do not write
Answer all questions in the spaces provided. outside the
box
0 1 The nervous system allows a person to detect stimuli.
0 1 . 1 Draw one line from each stimulus to the sense organ that detects the stimulus.
[2 marks]
:& ent
In
→
Stimulus Sense organ
Ear
Chemicals
×
Eye
Light
Tongue
Moving a hand away from a hot object is an example of a reflex action.
0 1 . 2 What is a reflex action?
[2 marks]
Rapid involuntary response to protect the body from harm
,
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 3 Do not write outside the 0 1 . 3 A muscle in the arm moves the hand away from the hot object. box How does the arm muscle do this? [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. r The muscle contracts. The muscle expands. The muscle relaxes. The muscle shrinks. Question 1 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 03 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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0 1 . 3 A muscle in the arm moves the hand away from the hot object. box
How does the arm muscle do this?
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
r
The muscle contracts.
The muscle expands.
The muscle relaxes.
The muscle shrinks.
Question 1 continues on the next page
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 4 Do not write outside the Two students investigated the effect of drinking coffee on reaction time. box This is the method used. 1. Student A holds a metre rule just above student B ’s hand, as shown in Figure 1 . 2. Student A lets go of the metre rule. 3. Student B catches the metre rule as quickly as possible. 4. Student A writes down the reading from the scale on the metre rule. 5. Students A and B repeat steps 1‒4 another four times. 6. Student B then drinks a cup of coffee. 7. After 15 minutes, students A and B repeat steps 1‒5. Figure 1 drops / on release y it How much has dropped Table 1 shows some of the results. Table 1 Reading from scale on metre rule in cm Test Before drinking coffee After drinking coffee 1 18 10 > 2 21 14 > 3 15 > 8 4 12 > 11 5 19 > 13 * 04 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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4
Do not write
outside the
Two students investigated the effect of drinking coffee on reaction time. box
This is the method used.
1. Student A holds a metre rule just above student B ’s hand, as shown in Figure 1 .
2. Student A lets go of the metre rule.
3. Student B catches the metre rule as quickly as possible.
4. Student A writes down the reading from the scale on the metre rule.
5. Students A and B repeat steps 1‒4 another four times.
6. Student B then drinks a cup of coffee.
7. After 15 minutes, students A and B repeat steps 1‒5.
Figure 1
drops
/ on
release
y
How much it has
dropped
Table 1 shows some of the results.
Table 1
Reading from scale on metre rule in cm
Test
Before drinking coffee After drinking coffee
1 18 > 10
2 21 > 14
3 15 > 8
4 12 > 11
5 19 > 13
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 5 Do not write outside the Figure 2 shows the results after drinking the coffee for tests 3 , 4 and 5 . box Figure 2 11 8 13 0 1 . 4 Complete Table 1 . Use results from Figure 2 . [2 marks] The students made the following conclusion: ‘Drinking coffee speeds up reactions.’ 0 1 . 5 Give evidence from Table 1 to support the students’ conclusion. [1 mark] After ruler falls less coffee far , 0 1 . 6 The students’ conclusion may not be valid. Suggest two improvements the students could make to their method. [2 marks] 1 repeats ruler scale more with use more precise drop above hand from same height 2 test students student B hand stationary more ensure 's 10 Turn over ► * 05 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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5
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Figure 2 shows the results after drinking the coffee for tests 3 , 4 and 5 . box
Figure 2
8 11 13
0 1 . 4 Complete Table 1 .
Use results from Figure 2 .
[2 marks]
The students made the following conclusion:
‘Drinking coffee speeds up reactions.’
0 1 . 5 Give evidence from Table 1 to support the students’ conclusion.
[1 mark]
After coffee ruler falls less far
,
0 1 . 6 The students’ conclusion may not be valid.
Suggest two improvements the students could make to their method.
[2 marks]
1 more repeats use ruler with more precise scale
drop from same height above hand
2 test students student B hand stationary
more ensure 's
10
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 6 Do not write outside the There are no questions printed on this page box DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED * 06 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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There are no questions printed on this page outside the
box
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE
ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 7 Do not write outside the 0 2 The shape of a person’s ear lobes is controlled by a gene. box Figure 3 shows two types of ear lobe. Figure 3 0 0 A dominant allele codes for free earlobes. 0 2 . 1 What is a dominant allele? - expressed [1 mark] always Tick (  ) one box. - ✓ An allele expressed even if a person only has one copy of the allele An allele expressed only if a person has two copies of the allele ✗ recessive An allele expressed only if a person has no recessive allele - An allele expressed only if it is inherited from the male parent ✗ Question 2 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 07 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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0 2 The shape of a person’s ear lobes is controlled by a gene. box
Figure 3 shows two types of ear lobe.
Figure 3
0 0
A dominant allele codes for free earlobes.
0 2 . 1 What is a dominant allele?
- expressed [1 mark]
always
Tick (  ) one box.
- ✓
An allele expressed even if a person only has one copy of the allele
An allele expressed only if a person has two copies of the allele
✗ recessive
An allele expressed only if a person has no recessive allele
-
An allele expressed only if it is inherited from the male parent
✗
Question 2 continues on the next page
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 8 Do not write outside the 0 2 . 2 A man with free earlobes and a woman with attached earlobes have children together. box Complete Figure 4 to show the possible genotypes of the children. Use the symbols: E = allele for free earlobes e = allele for attached earlobes [2 marks] Figure 4 Woman e e E Ee Ee Man e ee ee 0 2 . 3 What is the probabi lity that one of the children would have attached ear lobes? - Use Figure 4 . [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. 0.125 0.25 0.5 0.75 0 0 * 08 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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8
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0 2 . 2 A man with free earlobes and a woman with attached earlobes have children together. box
Complete Figure 4 to show the possible genotypes of the children.
Use the symbols:
E = allele for free earlobes
e = allele for attached earlobes
[2 marks]
Figure 4
Woman
e e
E Ee Ee
Man
e ee ee
0 2 . 3 What is the probabi lity that one of the children would have attached ear lobes?
-
Use Figure 4 .
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
0.125 0.25 0.5 0.75
0 0
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 9 Do not write outside the 0 2 . 4 Figure 5 shows the inheritance of the sex chromosomes, X and Y . box Complete Figure 5 to show the sex chromosomes in the gametes of the man and the woman. [2 marks] Figure 5 Woman X X X XX XX Man y XY XY 0 2 . 5 Calculate the probability that the man and the woman’s next child will be a girl with attached ear lobes. - [2 marks] - Use the equation: p robability of a girl with attached ear lobes = probability of attached earlobes × probability of being a girl 0.5 × 0.5=0.25 4) 8 Probabil ity of a girl with attached ear lobes = ( " 0.25 25% or - O_O 0 0 214=0.5 2/4=0.5 Turn over ► * 09 * ooo IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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9
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0 2 . 4 Figure 5 shows the inheritance of the sex chromosomes, X and Y . box
Complete Figure 5 to show the sex chromosomes in the gametes of the man and
the woman.
[2 marks]
Figure 5
Woman
X X
X XX XX
Man
y
XY XY
0 2 . 5 Calculate the probability that the man and the woman’s next child will be a girl with
attached ear lobes. -
- [2 marks]
Use the equation:
p robability of a girl with attached ear lobes
= probability of attached earlobes × probability of being a girl
0.5 × 0.5=0.25
4) 8
Probabil ity of a girl with attached ear lobes = ( "
0.25 25% or
-
O_O
0 0
214=0.5 2/4=0.5
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 10 Do not write outside the 0 3 Figure 6 shows the production of sperm cells in humans. box Figure 6 0 3 . 1 Cell A is a normal body cell. How many chromosomes are there in cell A ? [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. ✓ 23 46 48 92 Info .rs 0 3 . 2 What is the mass of DNA in cell E ? [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. A quarter of the mass of the DNA in cell A x ✓ Half the mass of the DNA in cell A - 2K The same mass as the DNA in cell A x x 0 Twice the mass of the DNA in cell A 342 * 10 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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0 3 Figure 6 shows the production of sperm cells in humans. box
Figure 6
0 3 . 1 Cell A is a normal body cell.
How many chromosomes are there in cell A ?
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
✓
23 46 48 92
Info
.rs
0 3 . 2 What is the mass of DNA in cell E ?
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
A quarter of the mass of the DNA in cell A x
✓
Half the mass of the DNA in cell A
- 2K
The same mass as the DNA in cell A
x x
Twice the mass of the DNA in cell A 0
342
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 11 Do not write outside the 0 3 . 3 What type of cell division produces sperm cells? box [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. bacteria Binary fission ← specialisation cells ← Differentiation of ✓ Meiosis - 0 3 . 4 Sometimes there are errors in copying the genetic material. What term describes an error in the genetic material? [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. Absorption Fertilisation m° ᵗᵈ Ñ Mitosis genetic μ , young y Mutation 0 3 . 5 A woman has three children, aged 4, 6 and 9 years. Why are the children not genetically identical? [2 marks] Different / time each each gamete has different egg sperm , genetic information Genes two parents from Turn over ► * 11 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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11
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0 3 . 3 What type of cell division produces sperm cells? box
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
bacteria
Binary fission ←
specialisation
Differentiation ← of cells
✓
Meiosis -
0 3 . 4 Sometimes there are errors in copying the genetic material.
What term describes an error in the genetic material?
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
Absorption
Fertilisation
m° ᵗᵈ Ñ
Mitosis
genetic
μ
y young ,
Mutation
0 3 . 5 A woman has three children, aged 4, 6 and 9 years.
Why are the children not genetically identical?
[2 marks]
Different egg / sperm each time each gamete has different
,
genetic information
Genes from two parents
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 12 Do not write outside the In sexual reproduction, a sperm cell fuses with an egg cell to form a new single cell. box An embryo develops from the single cell. "div I . ✓ o/\o 2 ⁿ ᵈ dir The cell divides three times to produce the embryo. / ! ✓ ! ✓ " d- - > - - - - - - _ _ I 0 3 . 6 How many cells are there in the embryo after three cell divisions? [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. ✓ 3 6 8 9 Figure 7 shows a different human embryo. Figure 7 0 3 . 7 Measure image length X on Figure 7 . [1 mark] Give your answer in millimetres (mm). 40 X = mm * 12 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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12
Do not write
outside the
In sexual reproduction, a sperm cell fuses with an egg cell to form a new single cell. box
An embryo develops from the single cell. I "div
.
✓ o/\o 2 ⁿ ᵈ dir
The cell divides three times to produce the embryo. ! /
✓ ✓ ! " d-
- >
- - - _ - _ - -
I
0 3 . 6 How many cells are there in the embryo after three cell divisions?
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
✓
3 6 8 9
Figure 7 shows a different human embryo.
Figure 7
0 3 . 7 Measure image length X on Figure 7 .
[1 mark]
Give your answer in millimetres (mm).
40
X = mm
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 13 Do not write outside the 0 3 . 8 The image in Figure 7 has been magnified × 500 box Calculate the real length of the embryo. Use the equation : image length real length of the embryo = magnification Give your answer in micrometres ( μ m). 1 mm = 1000 μ m [3 marks] 40 × 1000%40000 Image length 40 = mm → 4% ˢ É Magnification 500 ✗ = 80 / Real length of the embryo = μ m 80 0 3 . 9 The embryo may not implant in the lining of the uterus. The embryo will then be lost from the woman’s body several days later. Explain why the woman may not notice this has happened. [2 marks] Embryo small not felt is very so is seen / , for ) lost normal menstrual flow in 13 SETS Turn over for the next question Turn over ► * 13 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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13
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0 3 . 8 The image in Figure 7 has been magnified × 500 box
Calculate the real length of the embryo.
Use the equation :
image length
real length of the embryo =
magnification
Give your answer in micrometres ( μ m).
1 mm = 1000 μ m
[3 marks]
40 × 1000%40000
Image length 40
= mm →
4% ˢ É
Magnification 500 ✗
=
80
/
Real length of the embryo = 80 μ m
0 3 . 9 The embryo may not implant in the lining of the uterus.
The embryo will then be lost from the woman’s body several days later.
Explain why the woman may not notice this has happened.
[2 marks]
Embryo small not felt
is very so is seen /
,
for ) lost in normal menstrual flow
13
SETS
Turn over for the next question
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 14 Do not write outside the 0 4 Gardeners sometimes make compost heaps from dead plant material. box The dead plants decay in the compost heap. Figure 8 shows a compost heap. Figure 8 mm 0 4 . 1 The thin layers of soil contain organisms that cause decay. Which two types of organism cause decay? [2 marks] Tick (  ) two boxes. = Bacteria Fungi Grass Insects Worms * 14 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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0 4 Gardeners sometimes make compost heaps from dead plant material. box
The dead plants decay in the compost heap.
Figure 8 shows a compost heap.
Figure 8
mm
0 4 . 1 The thin layers of soil contain organisms that cause decay.
Which two types of organism cause decay?
[2 marks]
Tick (  ) two boxes.
=
Bacteria
Fungi
Grass
Insects
Worms
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 15 Do not write outside the The rate of decay in the compost heap depends on several environmental factors. box 0 4 . 2 Explain how the rate of decay would be affected by: • an increase in oxygen concentration • a temperature increase from 5 ° C to 25 ° C [3 marks] fate Both increase respiration Because needed ( aerobic oxygen is for Traction Increased temperature faster causes s 0 4 . 3 Give one environmental factor needed for decay. Do not refer to oxygen or temperature in your answer. [1 mark] (1-120) water Question 4 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 15 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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The rate of decay in the compost heap depends on several environmental factors. box
0 4 . 2 Explain how the rate of decay would be affected by:
• an increase in oxygen concentration
• a temperature increase from 5 ° C to 25 ° C
[3 marks]
fate
Both increase
respiration
Because needed ( aerobic
oxygen is for
Traction
Increased temperature faster
causes s
0 4 . 3 Give one environmental factor needed for decay.
Do not refer to oxygen or temperature in your answer.
[1 mark]
water (1-120)
Question 4 continues on the next page
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 16 : Do not write outside the Dead plant material can also be decayed in a biogas generator. box Figure 9 shows the percentages of the gases found in a sample of biogas. Figure 9 0 4 . 4 Gas X is the main fuel gas found in the biogas. What is gas X ? [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. Carbon monoxide Hydrogen Methane Nitrogen * 16 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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16
:
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Dead plant material can also be decayed in a biogas generator. box
Figure 9 shows the percentages of the gases found in a sample of biogas.
Figure 9
0 4 . 4 Gas X is the main fuel gas found in the biogas.
What is gas X ?
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
Carbon monoxide
Hydrogen
Methane
Nitrogen
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 17 Do not write outside the 0 4 . 5 What is the percentage of gas X in the biogas? box [1 mark] Total % 100% = 100 S 35 60% = - - - Percentage = % 60 - 0 4 . 6 The dead plant material in the compost heap and biogas generator does not decay completely. Explain why a farmer might spread the remaining dead plant material onto his fields. [2 marks] So plants / faster crops grow Dead plant material contains mineral ions fertiliser weed growth suppresses Improves drainage insulates 10 Improves soil structure EEG Turn over for the next question Turn over ► * 17 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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0 4 . 5 What is the percentage of gas X in the biogas? box
[1 mark]
Total % = 100%
- 100 - S - 35 = 60%
Percentage = %
60
-
0 4 . 6 The dead plant material in the compost heap and biogas generator does
not decay completely.
Explain why a farmer might spread the remaining dead plant material onto his fields.
[2 marks]
So plants / faster
crops grow
Dead plant material contains mineral ions
fertiliser suppresses weed growth
Improves drainage insulates
10
Improves soil structure
EEG Turn over for the next question
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 18 Do not write outside the 0 5 Figure 10 shows a flightless bird called the dodo ( Raphus cucullatus ). box [ [ species Figure 10 Genus The dodo: • was 1 m tall • had a mass of 20 kg • lived in rainforests on a tropical island • ate fruits • made its nest on the ground. A female dodo laid only one egg each year. Humans arrived on the island in the year 1507 . By 1681 the dodo was extinct. 0 5 . 1 What is the genus of the dodo? [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. Animal Bird ✓ Raphus * 18 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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0 5 Figure 10 shows a flightless bird called the dodo ( Raphus cucullatus ). box
[ [
species
Figure 10 Genus
The dodo:
• was 1 m tall
• had a mass of 20 kg
• lived in rainforests on a tropical island
• ate fruits
• made its nest on the ground.
A female dodo laid only one egg each year.
Humans arrived on the island in the year 1507 . By 1681 the dodo was extinct.
0 5 . 1 What is the genus of the dodo?
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
Animal
Bird
✓
Raphus
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 19 Do not write outside the 0 5 . 2 Before the arrival of humans, there were no other large animals living on the island. box Suggest two reasons why the dodo became extinct soon after the arrival of humans. [2 marks] dodo the 's eggs or ← 1 Humans hunted / killed late the dodo 2 Humans ate the dodo food Diseases introduced by / 's humans by imported animals Animals brought by humans ate dodos Humans destroyed dodo habitats Today, humans are cutting down large areas of tropical rainforests. 0 5 . 3 Suggest one use of the land after the trees have been removed. [1 mark] Growing / biofuels Grazing animals crops Quarrying / Building houses mining Dumping waste 0 5 . 4 Why does the removal of trees cause an increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere? [2 marks] Tick (  ) two boxes. There are fewer animals. ✗ animals exhale coz ✓ ✓ There is less photosynthesis. GC02 6h20 It 206 602 + → + , There is less respiration. ✗ trees photosynthesise more The soil dries out. ✗ ✓ ✓ The trees are burned. CO2 produces combustion Turn over ► * 19 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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19
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0 5 . 2 Before the arrival of humans, there were no other large animals living on the island. box
Suggest two reasons why the dodo became extinct soon after the arrival of humans.
[2 marks]
or the dodo 's eggs
1 ←
Humans hunted / killed late the dodo
2
Humans ate the dodo 's food Diseases introduced by humans / by
imported animals
Animals brought by humans ate dodos
Humans destroyed dodo habitats
Today, humans are cutting down large areas of tropical rainforests.
0 5 . 3 Suggest one use of the land after the trees have been removed.
[1 mark]
Growing crops / biofuels Grazing animals
Quarrying / mining Building houses
Dumping waste
0 5 . 4 Why does the removal of trees cause an increase in carbon dioxide in
the atmosphere?
[2 marks]
Tick (  ) two boxes.
There are fewer animals. ✗
animals exhale coz
✓
There is less photosynthesis. ✓
GC02 + 6h20 → It 206 + 602
,
There is less respiration. ✗
trees photosynthesise more
The soil dries out. ✗
✓
✓
The trees are burned.
combustion produces CO2
Turn over ►
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 20 Do not write outside the 0 5 . 5 What effect would an increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere have on box global air temperature? greenhouse greenhouse [1 mark] more gas → Tick (  ) one box. heating effect → Decrease ✓ Increase Stay the same ‘Sustainable forestry’ reduces the harmful effects of cutting down trees on the environment. Figure 11 shows a method of ‘sustainable forestry’. Numbers 1 –9 show different parts of a rainforest. Figure 11 The trees are cut down in the sequence 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7 – 8 – 9 • The trees are cut down in only one area at any one time. • It takes 30 years to cut down the trees in each area. • The trees in the ‘Old growth’ area are never cut down. * 20 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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20
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0 5 . 5 What effect would an increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere have on box
global air temperature?
greenhouse
greenhouse [1 mark]
more
gas →
Tick (  ) one box. effect heating
→
Decrease
✓
Increase
Stay the same
‘Sustainable forestry’ reduces the harmful effects of cutting down trees on the
environment.
Figure 11 shows a method of ‘sustainable forestry’.
Numbers 1 –9 show different parts of a rainforest.
Figure 11
The trees are cut down in the sequence 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7 – 8 – 9
• The trees are cut down in only one area at any one time.
• It takes 30 years to cut down the trees in each area.
• The trees in the ‘Old growth’ area are never cut down.
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 21 Do not write outside the 0 5 . 6 How many years would it take to cut down the trees in all of the numbered areas in box Figure 11 ? [2 mark s ] 1-79 30 / 9 × 30 years area = 270 Number of years = 270 0 5 . 7 The rainforest contains: ¥ É÷ • 750 species of trees cut never : : of source • 400 species of birds recolonise ng organisms • 150 species of butterflies time • many other species of plants and animals. athimals back move can Explain how the pattern of cutting down trees shown in Figure 11 stops the biodiversity of the rainforest being reduced. [4 marks] To is Displaced animals adjacent where suitable habitat can move zones 't present deforested trees not cut down Seeds return as area from . " other forested areas regeneration ? sufficient time plants / trees begin to back for grow so ( ) ✓ shelter provided and food animals for - Animals return to re - growing area " Old growth recolonising organisms area source of 13 Turn over ► * 21 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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21
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outside the
0 5 . 6 How many years would it take to cut down the trees in all of the numbered areas in box
Figure 11 ?
[2 mark s ]
1-79 30 / 9 × 30
years area = 270
Number of years = 270
0 5 . 7 The rainforest contains:
¥ É÷
• 750 species of trees never cut
: : of
source
• 400 species of birds recolonise ng
organisms
• 150 species of butterflies
time
• many other species of plants and animals. athimals
back
move
can
Explain how the pattern of cutting down trees shown in Figure 11 stops the
biodiversity of the rainforest being reduced.
[4 marks]
To is
Displaced animals adjacent where suitable habitat
can move zones
't
present as trees not cut down Seeds return deforested area from
.
other forested "
areas
regeneration ?
sufficient time for plants / trees begin to grow back so
shelter provided ( and food ) animals ✓
for
Animals return to re -
- growing area
"
Old growth recolonising organisms
area source of
13
Turn over ►
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 22 Do not write outside the 0 6 Two of the substances the body excretes are urea and carbon dioxide. box 0 6 . 1 Complete the sentence. [1 mark] Choose the answer from the box. 0 carbohydrate lipid protein salt A person makes a lot of urea if the person’s diet contains a lot of protein . 0 6 . 2 Why must urea be excreted from the body? [1 mark] Urea is waste product a Urea / proteins is toxic / damage cells denature may 0 6 . 3 A person produces more carbon dioxide during exercise than when resting. 1 Complete the sentences. molecules [2 marks] small food Choose answers from the box. into large molecules broken excretion at / > waste / breathing digestion egestion change go.se movement of ✗ 02202 across permeable H2O osmosis partially membraj.fr ? Iehtia respiration ' 602 6-02+61-120 + CoHi2Oz → The process that makes carbon dioxide is respiration . - During exercise, extra carbon dioxide can be removed from the body by increasing - the rate of breathing . * 22 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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0 6 Two of the substances the body excretes are urea and carbon dioxide. box
0 6 . 1 Complete the sentence.
[1 mark]
Choose the answer from the box.
0
carbohydrate lipid protein salt
A person makes a lot of urea if the person’s diet contains
a lot of protein .
0 6 . 2 Why must urea be excreted from the body?
[1 mark]
Urea is a waste product
Urea is toxic / may damage cells / denature proteins
0 6 . 3 A person produces more carbon dioxide during exercise than when resting.
1
Complete the sentences.
molecules [2 marks]
food small
Choose answers from the box. into
large molecules
broken excretion at
/ > / waste
breathing digestion egestion
change
go.se movement of
✗
02202 across permeable
osmosis partially H2O membraj.fr ? Iehtia ' respiration
602 + CoHi2Oz → 6-02+61-120
The process that makes carbon dioxide is respiration .
-
During exercise, extra carbon dioxide can be removed from the body by increasing
-
the rate of breathing .
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 23 Do not write outside the 0 6 . 4 Excess water must also be removed from the body. box If a person sweats a lot, less water will be excreted in the urine. A healthy person did the same amount of exercise on each of 3 days. Table 2 shows information for the 3 days. Table 2 Air temperature Volume of water Relative amount of urine Day in o C consumed in cm 3 produced by the kidneys 1 30 hotter 1500 least / same 2 20 1500 medium 3 15 2000 most [ lower temperature sweat less ≈ Complete Table 2 . [2 marks] Choose answers from the box. least medium most TESTS Question 6 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 23 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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0 6 . 4 Excess water must also be removed from the body. box
If a person sweats a lot, less water will be excreted in the urine.
A healthy person did the same amount of exercise on each of 3 days.
Table 2 shows information for the 3 days.
Table 2
Air temperature Volume of water Relative amount of urine
Day
in o C consumed in cm 3 produced by the kidneys
1 30 hotter 1500 least
/
same
2 20 1500 medium
3 15 2000 most
[
lower temperature
sweat
≈ less
Complete Table 2 .
[2 marks]
Choose answers from the box.
least medium most
TESTS Question 6 continues on the next page
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 24 Do not write outside the Some people have kidney disease. box Kidney disease may be treated by dialysis or by having a kidney transplant operation. • During dialysis, a person is connected to a machine that filters the blood. • Each dialysis session lasts about 6 hours. • The person has several dialysis sessions each week. Figure 12 shows how dialysis works. Figure 12 0 6 . 5 How does urea move out of the blood during dialysis? p [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. higher substance ✓ Movement from area of of Diffusion concentration concentration to area of lower gradient along concentration Digestion d) ¢ -00 × μ ) ✗ Osmosis ( water blood dialysis fluid ) × ↑ breathing Respiration / + μ na , , μ , urea mFea * 24 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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Some people have kidney disease. box
Kidney disease may be treated by dialysis or by having a kidney transplant operation.
• During dialysis, a person is connected to a machine that filters the blood.
• Each dialysis session lasts about 6 hours.
• The person has several dialysis sessions each week.
Figure 12 shows how dialysis works.
Figure 12
0 6 . 5 p How does urea move out of the blood during dialysis?
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
✓ Movement of substance from area of higher
Diffusion concentration
concentration to area of lower
along concentration gradient
Digestion d)
¢ -00 ×
μ
Osmosis ( water ) ✗
blood dialysis fluid
) × ↑
Respiration / breathing + μ
na , ,
μ , urea
mFea
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 25 Do not write outside the 0 6 . 6 Which substance in Figure 12 does not pass from the blood into the dialysis fluid? box Give the reason for your answer. [2 marks] Substance Protein Reason Molecules too large / allows ' small too pores in ] membrane Lass Question 6 continues on the next page I I - Turn over ► * 25 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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25
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0 6 . 6 Which substance in Figure 12 does not pass from the blood into the dialysis fluid? box
Give the reason for your answer.
[2 marks]
Substance Protein
Reason Molecules too large / allows ' too small
pores in
]
membrane
Lass
Question 6 continues on the next page
I
I
-
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 26 Do not write outside the Two people have kidney disease. box • Person A is treated by dialysis. • Person B has had a kidney transplant. Figure 13 shows changes in the urea concentration in the blood of each person over 2 weeks. Figure 13 being as " " " " " ! " 1 It ! I I , . 1 3 3 0 6 . 7 How many dialysis sessions did person A have each week ? [1 mark] 3 0 6 . 8 What happens to the concentration of urea in the blood between dialysis sessions? [1 mark] Increase 0 6 . 9 Give two reasons why a kidney transplant is a better method for treating kidney disease than dialysis. [2 marks] 1 lower concentration less hospital / visits of time urea machine on less restriction travel on 2 constant concentration repeated skin urea no piercing of 13 diet restrictions term cheaper long no in * 26 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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26
Do not write
outside the
Two people have kidney disease. box
• Person A is treated by dialysis.
• Person B has had a kidney transplant.
Figure 13 shows changes in the urea concentration in the blood of each person over
2 weeks.
Figure 13
being
as "
"
" " " !
"
1
It
! I
I
, . 1
3 3
0 6 . 7 How many dialysis sessions did person A have each week ?
[1 mark]
3
0 6 . 8 What happens to the concentration of urea in the blood between dialysis sessions?
[1 mark]
Increase
0 6 . 9 Give two reasons why a kidney transplant is a better method for treating kidney
disease than dialysis.
[2 marks]
1 lower concentration less hospital visits /
of urea time on machine
less restriction travel
on
2 constant urea concentration no repeated piercing of skin
diet restrictions cheaper long term 13
no in
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ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 28 Do not write outside the 0 7 Figure 14 shows a food chain in a pond. box Figure 14 Producer 1%nsumer [ ' consumer consumer " 3. 0 7 . 1 Which term describes the Daphnia in this food chain? [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. Apex predator ✓ Primary consumer Producer Secondary consumer * 28 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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outside the
0 7 Figure 14 shows a food chain in a pond. box
Figure 14
Producer 1%nsumer [ ' consumer
" consumer
3.
0 7 . 1 Which term describes the Daphnia in this food chain?
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
Apex predator
✓
Primary consumer
Producer
Secondary consumer
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 29 Do not write outside the 0 7 . 2 Draw a pyramid of biomass for the food chain. box Label each trophic level. derived from material biological organisms \ [2 marks] recently living living or ecosystem within an organisms food different > group of the level in Tiers number of = the same - which occupy different ( organisms on chain ) levels tier > middle tier top > Bottom tier nymph - dragonfly / hydra / daphnia - algae - 0 7 . 3 Give one reason why the total biomass of the Daphnia in the pond is different from the total biomass of the algae. [1 mark] Not all absorbed digestible parts lost Non in - - faeces respiration / Lost urine Use in in - - lost CQ all eaten as Algae not - Question 7 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 29 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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29
Do not write
outside the
0 7 . 2 Draw a pyramid of biomass for the food chain. box
Label each trophic level. derived from
biological material organisms
\ [2 marks]
recently living
living or
ecosystem
within an
different > group of organisms the food
level in
Tiers number of
= the same
- which occupy
different
organisms ( on chain
levels )
middle tier > top tier
>
Bottom tier
- nymph
dragonfly
/
hydra
/
daphnia
-
algae
-
0 7 . 3 Give one reason why the total biomass of the Daphnia in the pond is different from
the total biomass of the algae.
[1 mark]
Not all absorbed Non digestible parts lost
in
- -
faeces
Use in respiration / Lost in urine
- -
lost as CQ Algae not all eaten
-
Question 7 continues on the next page
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 30 Do not write outside the Students investigated the size of the population of Daphnia in the pond. box This is the method used. 1. Collect 1 dm 3 of pond water from near the edge of the pond. 2. Pour the water through a fine net. 3. Count the number of Daphnia caught in the net. 4. Repeat steps 1–3 four more times. Table 3 shows the results. Table 3 Number of Daphnia Sample number in 1 dm 3 water 1 5 2 21 3 0 4 16 5 28 0 7 . 4 Calculate the mean number of Daphnia in 1 m 3 of pond water. values sum of 1 m 3 = 1000 dm 3 values no [2 marks] . 5+21+16+28 14 = 5 14 ✗ 1000 14000 = Mean number of Daphnia in 1 m 3 of pond water = 14000 * 30 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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30
Do not write
outside the
Students investigated the size of the population of Daphnia in the pond. box
This is the method used.
1. Collect 1 dm 3 of pond water from near the edge of the pond.
2. Pour the water through a fine net.
3. Count the number of Daphnia caught in the net.
4. Repeat steps 1–3 four more times.
Table 3 shows the results.
Table 3
Number of Daphnia
Sample number
in 1 dm 3 water
1 5
2 21
3 0
4 16
5 28
0 7 . 4 Calculate the mean number of Daphnia in 1 m 3 of pond water.
values
sum of
1 m 3 = 1000 dm 3
no values
. [2 marks]
5+21+16+28 14
=
5
14 ✗ 1000 = 14000
Mean number of Daphnia in 1 m 3 of pond water = 14000
* 30 *
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 31 Do not write outside the 0 7 . 5 The pond was a rectangular shap e, measuring : box • length = 2.5 metres • width = 1.5 metres width depth length Volume ✗ ✗ = • depth = 0.5 metres. Mean daphnia no . 1m > =/ 4000 Calculate the estimated number of Daphnia in the pond. in Use your answer from Question 07.4 . " Give your answer in standard form. YX10 ← w_o<y< 10 [4 marks] ✓ Volume pond > 2.5 × 1.5 × 0.5=1 875m of = . 1.875 × 14008=26250 " Daphnia > 1.875m in = 2• £ ÉÉÉ " ✓ → 2.6250 × 10 625 × 104 Number of Daphnia in the pond = 2. Question 7 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 31 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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31
Do not write
outside the
0 7 . 5 The pond was a rectangular shap e, measuring : box
• length = 2.5 metres
• width = 1.5 metres length width depth
Volume = ✗ ✗
• depth = 0.5 metres.
Mean daphnia
no
.
1m > =/ 4000
Calculate the estimated number of Daphnia in the pond. in
Use your answer from Question 07.4 .
Give your answer in standard form. YX10 "
← w_o<y< 10
[4 marks]
✓
Volume of pond = 2.5 × 1.5 × 0.5=1 875m >
.
1.875 × 14008=26250 "
Daphnia 1.875m >
in =
2• £ ÉÉÉ
" ✓
→ 2.6250 × 10
625 × 104
Number of Daphnia in the pond = 2.
Question 7 continues on the next page
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 32 Do not write outside the Rainfall can cause fertiliser to be washed from farmland into a pond. box The students investigated the effect of fertiliser on the population of Daphnia in water from the pond. • The students put 20 Daphnia in each of five different concentrations of fertiliser. • The students counted the total number of Daphnia in each concentration of fertiliser after 2 weeks. Figure 15 shows the results. Figure 15 Decreased daphnia population ✓ 3 0 7 . 6 A concentration of 5.0 mg/dm of fertiliser caused a large increase in the population of Daphnia. Explain why. [2 marks] / ✓ Increased food growth algae of so more for - , Daphnia * 32 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
32
Do not write
outside the
Rainfall can cause fertiliser to be washed from farmland into a pond. box
The students investigated the effect of fertiliser on the population of Daphnia in water
from the pond.
• The students put 20 Daphnia in each of five different concentrations of fertiliser.
• The students counted the total number of Daphnia in each concentration of fertiliser
after 2 weeks.
Figure 15 shows the results.
Figure 15
Decreased
daphnia
population
✓
0 7 . 6 A concentration of 5.0 mg/dm 3 of fertiliser caused a large increase in the population
of Daphnia.
Explain why.
[2 marks]
/ ✓
Increased growth algae food
of so more for
- ,
Daphnia
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 33 Do not write outside the 0 7 . 7 Figure 1 4 is repeated below. box Figure 1 4 feeds feeds feeds The population of Hydra will decrease when 20 mg/dm 3 of fertiliser is added to the pond. Explain why. [2 marks] Hydra have less food because there are fewer Daphnia 14 Turn over for the next question Turn over ► * 33 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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33
Do not write
outside the
0 7 . 7 Figure 1 4 is repeated below. box
Figure 1 4
feeds feeds feeds
The population of Hydra will decrease when 20 mg/dm 3 of fertiliser is added to
the pond.
Explain why.
[2 marks]
Hydra have less food because there
are fewer
Daphnia
14
Turn over for the next question
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 34 Do not write outside the 0 8 G enetic material is made of DNA. box 0 8 . 1 Which structures in the nucleus of a human cell contain DNA? [1 mark] chromosomes Figure 16 shows part of one strand of a DNA molecule. Figure 16 Adenine Guanine sugar Thymine pentose sugar deoxyribose base cytosine - nucleotide 0 8 . 2 Label parts X , Y and Z on Figure 16 . [3 marks] Choose answers from the box. Base Fatty acid Nucleotide Sugar Glycerol * 34 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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outside the
0 8 G enetic material is made of DNA. box
0 8 . 1 Which structures in the nucleus of a human cell contain DNA?
[1 mark]
chromosomes
Figure 16 shows part of one strand of a DNA molecule.
Figure 16
Adenine
Guanine
sugar
Thymine
pentose sugar
deoxyribose
base
cytosine
-
nucleotide
0 8 . 2 Label parts X , Y and Z on Figure 16 .
[3 marks]
Choose answers from the box.
Base Fatty acid Nucleotide Sugar Glycerol
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 35 Do not write outside the 0 8 . 3 A complete DNA molecule is made of two strands twisted around each other. box What scientific term describes this structure? [1 mark] double helix Tamino acid three bases = 0 8 . 4 DNA codes for the production of proteins. A protein molecule is a long chain of amino acids. How many amino acids could be coded for by the piece of DNA shown in Figure 16 ? [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. ✓ 2 3 9 18 0 8 . 5 Scientists have now studied the whole human genome. Give two benefits of understanding the human genome. [2 marks] 1 diagnosis genetic disorders understanding of - evolution / ancestry 2 treatment inherited disorders tracing human for - migration patterns 8 Turn over for the next question Turn over ► * 35 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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outside the
0 8 . 3 A complete DNA molecule is made of two strands twisted around each other. box
What scientific term describes this structure?
[1 mark]
double helix
Tamino acid three bases
=
0 8 . 4 DNA codes for the production of proteins.
A protein molecule is a long chain of amino acids.
How many amino acids could be coded for by the piece of DNA shown in Figure 16 ?
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
✓
2 3 9 18
0 8 . 5 Scientists have now studied the whole human genome.
Give two benefits of understanding the human genome.
[2 marks]
1 diagnosis genetic disorders understanding
of
-
evolution / ancestry
2 treatment inherited disorders tracing human
for -
migration patterns 8
Turn over for the next question
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 36 Do not write outside the 0 9 Phototropism is a growth response by part of a plant to light. box 0 9 . 1 Name one other tropism. Give the stimulus the plant responds to in the tropism you have named. [2 marks] Tropism geotropism thermo tropism hydro tropism Stimulus heat gravity water 0 9 . 2 Plan an investigation to show the effect of light from one di rection on the growth of plant seedlings. Include details of any controls needed. You may use some of the equipment shown in Figure 17 and any other laboratory apparatus. [6 marks] Figure 17 * 36 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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36
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0 9 Phototropism is a growth response by part of a plant to light. box
0 9 . 1 Name one other tropism.
Give the stimulus the plant responds to in the tropism you have named.
[2 marks]
Tropism geotropism hydro tropism thermo tropism
Stimulus gravity water heat
0 9 . 2 Plan an investigation to show the effect of light from one di rection on the growth of
plant seedlings.
Include details of any controls needed.
You may use some of the equipment shown in Figure 17 and any other laboratory
apparatus.
[6 marks]
Figure 17
* 36 *
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 37 .mn ? TMhgg Do not write Method must outside the • lead to box a valid :{ outcome Must be • sequenced in " " order dings that will be ÷ sever of see + t amount vea of where in an area soil nd type em seedlings pot of boxes s in with light around ' all with lamp light other pots seedling ve of " and ho a at the 6 _ hteni needling heaenxpderimknejumae.tn# eight - i group I gle Use to - or measure bend direct in . h the - - 0 9 . 3 Explain how phototropism in a plant shoot helps the plant to survive. [3 marks] light photosynthesis Plant leaves recieve more so the plant produces ' occurs and glucose more J starch / carbohydrate / material organic 11 END OF QUESTIONS * 37 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
37
Method must .mn ? TMhgg Do not write
• outside the
lead to a box
valid :{ outcome
Must be
•
sequenced in
" "
order
dings that will be
÷
+ sever of see
vea t amount of where
in an area
nd soil type
em
pot seedlings
of boxes
s in with
light all around '
with lamp light
other pots seedling
ve of
"
and ho
a at the 6
_
needling hteni
heaenxpderimknejumae.tn#
eight
- i
group
Use to I gle
- or measure
bend in . - h the direct -
0 9 . 3 Explain how phototropism in a plant shoot helps the plant to survive.
[3 marks]
light
photosynthesis
Plant leaves
recieve more so
the plant produces '
occurs and more glucose
J
starch / carbohydrate / material
organic
11
END OF QUESTIONS
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 40 Do not write outside the There are no questions printed on this page box DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED Copyright i nformation For confidentiality purposes, from the November 2015 examination series, acknowledgements of third-party copyright material will be published in a separate booklet rather than including them on the examination paper or support materials. This booklet is published after each examination series and is available for free download from www.aqa.org.uk after the live examination series. Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for. In some cases, efforts to contact copyright-holders may have been unsuccessful and AQA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgements. If you have any queries please contact the Copyright Team, AQA, Stag Hill House, Guildford, GU2 7XJ. Copyright © 201 9 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved. * 196G8461/2F * * 40 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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Copyright i nformation
For confidentiality purposes, from the November 2015 examination series, acknowledgements of third-party copyright material will be published in a
separate booklet rather than including them on the examination paper or support materials. This booklet is published after each examination series and is
available for free download from www.aqa.org.uk after the live examination series.
Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for. In some cases, efforts to contact copyright-holders may have been unsuccessful and
AQA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgements. If you have any queries please contact the Copyright Team, AQA, Stag Hill House,
Guildford, GU2 7XJ.
Copyright © 201 9 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved.
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