Please write clearly in block capitals. Centre number Candidate number Surname Forename(s) Candidate signature H GCSE BIOLOGY Higher Tier Paper 1H Tuesday 14 May 2019 Afternoon Time allowed: 1 h ou r 45 minutes Materials For Examiner’s Use For this paper you must have: • a ruler Question Mark • a scientific calculator. 1 2 Instructions 3 • Use black ink or black ball - point pen. • Fill in the boxes at the top of this page. 4 • Answer all questions in the spaces provided. 5 • Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want 6 to be marked. • In all calculations, show clearly how you work out your answer. 7 8 I nformation TOTAL • The maximum mark for this paper is 100 . • The marks for questions are shown in brackets. • You are expected to use a calculator where appropriate. • You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation in your answers. * JUN1984611H01 * 8461/1H IB/M/Jun19/E11

Please write clearly in block capitals.
Centre number Candidate number
Surname
Forename(s)
Candidate signature
H
GCSE
BIOLOGY
Higher Tier Paper 1H
Tuesday 14 May 2019 Afternoon Time allowed: 1 h ou r 45 minutes
Materials
For Examiner’s Use
For this paper you must have:
• a ruler Question Mark
• a scientific calculator. 1
2
Instructions
• Use black ink or black ball - point pen. 3
• Fill in the boxes at the top of this page. 4
• Answer all questions in the spaces provided.
5
• Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want
6
to be marked.
• In all calculations, show clearly how you work out your answer. 7
8
I nformation
TOTAL
• The maximum mark for this paper is 100 .
• The marks for questions are shown in brackets.
• You are expected to use a calculator where appropriate.
• You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation
in your answers.
* JUN1984611H01 * 8461/1H
IB/M/Jun19/E11

2 Do not write outside the Answer all questions in the space s provided. box \ 0 1 Figure 1 shows an animal cell viewed using a microscope. Figure 1 0 1 . 1 The cell contains a nucleus. What is the function of the nucleus? [1 mark] / ✓ controls the activities the cell contains genetic material of 0 1 . 2 Name one type of cell that does not contain a nucleus. [1 mark] red blood cell bacteria / prokaryote xylem cells f tr t dead cells the because have genetic that need needed don't space is material the free in nucleus cytoplasm a to haemoglobin ( for not ) carry out any membrane bound functions - * 02 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/1H

2
Do not write
Answer all questions in the space s provided. outside the
box
\
0 1 Figure 1 shows an animal cell viewed using a microscope.
Figure 1
0 1 . 1 The cell contains a nucleus.
What is the function of the nucleus?
[1 mark]
/
✓
controls the activities of the cell contains genetic material
0 1 . 2 Name one type of cell that does not contain a nucleus.
[1 mark]
red blood cell bacteria / prokaryote xylem cells
f t tr
dead cells
because the have genetic
needed that don't need
space is material free in the
haemoglobin cytoplasm ( a nucleus to
for not
) carry out any
membrane bound
functions
-
* 02 *
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3 Do not write outside the 0 1 . 3 Draw a simple diagram of the cell in Figure 1 . box Label two parts of the cell. ) respiration aerobic [2 marks] ( site of / membrane cell - movement controls of and out substances in ) cell of :÷ ÷ reactions chemical ( site of ) the cell in ribosome protein ( site of ( activities controls of synthesis ) the cell 0 1 . 4 Name one structure found in a plant cell but not found in an animal cell. d [1 mark] permanent cellulose cell wall chloroplast ( vacuole Question 1 continues on the next page ^ Turn over ► * 03 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/1H

3
Do not write
outside the
0 1 . 3 Draw a simple diagram of the cell in Figure 1 . box
Label two parts of the cell. )
respiration
aerobic [2 marks]
( site of
cell membrane /
- movement
controls of
and out
substances in
of cell )
:÷
÷
chemical reactions
( site of )
the cell
in
ribosome
( site of protein
( controls activities of
synthesis
)
the cell
0 1 . 4 Name one structure found in a plant cell but not found in an animal cell.
d
[1 mark]
cellulose cell wall chloroplast ( permanent vacuole
Question 1 continues on the next page
^
Turn over ►
* 03 *
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4 Do not write outside the Figure 2 shows some different cells. box Figure 2 Ñ Length 24mm = → Ha 0 1 . 5 The real length from point X to point Y is 0.06 mm - Calculate the magnification. Use the equation: size of image m agnification = real size of object [3 marks] 24m £ 2÷gÉ size of image = magnification Real size = 0.06 mm }÷g 400 = ✓ Magnification = × 400 * 04 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/1H

4
Do not write
outside the
Figure 2 shows some different cells. box
Figure 2
Ñ
Length = 24mm
→
Ha
0 1 . 5 The real length from point X to point Y is 0.06 mm
-
Calculate the magnification.
Use the equation:
size of image
m agnification =
real size of object
[3 marks]
24m £
2÷gÉ
size of image =
magnification
Real
size = 0.06 mm
}÷g
= 400
✓
Magnification = × 400
* 04 *
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5 Do not write outside the 0 1 . 6 The cells shown in Figure 2 were viewed using a light microscope. box Give two advantages of using an electron microscope instead of a light microscope. ÉÉf [2 marks] accelerated electrons electrons shorter wavelength than light have a has higher resolving power and higher magnification 1 higher a magnification ( ) allows ' 3D image detects microscope 2 higher resolution / resolving power the that electrons 10 reflect back off of the specimen to-do Turn over for the next question ' Turn over ► * 05 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/1H

5
Do not write
outside the
0 1 . 6 The cells shown in Figure 2 were viewed using a light microscope. box
Give two advantages of using an electron microscope instead of a light microscope.
ÉÉf
[2 marks]
accelerated electrons
electrons have shorter wavelength than light
a
1 has higher resolving power and higher magnification
higher magnification a
( allows ' 3D image )
microscope detects
2 higher resolution / resolving power
the electrons that
reflect back off of 10
the specimen
to-do
Turn over for the next question '
Turn over ►
* 05 *
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6 mama Do not write outside the 0 2 Mosquitoes carry a pathogen that causes malaria. box 0 2 . 1 What type of pathogen causes malaria? [1 mark] Tick ( 9 ) one box. A bacterium A fungus ) ✓ ( Plasmodium protist A protist The A virus Mosquito nets can help prevent the spread of malaria. Table 1 shows the results of a study in one area of Africa. Table 1 I Percentage of people with malaria Number of Total people who number of use Who do Who use people in the mosquito NOT use mosquito study nets when mosquito nets when sleeping nets when sleeping sleeping 476 426 1.2 40 - - 112840 A newspaper made the following statement: ‘ Study shows mosquito nets are scientifically proven to prevent malaria . ’ Mana 0 2 . 2 Give one piece of evidence that supports the statement. [1 mark] lower percentage people with malaria when mosquito nets of using - * 06 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/1H

6
mama Do not write
outside the
0 2 Mosquitoes carry a pathogen that causes malaria. box
0 2 . 1 What type of pathogen causes malaria?
[1 mark]
Tick ( 9 ) one box.
A bacterium
A fungus
)
✓
A protist ( The Plasmodium protist
A virus
Mosquito nets can help prevent the spread of malaria.
Table 1 shows the results of a study in one area of Africa.
Table 1
I
Percentage of people with
malaria
Number of
Total people who
number of use Who do
Who use
people in the mosquito NOT use
mosquito
study nets when mosquito
nets when
sleeping nets when
sleeping
sleeping
476 426 1.2 40
- -
112840
A newspaper made the following statement:
‘ Study shows mosquito nets are scientifically proven to prevent malaria . ’
Mana
0 2 . 2 Give one piece of evidence that supports the statement.
[1 mark]
lower percentage of people with malaria when using mosquito nets
-
* 06 *
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7 Do not write outside the 0 2 . 3 Suggest one reason why the statement may not be valid . box [1 mark] people some who mosquito nets have malaria use Data other information is from only one area No about the people considered is Group sizes is too small Table 2 shows information about the number of deaths from malaria in the same area of Africa. Table 2 Number of deaths Year from malaria per 100 000 people 2005 161 2007 136 2009 114 F- g. I 2011 97 2- Predict another 3 2013 94 2 2- - 2015 92 2 92-2=90 0 2 . 4 Predict the number of people per 100 000 who died from malaria in 2017 if the trend stayed the same . [1 mark] allows MS 88-91 any from Number of people per 100 000 = 90 0 2 . 5 Use of mosquito nets has helped to reduce the number of deaths from malaria each year. Suggest one other reason for the reduced number of deaths from malaria each year. [1 mark] Improved healthcare Use mosquito control behaviour methods changing to avoid being of bitten Turn over ► * 07 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/1H

7
Do not write
outside the
0 2 . 3 Suggest one reason why the statement may not be valid . box
[1 mark]
some people who use mosquito nets have malaria
Data is from only one area No other information about the people
is considered
Group sizes is too small
Table 2 shows information about the number of deaths from malaria in the same area
of Africa.
Table 2
Number of deaths
Year from malaria
per 100 000 people
2005 161
2007 136
2009 114 F-
g. I
2011 97 2- Predict
another
3
2013 94
2- - 2
2015 92 2
92-2=90
0 2 . 4 Predict the number of people per 100 000 who died from malaria in 2017 if the trend
stayed the same .
[1 mark]
allows
MS any from 88-91
Number of people per 100 000 = 90
0 2 . 5 Use of mosquito nets has helped to reduce the number of deaths from malaria
each year.
Suggest one other reason for the reduced number of deaths from malaria each year.
[1 mark]
Improved healthcare
Use of mosquito control methods changing behaviour to avoid being
bitten
Turn over ►
* 07 *
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8 Do not write outside the 0 2 . 6 Describe how the human body: ? n[ ? ;% ¥ ÷e+ box explained points Well • prevents pathogens from entering points siren • defends itself against pathogens inside the body. [6 marks] ' sebum ' ( ) Prevention f) entering of ? Fillon pathogens acts barrier Skin the that surface repels - as a ✓ scabs barrier cuts / scabs form over form a tears antiseptics Eyes produce ✓ tears are contain to kill bacteria enzymes - , , ( ) ✓ Breathing system Trachea / / bronchi contain which sticky nose mucus is - ! ig ✓→ small hairs lining traps ✓ and bacteria Mucus carried by air is passages away . ( against Defends inside blood White cells / ✓ pathogens system - immune ) body ✓ Antitoxins produced and neutralise toxins produced by pathogen - are ✓ Antibodies produced and help destroy ✓ pathogens - ✓ Memory cells ✓ and trigger rapid re-enters form pathogen more response if - 11 * 08 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/1H

8
Do not write
outside the
0 2 . 6 Describe how the human body: ? n[ ? ;% ¥ ÷e+ box
Well explained points
• prevents pathogens from entering
points siren
• defends itself against pathogens inside the body.
[6 marks]
( ) ' sebum '
Prevention entering f)
of
? Fillon pathogens
Skin acts barrier the surface that repels
- as a
✓
scabs form over cuts / scabs form a barrier
tears antiseptics
Eyes produce tears are contain to kill bacteria ✓
- , , enzymes
( Breathing system ) Trachea / / bronchi contain ✓ which sticky
- nose mucus is
! ig ✓→ small hairs lining
and traps bacteria ✓ Mucus is carried by air passages
away
( Defends against .
pathogens inside White blood cells / system ✓
- immune
body )
✓
Antitoxins produced and neutralise toxins produced by pathogen
- are
✓
Antibodies produced and help destroy pathogens ✓
-
Memory cells ✓ and trigger rapid re-enters ✓
- form more response if pathogen
11
* 08 *
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9 Do not write outside the T urn over for the next question box DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED Turn over ► * 09 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/1H

9
Do not write
T urn over for the next question outside the
box
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE
ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED
Turn over ►
* 09 *
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10 Do not write outside the 0 3 This question is about photosynthesis. box 0 3 . 1 Complete the word equation for photosynthesis: [2 marks] + + oxygen carbon dioxide water glucose A student investigated photosynthesis using pondweed. Figure 3 shows the apparatus the student used. Figure 3 --- This is the method used. 1. Set up the apparatus as shown in Figure 3 . 2. Switch on the lamp. 3. After 20 minutes, record the volume of oxygen collected in the measuring cylinder. 4. Repeat steps 1 – 3 using bulbs of different power output. * 10 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/1H

10
Do not write
outside the
0 3 This question is about photosynthesis. box
0 3 . 1 Complete the word equation for photosynthesis:
[2 marks]
carbon dioxide + water glucose + oxygen
A student investigated photosynthesis using pondweed.
Figure 3 shows the apparatus the student used.
Figure 3
---
This is the method used.
1. Set up the apparatus as shown in Figure 3 .
2. Switch on the lamp.
3. After 20 minutes, record the volume of oxygen collected in the measuring cylinder.
4. Repeat steps 1 – 3 using bulbs of different power output.
* 10 *
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11 Do not write outside the 0 3 . 2 What wa s the independent variable in the investigation? box → [1 mark] the variable change you Tick ( 9 ) one box. ✓ Power output of bulb Rate of photosynthesis Time to collect oxygen Volume of oxygen collected ma 0 3 . 3 Suggest two ways the method could be improved so the results would be more valid. [2 marks] 1 Do repeats calculate and the mean 2 control the water temperature cctkditfÉ - / / / pondweed Control the length - mass species the age of Question 3 continues on the next page equilibrates Give pondweed time to to - get used the conditions → Turn over ► * 11 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/1H

11
Do not write
outside the
0 3 . 2 What wa s the independent variable in the investigation? box
→
[1 mark]
the variable you change
Tick ( 9 ) one box.
✓
Power output of bulb
Rate of photosynthesis
Time to collect oxygen
Volume of oxygen collected
ma
0 3 . 3 Suggest two ways the method could be improved so the results would be more valid.
[2 marks]
1 Do repeats and calculate the
mean
2 control the water temperature
cctkditfÉ
-
Control the / length / / pondweed
- mass species age of the
Question 3 continues on the next page
- Give pondweed time to equilibrates get used to the conditions
→
Turn over ►
* 11 *
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12 Do not write outside the Table 3 shows the student’s results. box Table 3 Power output of bulb Volume of oxygen Rate of in watts collected in photosynthesis in 20 minutes in cm 3 cm 3 /hour 60 0.5 1.5 100 0.8 2.4 150 1.1 30.3 X ✗ = 200 1.2 3.6 250 1.2 3.6 0 3 . 4 Calculate value X in Table 3 . [1 mark] 1. 1cm '= 20 photosynthesis mins of 60 :- 20--3 1. 1 × 3=3.3 3.37=60 photosynthesis mins of X = 3. 3 cm 3 /hour * 12 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/1H

12
Do not write
outside the
Table 3 shows the student’s results. box
Table 3
Power output of bulb Volume of oxygen Rate of
in watts collected in photosynthesis in
20 minutes in cm 3 cm 3 /hour
60 0.5 1.5
100 0.8 2.4
150 1.1 ✗ 30.3 X
=
200 1.2 3.6
250 1.2 3.6
0 3 . 4 Calculate value X in Table 3 .
[1 mark]
1. 1cm '= 20 photosynthesis
mins of 60 :- 20--3
1. 1 × 3=3.3 3.37=60 photosynthesis
mins of
X = 3. 3 cm 3 /hour
* 12 *
IB/M/Jun19/8461/1H

13 Do not write outside the 0 3 . 5 Complete Figure 4 . box [4 marks] You should: • label the x - axis • use a suitable scale • plot the data from Table 3 and your answer to Question 03.4 • draw a line of best fit . 1 . Figure 4 ÷ " " " " " " " " " " " ° " x-axis I Dependent variable - on y-axis . - . . - . . . . AB - £ % ¥ °°°%&°÷"°° qq.at#i:%A8Af3 - MY 0 3 . 6 Determine the expected rate of photosynthesis with a bulb of power output 75 watts. - Use Figure 4 . [1 mark] ( ) Ms allows 1.8119 Rate of photosynthesis at 75 watts = 1,9 cm 3 /hour Turn over ► * 13 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/1H

13
Do not write
outside the
0 3 . 5 Complete Figure 4 . box
[4 marks]
You should:
• label the x - axis
• use a suitable scale
• plot the data from Table 3 and your answer to Question 03.4
• draw a line of best fit .
1 .
Figure 4
÷
"
" " " " " " " " " " ° "
x-axis I
- Dependent variable on y-axis
. - . . - . . . .
AB
-
£ % ¥ °°°%&°÷"°°
qq.at#i:%A8Af3 -
MY
0 3 . 6 Determine the expected rate of photosynthesis with a bulb of power output 75 watts.
-
Use Figure 4 .
[1 mark]
( Ms allows 1.8119 )
Rate of photosynthesis at 75 watts = 1,9 cm 3 /hour
Turn over ►
* 13 *
IB/M/Jun19/8461/1H

14 Do not write outside the 0 3 . 7 Which graph shows the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis? box [1 mark] Tick ( 9 ) one box. temperature As the rate increases photosynthesis of until the increases temperature high is so ✓ y that it damaging is to the plant 1 12 I * 14 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/1H

14
Do not write
outside the
0 3 . 7 Which graph shows the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis? box
[1 mark]
Tick ( 9 ) one box.
As temperature
increases the rate
photosynthesis
of
until the
increases
temperature is so high
✓ y
that it is damaging
to the plant
1
12
I
* 14 *
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15 Do not write outside the 0 4 Water moves from a plant to the atmosphere through the leaves. box 0 4 . 1 How is the volume of water lost from the leaves controlled? [1 mark] ( by the guard cells ) and closing the stomata opening - holes on underside of r the leaf 0 4 . 2 Describe the transport of water through a plant from the roots to the atmosphere. [3 marks] transported / Water xylem is - in from Water evaporates leaves - - - - l thr0°Sh+he^° - - . - guard mg accepts / between " " " I -28g Question 4 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 15 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/1H

15
Do not write
outside the
0 4 Water moves from a plant to the atmosphere through the leaves. box
0 4 . 1 How is the volume of water lost from the leaves controlled?
[1 mark]
( by the guard cells ) and closing the stomata
opening
-
holes on
underside of
r the leaf
0 4 . 2 Describe the transport of water through a plant from the roots to the atmosphere.
[3 marks]
Water transported xylem /
- is in
from
- Water evaporates leaves
- - -
l thr0°Sh+he^°
- - . -
mg accepts / between guard " "
"
I
-28g Question 4 continues on the next page
Turn over ►
* 15 *
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16 Do not write outside the A student investigated the volume of water lost from two plants of different species. box Both plants were kept together. Figure 5 shows the student’s results. Figure 5 tAG ← i÷÷÷*= : * • * 16 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/1H

16
Do not write
outside the
A student investigated the volume of water lost from two plants of different species. box
Both plants were kept together.
Figure 5 shows the student’s results.
Figure 5
tAG ←
i÷÷÷*= :
* •
* 16 *
IB/M/Jun19/8461/1H

17 Do not write outside the 0 4 . 3 Suggest one reason for the difference in the rate of water loss from the two plants in box the first 2.5 hours. loss holes through which water [ 1 mark ] f) occur can stomata Plant A has - more Plant A leaves has - more Increases surface area → Plant A has bigger leaves - Both plants were moved to a different place at 2.5 hours. 0 4 . 4 Calculate the rate of water loss per hour in plant B from 2.5 hours to 3 hours. Give your answer to 2 significant figures. [ 3 marks] ✓ Water loss 5.2cm 's = ✓ Rate ¥ ÷ change §÷g=%h_ of = = 10.4 = =3 Sif ✓ Rate of water loss = 10 cm 3 /hour ¥ 2s f - BB 0 4 . 5 Suggest two reasons why the rate of water loss in both plants changed after 2.5 hours . [2 marks] 1 it it less humid was warmer was 2 light intensity higher it windier was was 10 Turn over ► * 17 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/1H

17
Do not write
outside the
0 4 . 3 Suggest one reason for the difference in the rate of water loss from the two plants in box
the first 2.5 hours.
holes through which water loss [ 1 mark ]
f)
can occur
Plant A has stomata
- more
Plant A has leaves
- more
Increases surface area
→
Plant A has bigger leaves
-
Both plants were moved to a different place at 2.5 hours.
0 4 . 4 Calculate the rate of water loss per hour in plant B from 2.5 hours to 3 hours.
Give your answer to 2 significant figures.
[ 3 marks]
✓
Water loss 5.2cm 's
=
✓
Rate change ¥ ÷ §÷g=%h_
of = =
10.4
=
=3
Sif
✓
Rate of water loss = 10 cm 3 /hour
¥ 2s
- f
BB
0 4 . 5 Suggest two reasons why the rate of water loss in both plants changed after
2.5 hours .
[2 marks]
1 it it less humid
was warmer was
2 light intensity higher it windier
was was
10
Turn over ►
* 17 *
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-8 18 Do not write outside the 0 5 Figure 6 shows the internal structure of the human heart. box One of the heart valves is labelled. Figure 6 Sometimes a valve in the heart can start to leak. HAHA 0 5 . 1 Explain why a pe rson with a leaking heart valve has difficulty exercising. relevant [4 marks] points ✓ ✓ Backflow less blood pumped around the body Explain - can occur meaning is , - with p Oz É ✓ with logical Less supplied to muscles less Hid respiration - so occurs order , Energy Contraction released less efficient muscle Less is so - , ox ¥ debt ✓ the Anaerobic respiration and - occurs causing , ✓ shortage body of Oz in buildup lactic acid of tissues ✓ Buildup lactic acid muscle fatigue of causes - Less efficient removal carbon dioxide - of * 18 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/1H

-8 18
Do not write
outside the
0 5 Figure 6 shows the internal structure of the human heart. box
One of the heart valves is labelled.
Figure 6
Sometimes a valve in the heart can start to leak.
HAHA
0 5 . 1 Explain why a pe rson with a leaking heart valve has difficulty exercising.
relevant
[4 marks]
points
✓ ✓
Backflow less blood pumped around the body
Explain - can occur , meaning is
- with
É p Oz ✓
with logical
Less supplied to muscles less Hid respiration
order - , so occurs
Energy Contraction
Less is released so less efficient muscle
- ,
ox ¥ debt
Anaerobic ✓ respiration and the
- occurs causing
,
✓ shortage of Oz in body
buildup of lactic acid
tissues
✓
Buildup of lactic acid causes muscle fatigue
-
- Less efficient removal of carbon dioxide
* 18 *
IB/M/Jun19/8461/1H

19 Do not write outside the Question 5 continues on the next page box DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED Turn over ► * 19 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/1H

19
Do not write
Question 5 continues on the next page outside the
box
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE
ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED
Turn over ►
* 19 *
IB/M/Jun19/8461/1H

20 Do not write outside the A patient with a leaking heart valve may have the valve replaced. box A study compared two different types of replacement heart valve: • mechanical valves • biological valves from pigs . The data used in the study was collected from female patients aged 50 – 69. Table 4 shows the data. Table 4 Type of replacement heart valve Mechanical Biological - Number of patients given the valve 2852 1754 Number of patients who died from heart - related problems after valve 180 178 replacement Percentage of patients alive after 5 years 91 89 Percentage of patients needing a second 2.2 5.2 valve replacement within 6 years Percentage of patients who had a blood clot 5.8 0.1 on the brain after surgery 0 5 . 2 Give one conclusion about the death of patients from heart - related problems after a valve replacement. Include calculations to support your answer. [3 marks] % Patients who died after mechanical valve : zg÷ 100=6-31136 ✗ ✓ I 6% % Patients who died after biological valve : 1%8-4 × 100 ✓ = 10 14823 I 10% , Higher percentage those biological of with died the valve in ✓ to comparison those with the mechanical valve * 20 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/1H

20
Do not write
outside the
A patient with a leaking heart valve may have the valve replaced. box
A study compared two different types of replacement heart valve:
• mechanical valves
• biological valves from pigs .
The data used in the study was collected from female patients aged 50 – 69.
Table 4 shows the data.
Table 4
Type of replacement heart valve
Mechanical Biological -
Number of patients given the valve 2852 1754
Number of patients who died from
heart - related problems after valve 180 178
replacement
Percentage of patients alive after 5 years 91 89
Percentage of patients needing a second
2.2 5.2
valve replacement within 6 years
Percentage of patients who had a blood clot
5.8 0.1
on the brain after surgery
0 5 . 2 Give one conclusion about the death of patients from heart - related problems after a
valve replacement.
Include calculations to support your answer.
[3 marks]
% Patients who died after mechanical
valve :
zg÷ 100=6-31136
✗
✓
I 6%
% Patients who died after biological valve :
1%8-4 × 100 ✓
= 10 14823 I 10%
,
Higher percentage of those with the biological valve died in
✓
comparison to those with the mechanical valve
* 20 *
IB/M/Jun19/8461/1H

21 Do not write outside the 0 5 . 3 One risk of mechanical valves is that blood clots can form on the surface of the valve. box Name the component of the blood that starts the process of blood clotting. [1 mark] platelets ( thrombocytes ) 0 5 . 4 Evaluate the use of mechanical replacement heart valves and biological replacement heart valves. Use information from Table 4 and your own knowledge. [6 marks] IinkÉana_IÉt&-- μ mecnam.ca#-----B-- SAINI Logically - points table support 4 and - using Less likely to need replacement within 6 years - ✓ last own knowledge ( 2.2% < 5.2% ) ; they longer ✓ Judgement Lower percentage deaths heart problems Arrive - from - at your own ittowerer (5.8%70-11) blood clots brain likely on more , and patient must take anti clotting drugs for life ✓ - This bleeding ✓ excessive - can cause Biological - Additional medication not required - However valve animal which comes from an - , ✓ ethical may cause concern ✓ Rejection is likely more - Patient immunosuppressants need may ✓ Judgement biological valve better eg The because is . there less clotting which is causes several , life thereat issues like heart attacks ) etc - ning ( . likely Blood thinners also not needed fatal bleed less , so Fk 14 i Turn over ► * 21 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/1H

21
Do not write
outside the
0 5 . 3 One risk of mechanical valves is that blood clots can form on the surface of the valve. box
Name the component of the blood that starts the process of blood clotting.
[1 mark]
platelets ( thrombocytes )
0 5 . 4 Evaluate the use of mechanical replacement heart valves and biological replacement
heart valves.
Use information from Table 4 and your own knowledge.
[6 marks]
IinkÉana_IÉt&-- μ
mecnam.ca#-----B--
SAINI
Logically
-
points
table
support 4 and
- using - Less likely to need replacement within 6 years
✓ last
own knowledge ( 2.2% < 5.2% ) ; they longer
✓ Judgement
Arrive - Lower percentage deaths from heart problems
- at your own ittowerer (5.8%70-11)
blood clots on brain more likely
,
and patient must take anti clotting drugs for life ✓
-
This excessive bleeding ✓
- can cause
Biological
-
Additional medication not required
-
However valve comes from an animal which
- ,
ethical ✓
may cause concern
✓
Rejection is more likely
-
Patient need immunosuppressants
may
✓
Judgement
eg The biological valve is better because
.
there is less clotting which causes several
,
life - thereat ning issues like heart attacks ( etc )
.
Blood thinners also not needed fatal bleed less likely
, so
14 Fk
i
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22 Do not write outside the 0 6 People with diabetes have difficulty controlling their blood glucose concentration. box 0 6 . 1 Which part of the blood transports glucose? [1 mark] Tick ( 9 ) one box. Lymphocytes f- Immune response ✓ Plasma Platelets clotting ← Red blood cells Oz ← Glucose is often found in the urine of people with diabetes. 0 6 . 2 Name a chemical used to test for glucose. [1 mark] Benedict 's solution Mao 0 6 . 3 Describe a test that could be used to show that a person’s urine contains glucose. [2 marks] Test Add Benedict reagent to sample and heat / boil 's Positive result colour change blue to brick red from * 22 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/1H

22
Do not write
outside the
0 6 People with diabetes have difficulty controlling their blood glucose concentration. box
0 6 . 1 Which part of the blood transports glucose?
[1 mark]
Tick ( 9 ) one box.
Lymphocytes f- Immune response
✓
Plasma
Platelets ← clotting
Red blood cells ← Oz
Glucose is often found in the urine of people with diabetes.
0 6 . 2 Name a chemical used to test for glucose.
[1 mark]
Benedict 's solution
Mao
0 6 . 3 Describe a test that could be used to show that a person’s urine contains glucose.
[2 marks]
Test Add Benedict 's reagent to sample and heat / boil
Positive result colour change from blue to brick red
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23 Do not write outside the 0 6 . 4 The body cells of a person with untreated diabetes lose more water than the body \ box cells of a person who does not have diabetes. Explain how diabetes can cause the body cells to lose more water. [3 marks] Than mÉatd The blood solution body - is the within cells . ✓ Water thus out of cells by osmosis - moves - . - permeablemembrane-ir.ms through partially - a . . . 0 6 . 5 Glucose is absorbed into the blood in the small intestine by both diffusion and it active transport . Describe how the small intestine is adapted for efficient absorption. μ [5 marks] projections room Érea ⑥⑥ Villi provide large diffusion - surface a for diffusion Walls villi thin short distance - of are for a tong / The small intestine there time is for - very so is more • concentration supply blood Good to steep gradient g- of maintain onondria.gr providing aerobic respiration , ineffective :p transport • 12 • Turn over ► * 23 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/1H

23
Do not write
outside the
0 6 . 4 The body cells of a person with untreated diabetes lose more water than the body \ box
cells of a person who does not have diabetes.
Explain how diabetes can cause the body cells to lose more water.
[3 marks]
Than
The blood mÉatd solution body
- is the within
cells
.
✓
Water thus out of cells by osmosis
- moves - . -
permeablemembrane-ir.ms
through partially
- . . . a
0 6 . 5 Glucose is absorbed into the blood in the small intestine by both diffusion and it
active transport .
Describe how the small intestine is adapted for efficient absorption.
[5 marks] μ
projections room
Érea
⑥⑥
Villi provide large diffusion
- a surface for
diffusion
Walls villi thin short distance
- of are for a
tong /
The small intestine is there time for
- very so is more
•
concentration
Good supply blood to steep gradient
g- of maintain
onondria.gr
aerobic respiration providing
,
ineffective
:p
transport
•
12
•
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24 Do not write outside the 0 7 A small animal called an axolotl lives in water. The axolotl has a double circulatory box system. 0 7 . 1 Define the term double circulatory system. [1 mark] Blood pumped to the by lungs side the is one of heart and to the body by the other Figure 7 shows the double circulatory system of the axolotl. Figure 7 The following figure cannot be reproduced here due to third - party copyright restrictions. 0 7 . 2 The heart of the axolotl has only one ventricle. Label the ventricle on Figure 7 . [1 mark] [ ] No solution redacted due to image * 24 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/1H

24
Do not write
outside the
0 7 A small animal called an axolotl lives in water. The axolotl has a double circulatory box
system.
0 7 . 1 Define the term double circulatory system.
[1 mark]
Blood is pumped to the lungs by side the
one of heart
and to the body by the other
Figure 7 shows the double circulatory system of the axolotl.
Figure 7
The following figure cannot be reproduced here due to third - party copyright
restrictions.
0 7 . 2 The heart of the axolotl has only one ventricle.
Label the ventricle on Figure 7 .
[1 mark]
[ ]
No solution due to redacted image
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25 Do not write outside the 0 7 . 3 Explain why having only one ventricle makes the circulatory system less efficient than box having two ventricles. [2 marks] Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood less mixes - so oxygen , reaches body cells / tissues . Figure 8 shows an axolotl. Figure 8 EBay -0A 0 7 . 4 Explain why an axolotl may die in water with a low concentration of oxygen. [4 marks] *BÉgq . • };±÷÷ • μ j:÷÷÷÷* μμ ÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷ . . μ z"• energy MY → * respiration . e. a. .eu . . . . released is . . . % - metabolism less so - . . . . acid produced is which is toxic , Turn over ► * 25 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/1H

25
Do not write
outside the
0 7 . 3 Explain why having only one ventricle makes the circulatory system less efficient than box
having two ventricles.
[2 marks]
Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood less
- mixes , so oxygen
reaches body cells / tissues
.
Figure 8 shows an axolotl.
Figure 8
EBay
0 7 . 4 Explain why an axolotl may die in water with a low concentration of oxygen. -0A
[4 marks]
*BÉgq .
•
};±÷÷ •
μ j:÷÷÷÷*
μμ ÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷
.
.
μ z"•
energy MY
→ e. a. * respiration .eu . . . . .
is released . . .
- %
metabolism
so less
- . . .
.
acid is produced which is toxic
,
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26 Do not write outside the If a gill of an axolotl is removed, a new gill will grow in its place. box Scientists hope to use information on how axolotls grow new gills to help with regenerating human tissue. 0 7 . 5 Name the type of cell that divides when a new gill grows. [1 mark] stem cells 0 7 . 6 Name one condition that could be treated using regenerated human tissue. [1 mark] paralysis diabetes Parkinson 's - - heart disease Cystic fibrosis - - cancer burns - - 0 7 . 7 Suggest one reason why an axolotl is a suitable animal for research in the laboratory. [1 mark] Easy to breed Cheap to keep ( ) they're small ! - - Don't take - up much space 0 7 . 8 A n axolotl may not be a suitable animal to study when researching regeneration in human tissue. Suggest one reason why . [1 mark] ( ) Not mammal / amphibian - a is an 12 Regeneration gills be different to that other - in may in organs different Metabolism / body too to those humans in - processes are * 26 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/1H

26
Do not write
outside the
If a gill of an axolotl is removed, a new gill will grow in its place. box
Scientists hope to use information on how axolotls grow new gills to help with
regenerating human tissue.
0 7 . 5 Name the type of cell that divides when a new gill grows.
[1 mark]
stem cells
0 7 . 6 Name one condition that could be treated using regenerated human tissue.
[1 mark]
paralysis diabetes Parkinson 's
- -
- heart disease Cystic fibrosis
-
- cancer burns
-
0 7 . 7 Suggest one reason why an axolotl is a suitable animal for research in the laboratory.
[1 mark]
Easy to breed Cheap to keep ( they're small ! )
- -
Don't take
- up much space
0 7 . 8 A n axolotl may not be a suitable animal to study when researching regeneration in
human tissue.
Suggest one reason why .
[1 mark]
( )
- Not a mammal / is an amphibian
12
Regeneration gills be different to that other
- in may in organs
Metabolism / body too different to those in humans
- processes are
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27 Do not write outside the 0 8 Pancreatic cancer develops when a malignant tumour grows inside the pancreas. box - 0 8 . 1 The pancreas produces digestive enzymes. What is an enzyme? used up being speeds reactions without [2 marks] f) up catalyst chemical which reactions in living organisms catalyst ( Biological MA 0 8 . 2 Carbohydrase is an enzyme produced by the pancreas. Name two other organs in the digestive system that produce carbohydrase. [2 marks] 1 salivary ( chewing gland in the mouth → active when 2 small intestine 0 8 . 3 One symptom of pancreatic cancer is weight loss. = Explain how pancreatic cancer may cause a person to lose weight. Do not refer to hormones in your answer. produces enzymes [4 marks] production Reduced enzyme pancreas - from digested / Food not fully and less absorbed into the is glucose - bloodstream To Less glucose available respiration fat used - for more up in metabolism Cand / ) respiration or rsmake proteins ✓ aminoacids- Fewer absorbed blood in the - " Fewer acids and amino protein growth mgking - for for repair } Fewer fatty acids absorbed less fat stored the God - so in , [ ] chemotherapy / loss appetite causes nausea of Turn over ► * 27 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/1H

27
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outside the
0 8 Pancreatic cancer develops when a malignant tumour grows inside the pancreas. box
-
0 8 . 1 The pancreas produces digestive enzymes.
What is an enzyme?
used up
speeds reactions without being [2 marks]
f) up
catalyst
chemical which reactions in living organisms
( Biological catalyst
MA
0 8 . 2 Carbohydrase is an enzyme produced by the pancreas.
Name two other organs in the digestive system that produce carbohydrase.
[2 marks]
1 salivary gland ( in the mouth chewing
→ active when
2
small intestine
0 8 . 3 One symptom of pancreatic cancer is weight loss.
=
Explain how pancreatic cancer may cause a person to lose weight.
produces Do not refer to hormones in your answer.
enzymes [4 marks]
production
Reduced
- enzyme from pancreas
digested /
Food is not fully and less glucose absorbed into the
-
bloodstream
To
Less glucose available respiration fat used
- for more up in
metabolism Cand / ) respiration
or
rsmake proteins
aminoacids- ✓
Fewer absorbed in the blood
-
"
Fewer amino acids mgking protein growth and
- for for repair
}
- Fewer fatty acids absorbed less fat stored the God
, so in
[ ]
chemotherapy / loss appetite
causes nausea of
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28 Do not write outside the Enzyme A and enzyme B are involved in controlling cell division in box pancreatic cancer cells. Most cancer cells produce both enzyme A and enzyme B . Some people have a gene mutation that stops cancer cells producing enzyme B . Figure 9 shows how cell division is controlled in pancreatic cancer cells. Figure 9 * 28 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/1H

28
Do not write
outside the
Enzyme A and enzyme B are involved in controlling cell division in box
pancreatic cancer cells.
Most cancer cells produce both enzyme A and enzyme B .
Some people have a gene mutation that stops cancer cells producing enzyme B .
Figure 9 shows how cell division is controlled in pancreatic cancer cells.
Figure 9
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29 Do not write outside the Scientists have developed a drug that inhibits enzyme A . box The drug is given to pancreatic cancer patients who have the gene mutation that stops cancer cells producing enzyme B . The drug only targets cancer cells. 0 8 . 4 Explain why the drug can be used to treat pancreatic cancer in patients with the gene mutation. Use information from Figure 9 . [3 marks] - Cancer cells cannot divide - . . . * Also less likely to tumor tumors develop secondary / , does So the not larger - form . grow spread is less . . meaning likely Because both - A and B not - enzymes are working ma • 0 8 . 5 Explain why the drug could not be used to treat pancreatic cancer in a patient that produces both enzyme A and enzyme B . [2 marks] ? B would Enzyme still be made therefore cells would still divide - / uncontrollably -2--3 Question 8 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 29 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/1H

29
Do not write
Scientists have developed a drug that inhibits enzyme A . outside the
box
The drug is given to pancreatic cancer patients who have the gene mutation that
stops cancer cells producing enzyme B .
The drug only targets cancer cells.
0 8 . 4 Explain why the drug can be used to treat pancreatic cancer in patients with the
gene mutation.
Use information from Figure 9 .
[3 marks]
-
Cancer cells cannot divide
- . . . * Also less likely to
tumor develop secondary tumors
So the does not / larger ,
- . . . form grow meaning spread is less
likely
Because both A and B not -
- enzymes are
working
• ma
0 8 . 5 Explain why the drug could not be used to treat pancreatic cancer in a patient that
produces both enzyme A and enzyme B .
[2 marks]
?
Enzyme B would still be made therefore cells would still divide
-
/
uncontrollably
-2--3
Question 8 continues on the next page
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30 - Do not write outside the 0 8 . 6 The drug was trialled before it was licensed for use. box To improve validity of the results in the trial: F- how accurately the experiment measures • some patients were given a placebo what it intended was to measure • a double - blind trial was used. Give reasons why a placebo and a double - blind trial were used. [2 marks] A placebo take into account psychological effect # Dummj drug ' ' Placebo effect patients placebo believe their given symptoms improving - are because they think they treatment have A double - blind trial to avoid bias - Neither doctors patients know who has placebo and who has nor real drug 0 8 . 7 One stage in a drug trial is to test the drug on healthy volunteers. What is the next stage in the drug trial? [1 mark] Tick ( 9 ) one box. Testing on all patients with the disease Testing on human tissue Testing on live animals ✓ Testing on volunteers with the disease - * 30 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/1H

30 -
Do not write
outside the
0 8 . 6 The drug was trialled before it was licensed for use. box
To improve validity of the results in the trial:
F- how accurately the experiment measures
• some patients were given a placebo what it was intended to measure
• a double - blind trial was used.
Give reasons why a placebo and a double - blind trial were used.
[2 marks]
A placebo take into account psychological effect
#
Dummj drug
' Placebo effect ' patients given placebo believe their symptoms improving
- are
because they think they have treatment
A double - blind trial to avoid bias
-
Neither doctors nor patients know who has placebo and who has
real drug
0 8 . 7 One stage in a drug trial is to test the drug on healthy volunteers.
What is the next stage in the drug trial?
[1 mark]
Tick ( 9 ) one box.
Testing on all patients with the disease
Testing on human tissue
Testing on live animals
✓
Testing on volunteers with the disease
-
* 30 *
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31 rÉtigal antibody type copies of one of Do not write outside the 0 8 . 8 A monoclonal antibody has been produced to treat pancreatic cancer. box Explain how the monoclonal antibody work s to treat pancreatic cancer. [3 marks] drug chemical f) toxin / / Whatever being used to is kill tumour Monoclonal antibody attached to radioactivesuGstance- is - / Monoclonal antibody cells will attach only to tumour - cancerous Radioactive substance will find to cells and stop them - cancer from dividing cell cycle Monoclonal antibody interrupts destroy cells Action monoclonal helps system antibodies cancer immune 19 of off END OF QUESTIONS * 31 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/1H

31
rÉtigal type antibody
copies of one of
Do not write
outside the
0 8 . 8 A monoclonal antibody has been produced to treat pancreatic cancer. box
Explain how the monoclonal antibody work s to treat pancreatic cancer.
[3 marks]
f) toxin / drug / chemical
Whatever is being used to
Monoclonal antibody attached to radioactivesuGstance- kill tumour
- is
- Monoclonal antibody will only attach to cancerous cells / tumour
Radioactive substance will find to cells and stop them
- cancer from
dividing
Monoclonal antibody interrupts cell cycle
destroy cells
Action monoclonal antibodies helps immune system cancer 19
of
off
END OF QUESTIONS
* 31 *
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32 Do not write outside the There are no questions printed on this page box DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED Copyright i nformation For confidentiality purposes, from the November 2015 examination series, acknowledgements of third - party copyright material will be published in a separate booklet rather than including them on the examination paper or support materials. This booklet is published after e ach examination series and is available for free download from www.aqa.org.uk after the live examination series. Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for. In some cases, efforts to contact copyright - holders may have been unsuccessful and AQA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgements. If you have any queries please contact the Copyright Team, AQA, Stag Hill House, Guildford, GU2 7XJ. Copyright © 201 9 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved. * 196g8461/1h * * 32 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/1H

32
Do not write
outside the
There are no questions printed on this page box
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE
ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED
Copyright i nformation
For confidentiality purposes, from the November 2015 examination series, acknowledgements of third - party copyright material will be published in a
separate booklet rather than including them on the examination paper or support materials. This booklet is published after e ach examination series and is
available for free download from www.aqa.org.uk after the live examination series.
Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for. In some cases, efforts to contact copyright - holders may have been unsuccessful and
AQA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgements. If you have any queries please contact the Copyright Team, AQA, Stag Hill House,
Guildford, GU2 7XJ.
Copyright © 201 9 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved.
* 196g8461/1h *
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June 2019 MA_2