PMT PMT Please write clearly in block capitals. Centre number Candidate number Surname Forename(s) Candidate signature F GCSE BIOLOGY Foundation Tier Paper 2F Friday 7 June 2019 Afternoon Time allowed: 1 hour 45 minutes Materials For this paper you must have: For Examiner’s Use • a ruler Question Mark • a scientific calculator. 1 Instructions 2 • Use black ink or black ball-point pen. 3 • Fill in the boxes at the top of this page. • Answer all questions in the spaces provided. 4 • Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want to 5 be marked. 6 • In all calculations, show clearly how you work out your answer. 7 Information 8 • The maximum mark for this paper is 100. 9 • The marks for questions are shown in brackets. • You are expected to use a calculator where appropriate. TOTAL • You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation in your answers. * Jun1984612F01 * 8461/2F IB/M/Jun19/E15

PMT PMT
Please write clearly in block capitals.
Centre number Candidate number
Surname
Forename(s)
Candidate signature
F
GCSE
BIOLOGY
Foundation Tier Paper 2F
Friday 7 June 2019 Afternoon Time allowed: 1 hour 45 minutes
Materials
For this paper you must have: For Examiner’s Use
• a ruler
• a scientific calculator. Question Mark
1
Instructions
2
• Use black ink or black ball-point pen.
• Fill in the boxes at the top of this page. 3
• Answer all questions in the spaces provided. 4
• Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want to
5
be marked.
6
• In all calculations, show clearly how you work out your answer.
7
Information 8
• The maximum mark for this paper is 100.
9
• The marks for questions are shown in brackets.
• You are expected to use a calculator where appropriate. TOTAL
• You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation
in your answers.
* Jun1984612F01 * 8461/2F
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PMT PMT 2 Do not write outside the Answer all questions in the spaces provided. box 0 1 The nervous system allows a person to detect stimuli. 0 1 . 1 Draw one line from each stimulus to the sense organ that detects the stimulus. [2 marks] Stimulus Sense organ Ear Chemicals Eye Light Tongue Moving a hand away from a hot object is an example of a reflex action. 0 1 . 2 What is a reflex action? [2 marks] * 02 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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0 1 The nervous system allows a person to detect stimuli.
0 1 . 1 Draw one line from each stimulus to the sense organ that detects the stimulus.
[2 marks]
Stimulus Sense organ
Ear
Chemicals
Eye
Light
Tongue
Moving a hand away from a hot object is an example of a reflex action.
0 1 . 2 What is a reflex action?
[2 marks]
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PMT PMT 3 Do not write outside the 0 1 . 3 A muscle in the arm moves the hand away from the hot object. box How does the arm muscle do this? [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. The muscle contracts. The muscle expands. The muscle relaxes. The muscle shrinks. Question 1 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 03 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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0 1 . 3 A muscle in the arm moves the hand away from the hot object. box
How does the arm muscle do this?
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
The muscle contracts.
The muscle expands.
The muscle relaxes.
The muscle shrinks.
Question 1 continues on the next page
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PMT PMT 4 Do not write outside the Two students investigated the effect of drinking coffee on reaction time. box This is the method used. 1. Student A holds a metre rule just above student B ’s hand, as shown in Figure 1 . 2. Student A lets go of the metre rule. 3. Student B catches the metre rule as quickly as possible. 4. Student A writes down the reading from the scale on the metre rule. 5. Students A and B repeat steps 1‒4 another four times. 6. Student B then drinks a cup of coffee. 7. After 15 minutes, students A and B repeat steps 1‒5. Figure 1 Table 1 shows some of the results. Table 1 Reading from scale on metre rule in cm Test Before drinking coffee After drinking coffee 1 18 10 2 21 14 3 15 4 12 5 19 * 04 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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Two students investigated the effect of drinking coffee on reaction time. box
This is the method used.
1. Student A holds a metre rule just above student B ’s hand, as shown in Figure 1 .
2. Student A lets go of the metre rule.
3. Student B catches the metre rule as quickly as possible.
4. Student A writes down the reading from the scale on the metre rule.
5. Students A and B repeat steps 1‒4 another four times.
6. Student B then drinks a cup of coffee.
7. After 15 minutes, students A and B repeat steps 1‒5.
Figure 1
Table 1 shows some of the results.
Table 1
Reading from scale on metre rule in cm
Test
Before drinking coffee After drinking coffee
1 18 10
2 21 14
3 15
4 12
5 19
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PMT PMT 5 Do not write outside the Figure 2 shows the results after drinking the coffee for tests 3 , 4 and 5 . box Figure 2 0 1 . 4 Complete Table 1 . Use results from Figure 2 . [2 marks] The students made the following conclusion: ‘Drinking coffee speeds up reactions.’ 0 1 . 5 Give evidence from Table 1 to support the students’ conclusion. [1 mark] 0 1 . 6 The students’ conclusion may not be valid. Suggest two improvements the students could make to their method. [2 marks] 1 2 10 Turn over ► * 05 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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Figure 2 shows the results after drinking the coffee for tests 3 , 4 and 5 . box
Figure 2
0 1 . 4 Complete Table 1 .
Use results from Figure 2 .
[2 marks]
The students made the following conclusion:
‘Drinking coffee speeds up reactions.’
0 1 . 5 Give evidence from Table 1 to support the students’ conclusion.
[1 mark]
0 1 . 6 The students’ conclusion may not be valid.
Suggest two improvements the students could make to their method.
[2 marks]
1
2
10
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PMT PMT 6 Do not write outside the There are no questions printed on this page box DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED * 06 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE
ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED
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PMT PMT 7 Do not write outside the 0 2 The shape of a person’s earlobes is controlled by a gene. box Figure 3 shows two types of earlobe. Figure 3 A dominant allele codes for free earlobes. 0 2 . 1 What is a dominant allele? [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. An allele expressed even if a person only has one copy of the allele An allele expressed only if a person has two copies of the allele An allele expressed only if a person has no recessive allele An allele expressed only if it is inherited from the male parent Question 2 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 07 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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0 2 The shape of a person’s earlobes is controlled by a gene. box
Figure 3 shows two types of earlobe.
Figure 3
A dominant allele codes for free earlobes.
0 2 . 1 What is a dominant allele?
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
An allele expressed even if a person only has one copy of the allele
An allele expressed only if a person has two copies of the allele
An allele expressed only if a person has no recessive allele
An allele expressed only if it is inherited from the male parent
Question 2 continues on the next page
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PMT PMT 8 Do not write outside the 0 2 . 2 A man with free earlobes and a woman with attached earlobes have children together. box Complete Figure 4 to show the possible genotypes of the children. Use the symbols: E = allele for free earlobes e = allele for attached earlobes [2 marks] Figure 4 Woman e e E Ee Man e 0 2 . 3 What is the probability that one of the children would have attached earlobes? Use Figure 4 . [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. 0.125 0.25 0.5 0.75 * 08 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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0 2 . 2 A man with free earlobes and a woman with attached earlobes have children together. box
Complete Figure 4 to show the possible genotypes of the children.
Use the symbols:
E = allele for free earlobes
e = allele for attached earlobes
[2 marks]
Figure 4
Woman
e e
E Ee
Man
e
0 2 . 3 What is the probability that one of the children would have attached earlobes?
Use Figure 4 .
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
0.125 0.25 0.5 0.75
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PMT PMT 9 Do not write outside the 0 2 . 4 Figure 5 shows the inheritance of the sex chromosomes, X and Y . box Complete Figure 5 to show the sex chromosomes in the gametes of the man and the woman. [2 marks] Figure 5 Woman XX XX Man XY XY 0 2 . 5 Calculate the probability that the man and the woman’s next child will be a girl with attached earlobes. [2 marks] Use the equation: probability of a girl with attached earlobes = probability of attached earlobes × probability of being a girl 8 Probability of a girl with attached earlobes = Turn over ► * 09 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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0 2 . 4 Figure 5 shows the inheritance of the sex chromosomes, X and Y . box
Complete Figure 5 to show the sex chromosomes in the gametes of the man and
the woman.
[2 marks]
Figure 5
Woman
XX XX
Man
XY XY
0 2 . 5 Calculate the probability that the man and the woman’s next child will be a girl with
attached earlobes.
[2 marks]
Use the equation:
probability of a girl with attached earlobes
= probability of attached earlobes × probability of being a girl
Probability of a girl with attached earlobes = 8
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PMT PMT 10 Do not write outside the 0 3 Figure 6 shows the production of sperm cells in humans. box Figure 6 0 3 . 1 Cell A is a normal body cell. How many chromosomes are there in cell A ? [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. 23 46 48 92 0 3 . 2 What is the mass of DNA in cell E ? [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. A quarter of the mass of the DNA in cell A Half the mass of the DNA in cell A The same mass as the DNA in cell A Twice the mass of the DNA in cell A * 10 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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0 3 Figure 6 shows the production of sperm cells in humans. box
Figure 6
0 3 . 1 Cell A is a normal body cell.
How many chromosomes are there in cell A ?
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
23 46 48 92
0 3 . 2 What is the mass of DNA in cell E ?
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
A quarter of the mass of the DNA in cell A
Half the mass of the DNA in cell A
The same mass as the DNA in cell A
Twice the mass of the DNA in cell A
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PMT PMT 11 Do not write outside the 0 3 . 3 What type of cell division produces sperm cells? box [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. Binary fission Differentiation Meiosis 0 3 . 4 Sometimes there are errors in copying the genetic material. What term describes an error in the genetic material? [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. Absorption Fertilisation Mitosis Mutation 0 3 . 5 A woman has three children, aged 4, 6 and 9 years. Why are the children not genetically identical? [2 marks] Turn over ► * 11 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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0 3 . 3 What type of cell division produces sperm cells? box
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
Binary fission
Differentiation
Meiosis
0 3 . 4 Sometimes there are errors in copying the genetic material.
What term describes an error in the genetic material?
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
Absorption
Fertilisation
Mitosis
Mutation
0 3 . 5 A woman has three children, aged 4, 6 and 9 years.
Why are the children not genetically identical?
[2 marks]
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PMT PMT 12 Do not write outside the In sexual reproduction, a sperm cell fuses with an egg cell to form a new single cell. box An embryo develops from the single cell. The cell divides three times to produce the embryo. 0 3 . 6 How many cells are there in the embryo after three cell divisions? [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. 3 6 8 9 Figure 7 shows a different human embryo. Figure 7 0 3 . 7 Measure image length X on Figure 7 . [1 mark] Give your answer in millimetres (mm). X = mm * 12 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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In sexual reproduction, a sperm cell fuses with an egg cell to form a new single cell. box
An embryo develops from the single cell.
The cell divides three times to produce the embryo.
0 3 . 6 How many cells are there in the embryo after three cell divisions?
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
3 6 8 9
Figure 7 shows a different human embryo.
Figure 7
0 3 . 7 Measure image length X on Figure 7 .
[1 mark]
Give your answer in millimetres (mm).
X = mm
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PMT PMT 13 Do not write outside the 0 3 . 8 The image in Figure 7 has been magnified × 500 box Calculate the real length of the embryo. Use the equation: image length real length of the embryo = magnification Give your answer in micrometres ( μ m). 1 mm = 1000 μ m [3 marks] Real length of the embryo = μ m 0 3 . 9 The embryo may not implant in the lining of the uterus. The embryo will then be lost from the woman’s body several days later. Explain why the woman may not notice this has happened. [2 marks] 13 Turn over for the next question Turn over ► * 13 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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0 3 . 8 The image in Figure 7 has been magnified × 500 box
Calculate the real length of the embryo.
Use the equation:
image length
real length of the embryo =
magnification
Give your answer in micrometres ( μ m).
1 mm = 1000 μ m
[3 marks]
Real length of the embryo = μ m
0 3 . 9 The embryo may not implant in the lining of the uterus.
The embryo will then be lost from the woman’s body several days later.
Explain why the woman may not notice this has happened.
[2 marks]
13
Turn over for the next question
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PMT PMT 14 Do not write outside the 0 4 Gardeners sometimes make compost heaps from dead plant material. box The dead plants decay in the compost heap. Figure 8 shows a compost heap. Figure 8 0 4 . 1 The thin layers of soil contain organisms that cause decay. Which two types of organism cause decay? [2 marks] Tick (  ) two boxes. Bacteria Fungi Grass Insects Worms * 14 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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0 4 Gardeners sometimes make compost heaps from dead plant material. box
The dead plants decay in the compost heap.
Figure 8 shows a compost heap.
Figure 8
0 4 . 1 The thin layers of soil contain organisms that cause decay.
Which two types of organism cause decay?
[2 marks]
Tick (  ) two boxes.
Bacteria
Fungi
Grass
Insects
Worms
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PMT PMT 15 Do not write outside the The rate of decay in the compost heap depends on several environmental factors. box 0 4 . 2 Explain how the rate of decay would be affected by: • an increase in oxygen concentration • a temperature increase from 5 ° C to 25 ° C [3 marks] 0 4 . 3 Give one environmental factor needed for decay. Do not refer to oxygen or temperature in your answer. [1 mark] Question 4 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 15 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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The rate of decay in the compost heap depends on several environmental factors. box
0 4 . 2 Explain how the rate of decay would be affected by:
• an increase in oxygen concentration
• a temperature increase from 5 ° C to 25 ° C
[3 marks]
0 4 . 3 Give one environmental factor needed for decay.
Do not refer to oxygen or temperature in your answer.
[1 mark]
Question 4 continues on the next page
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PMT PMT 16 Do not write outside the Dead plant material can also be decayed in a biogas generator. box Figure 9 shows the percentages of the gases found in a sample of biogas. Figure 9 0 4 . 4 Gas X is the main fuel gas found in the biogas. What is gas X ? [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. Carbon monoxide Hydrogen Methane Nitrogen * 16 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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Dead plant material can also be decayed in a biogas generator. box
Figure 9 shows the percentages of the gases found in a sample of biogas.
Figure 9
0 4 . 4 Gas X is the main fuel gas found in the biogas.
What is gas X ?
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
Carbon monoxide
Hydrogen
Methane
Nitrogen
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PMT PMT 17 Do not write outside the 0 4 . 5 What is the percentage of gas X in the biogas? box [1 mark] Percentage = % 0 4 . 6 The dead plant material in the compost heap and biogas generator does not decay completely. Explain why a farmer might spread the remaining dead plant material onto his fields. [2 marks] 10 Turn over for the next question Turn over ► * 17 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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0 4 . 5 What is the percentage of gas X in the biogas? box
[1 mark]
Percentage = %
0 4 . 6 The dead plant material in the compost heap and biogas generator does
not decay completely.
Explain why a farmer might spread the remaining dead plant material onto his fields.
[2 marks]
10
Turn over for the next question
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PMT PMT 18 Do not write outside the 0 5 Figure 10 shows a flightless bird called the dodo ( Raphus cucullatus ). box Figure 10 The dodo: • was 1 m tall • had a mass of 20 kg • lived in rainforests on a tropical island • ate fruits • made its nest on the ground. A female dodo laid only one egg each year. Humans arrived on the island in the year 1507. By 1681 the dodo was extinct. 0 5 . 1 What is the genus of the dodo? [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. Animal Bird Raphus * 18 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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0 5 Figure 10 shows a flightless bird called the dodo ( Raphus cucullatus ). box
Figure 10
The dodo:
• was 1 m tall
• had a mass of 20 kg
• lived in rainforests on a tropical island
• ate fruits
• made its nest on the ground.
A female dodo laid only one egg each year.
Humans arrived on the island in the year 1507. By 1681 the dodo was extinct.
0 5 . 1 What is the genus of the dodo?
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
Animal
Bird
Raphus
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PMT PMT 19 Do not write outside the 0 5 . 2 Before the arrival of humans, there were no other large animals living on the island. box Suggest two reasons why the dodo became extinct soon after the arrival of humans. [2 marks] 1 2 Today, humans are cutting down large areas of tropical rainforests. 0 5 . 3 Suggest one use of the land after the trees have been removed. [1 mark] 0 5 . 4 Why does the removal of trees cause an increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere? [2 marks] Tick (  ) two boxes. There are fewer animals. There is less photosynthesis. There is less respiration. The soil dries out. The trees are burned. Turn over ► * 19 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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0 5 . 2 Before the arrival of humans, there were no other large animals living on the island. box
Suggest two reasons why the dodo became extinct soon after the arrival of humans.
[2 marks]
1
2
Today, humans are cutting down large areas of tropical rainforests.
0 5 . 3 Suggest one use of the land after the trees have been removed.
[1 mark]
0 5 . 4 Why does the removal of trees cause an increase in carbon dioxide in
the atmosphere?
[2 marks]
Tick (  ) two boxes.
There are fewer animals.
There is less photosynthesis.
There is less respiration.
The soil dries out.
The trees are burned.
Turn over ►
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PMT PMT 20 Do not write outside the 0 5 . 5 What effect would an increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere have on box global air temperature? [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. Decrease Increase Stay the same ‘Sustainable forestry’ reduces the harmful effects of cutting down trees on the environment. Figure 11 shows a method of ‘sustainable forestry’. Numbers 1–9 show different parts of a rainforest. Figure 11 The trees are cut down in the sequence 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7 – 8 – 9 • The trees are cut down in only one area at any one time. • It takes 30 years to cut down the trees in each area. • The trees in the ‘Old growth’ area are never cut down. * 20 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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0 5 . 5 What effect would an increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere have on box
global air temperature?
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
Decrease
Increase
Stay the same
‘Sustainable forestry’ reduces the harmful effects of cutting down trees on the
environment.
Figure 11 shows a method of ‘sustainable forestry’.
Numbers 1–9 show different parts of a rainforest.
Figure 11
The trees are cut down in the sequence 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7 – 8 – 9
• The trees are cut down in only one area at any one time.
• It takes 30 years to cut down the trees in each area.
• The trees in the ‘Old growth’ area are never cut down.
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PMT PMT 21 Do not write outside the 0 5 . 6 How many years would it take to cut down the trees in all of the numbered areas in box Figure 11 ? [2 mark s ] Number of years = 0 5 . 7 The rainforest contains: • 750 species of trees • 400 species of birds • 150 species of butterflies • many other species of plants and animals. Explain how the pattern of cutting down trees shown in Figure 11 stops the biodiversity of the rainforest being reduced. [4 marks] 13 Turn over ► * 21 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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0 5 . 6 How many years would it take to cut down the trees in all of the numbered areas in box
Figure 11 ?
[2 mark s ]
Number of years =
0 5 . 7 The rainforest contains:
• 750 species of trees
• 400 species of birds
• 150 species of butterflies
• many other species of plants and animals.
Explain how the pattern of cutting down trees shown in Figure 11 stops the
biodiversity of the rainforest being reduced.
[4 marks]
13
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PMT PMT 22 Do not write outside the 0 6 Two of the substances the body excretes are urea and carbon dioxide. box 0 6 . 1 Complete the sentence. [1 mark] Choose the answer from the box. carbohydrate lipid protein salt A person makes a lot of urea if the person’s diet contains a lot of . 0 6 . 2 Why must urea be excreted from the body? [1 mark] 0 6 . 3 A person produces more carbon dioxide during exercise than when resting. Complete the sentences. [2 marks] Choose answers from the box. breathing digestion egestion osmosis respiration The process that makes carbon dioxide is . During exercise, extra carbon dioxide can be removed from the body by increasing the rate of . * 22 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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0 6 Two of the substances the body excretes are urea and carbon dioxide. box
0 6 . 1 Complete the sentence.
[1 mark]
Choose the answer from the box.
carbohydrate lipid protein salt
A person makes a lot of urea if the person’s diet contains
a lot of .
0 6 . 2 Why must urea be excreted from the body?
[1 mark]
0 6 . 3 A person produces more carbon dioxide during exercise than when resting.
Complete the sentences.
[2 marks]
Choose answers from the box.
breathing digestion egestion
osmosis respiration
The process that makes carbon dioxide is .
During exercise, extra carbon dioxide can be removed from the body by increasing
the rate of .
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PMT PMT 23 Do not write outside the 0 6 . 4 Excess water must also be removed from the body. box If a person sweats a lot, less water will be excreted in the urine. A healthy person did the same amount of exercise on each of 3 days. Table 2 shows information for the 3 days. Table 2 Air temperature Volume of water Relative amount of urine Day in o C consumed in cm 3 produced by the kidneys 1 30 1500 2 20 1500 3 15 2000 Complete Table 2 . [2 marks] Choose answers from the box. least medium most Question 6 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 23 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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0 6 . 4 Excess water must also be removed from the body. box
If a person sweats a lot, less water will be excreted in the urine.
A healthy person did the same amount of exercise on each of 3 days.
Table 2 shows information for the 3 days.
Table 2
Air temperature Volume of water Relative amount of urine
Day
in o C consumed in cm 3 produced by the kidneys
1 30 1500
2 20 1500
3 15 2000
Complete Table 2 .
[2 marks]
Choose answers from the box.
least medium most
Question 6 continues on the next page
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PMT PMT 24 Do not write outside the Some people have kidney disease. box Kidney disease may be treated by dialysis or by having a kidney transplant operation. • During dialysis, a person is connected to a machine that filters the blood. • Each dialysis session lasts about 6 hours. • The person has several dialysis sessions each week. Figure 12 shows how dialysis works. Figure 12 0 6 . 5 How does urea move out of the blood during dialysis? [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. Diffusion Digestion Osmosis Respiration * 24 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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Some people have kidney disease. box
Kidney disease may be treated by dialysis or by having a kidney transplant operation.
• During dialysis, a person is connected to a machine that filters the blood.
• Each dialysis session lasts about 6 hours.
• The person has several dialysis sessions each week.
Figure 12 shows how dialysis works.
Figure 12
0 6 . 5 How does urea move out of the blood during dialysis?
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
Diffusion
Digestion
Osmosis
Respiration
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PMT PMT 25 Do not write outside the 0 6 . 6 Which substance in Figure 12 does not pass from the blood into the dialysis fluid? box Give the reason for your answer. [2 marks] Substance Reason Question 6 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 25 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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0 6 . 6 Which substance in Figure 12 does not pass from the blood into the dialysis fluid? box
Give the reason for your answer.
[2 marks]
Substance
Reason
Question 6 continues on the next page
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PMT PMT 26 Do not write outside the Two people have kidney disease. box • Person A is treated by dialysis. • Person B has had a kidney transplant. Figure 13 shows changes in the urea concentration in the blood of each person over 2 weeks. Figure 13 0 6 . 7 How many dialysis sessions did person A have each week ? [1 mark] 0 6 . 8 What happens to the concentration of urea in the blood between dialysis sessions? [1 mark] 0 6 . 9 Give two reasons why a kidney transplant is a better method for treating kidney disease than dialysis. [2 marks] 1 2 13 * 26 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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Two people have kidney disease. box
• Person A is treated by dialysis.
• Person B has had a kidney transplant.
Figure 13 shows changes in the urea concentration in the blood of each person over
2 weeks.
Figure 13
0 6 . 7 How many dialysis sessions did person A have each week ?
[1 mark]
0 6 . 8 What happens to the concentration of urea in the blood between dialysis sessions?
[1 mark]
0 6 . 9 Give two reasons why a kidney transplant is a better method for treating kidney
disease than dialysis.
[2 marks]
1
2
13
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PMT PMT 27 Do not write outside the Turn over for the next question box DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED Turn over ► * 27 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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PMT PMT 28 Do not write outside the 0 7 Figure 14 shows a food chain in a pond. box Figure 14 0 7 . 1 Which term describes the Daphnia in this food chain? [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. Apex predator Primary consumer Producer Secondary consumer * 28 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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0 7 Figure 14 shows a food chain in a pond. box
Figure 14
0 7 . 1 Which term describes the Daphnia in this food chain?
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
Apex predator
Primary consumer
Producer
Secondary consumer
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PMT PMT 29 Do not write outside the 0 7 . 2 Draw a pyramid of biomass for the food chain. box Label each trophic level. [2 marks] 0 7 . 3 Give one reason why the total biomass of the Daphnia in the pond is different from the total biomass of the algae. [1 mark] Question 7 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 29 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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0 7 . 2 Draw a pyramid of biomass for the food chain. box
Label each trophic level.
[2 marks]
0 7 . 3 Give one reason why the total biomass of the Daphnia in the pond is different from
the total biomass of the algae.
[1 mark]
Question 7 continues on the next page
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PMT PMT 30 Do not write outside the Students investigated the size of the population of Daphnia in the pond. box This is the method used. 1. Collect 1 dm 3 of pond water from near the edge of the pond. 2. Pour the water through a fine net. 3. Count the number of Daphnia caught in the net. 4. Repeat steps 1–3 four more times. Table 3 shows the results. Table 3 Number of Daphnia Sample number in 1 dm 3 water 1 5 2 21 3 0 4 16 5 28 0 7 . 4 Calculate the mean number of Daphnia in 1 m 3 of pond water. 1 m 3 = 1000 dm 3 [2 marks] Mean number of Daphnia in 1 m 3 of pond water = * 30 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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Students investigated the size of the population of Daphnia in the pond. box
This is the method used.
1. Collect 1 dm 3 of pond water from near the edge of the pond.
2. Pour the water through a fine net.
3. Count the number of Daphnia caught in the net.
4. Repeat steps 1–3 four more times.
Table 3 shows the results.
Table 3
Number of Daphnia
Sample number
in 1 dm 3 water
1 5
2 21
3 0
4 16
5 28
0 7 . 4 Calculate the mean number of Daphnia in 1 m 3 of pond water.
1 m 3 = 1000 dm 3
[2 marks]
Mean number of Daphnia in 1 m 3 of pond water =
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PMT PMT 31 Do not write outside the 0 7 . 5 The pond was a rectangular shape, measuring: box • length = 2.5 metres • width = 1.5 metres • depth = 0.5 metres. Calculate the estimated number of Daphnia in the pond. Use your answer from Question 07.4 . Give your answer in standard form. [4 marks] Number of Daphnia in the pond = Question 7 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 31 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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0 7 . 5 The pond was a rectangular shape, measuring: box
• length = 2.5 metres
• width = 1.5 metres
• depth = 0.5 metres.
Calculate the estimated number of Daphnia in the pond.
Use your answer from Question 07.4 .
Give your answer in standard form.
[4 marks]
Number of Daphnia in the pond =
Question 7 continues on the next page
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PMT PMT 32 Do not write outside the Rainfall can cause fertiliser to be washed from farmland into a pond. box The students investigated the effect of fertiliser on the population of Daphnia in water from the pond. • The students put 20 Daphnia in each of five different concentrations of fertiliser. • The students counted the total number of Daphnia in each concentration of fertiliser after 2 weeks. Figure 15 shows the results. Figure 15 3 0 7 . 6 A concentration of 5.0 mg/dm of fertiliser caused a large increase in the population of Daphnia. Explain why. [2 marks] * 32 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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Rainfall can cause fertiliser to be washed from farmland into a pond. box
The students investigated the effect of fertiliser on the population of Daphnia in water
from the pond.
• The students put 20 Daphnia in each of five different concentrations of fertiliser.
• The students counted the total number of Daphnia in each concentration of fertiliser
after 2 weeks.
Figure 15 shows the results.
Figure 15
0 7 . 6 A concentration of 5.0 mg/dm 3 of fertiliser caused a large increase in the population
of Daphnia.
Explain why.
[2 marks]
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PMT PMT 33 Do not write outside the 0 7 . 7 Figure 1 4 is repeated below. box Figure 1 4 The population of Hydra will decrease when 20 mg/dm 3 of fertiliser is added to the pond. Explain why. [2 marks] 14 Turn over for the next question Turn over ► * 33 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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0 7 . 7 Figure 1 4 is repeated below. box
Figure 1 4
The population of Hydra will decrease when 20 mg/dm 3 of fertiliser is added to
the pond.
Explain why.
[2 marks]
14
Turn over for the next question
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PMT PMT 34 Do not write outside the 0 8 Genetic material is made of DNA. box 0 8 . 1 Which structures in the nucleus of a human cell contain DNA? [1 mark] Figure 16 shows part of one strand of a DNA molecule. Figure 16 0 8 . 2 Label parts X , Y and Z on Figure 16 . [3 marks] Choose answers from the box. Base Fatty acid Nucleotide Sugar Glycerol * 34 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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0 8 Genetic material is made of DNA. box
0 8 . 1 Which structures in the nucleus of a human cell contain DNA?
[1 mark]
Figure 16 shows part of one strand of a DNA molecule.
Figure 16
0 8 . 2 Label parts X , Y and Z on Figure 16 .
[3 marks]
Choose answers from the box.
Base Fatty acid Nucleotide Sugar Glycerol
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PMT PMT 35 Do not write outside the 0 8 . 3 A complete DNA molecule is made of two strands twisted around each other. box What scientific term describes this structure? [1 mark] 0 8 . 4 DNA codes for the production of proteins. A protein molecule is a long chain of amino acids. How many amino acids could be coded for by the piece of DNA shown in Figure 16 ? [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. 2 3 9 18 0 8 . 5 Scientists have now studied the whole human genome. Give two benefits of understanding the human genome. [2 marks] 1 2 8 Turn over for the next question Turn over ► * 35 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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0 8 . 3 A complete DNA molecule is made of two strands twisted around each other. box
What scientific term describes this structure?
[1 mark]
0 8 . 4 DNA codes for the production of proteins.
A protein molecule is a long chain of amino acids.
How many amino acids could be coded for by the piece of DNA shown in Figure 16 ?
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
2 3 9 18
0 8 . 5 Scientists have now studied the whole human genome.
Give two benefits of understanding the human genome.
[2 marks]
1
2
8
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PMT PMT 36 Do not write outside the 0 9 Phototropism is a growth response by part of a plant to light. box 0 9 . 1 Name one other tropism. Give the stimulus the plant responds to in the tropism you have named. [2 marks] Tropism Stimulus 0 9 . 2 Plan an investigation to show the effect of light from one direction on the growth of plant seedlings. Include details of any controls needed. You may use some of the equipment shown in Figure 17 and any other laboratory apparatus. [6 marks] Figure 17 * 36 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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0 9 Phototropism is a growth response by part of a plant to light. box
0 9 . 1 Name one other tropism.
Give the stimulus the plant responds to in the tropism you have named.
[2 marks]
Tropism
Stimulus
0 9 . 2 Plan an investigation to show the effect of light from one direction on the growth of
plant seedlings.
Include details of any controls needed.
You may use some of the equipment shown in Figure 17 and any other laboratory
apparatus.
[6 marks]
Figure 17
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PMT PMT 37 Do not write outside the box 0 9 . 3 Explain how phototropism in a plant shoot helps the plant to survive. [3 marks] 11 END OF QUESTIONS * 37 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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0 9 . 3 Explain how phototropism in a plant shoot helps the plant to survive.
[3 marks]
11
END OF QUESTIONS
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PMT PMT 39 Do not write outside the There are no questions printed on this page box DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED * 39 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

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PMT PMT 40 Do not write outside the There are no questions printed on this page box DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED Copyright i nformation For confidentiality purposes, from the November 2015 examination series, acknowledgements of third-party copyright material will be published in a separate booklet rather than including them on the examination paper or support materials. This booklet is published after each examination series and is available for free download from www.aqa.org.uk after the live examination series. Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for. In some cases, efforts to contact copyright-holders may have been unsuccessful and AQA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgements. If you have any queries please contact the Copyright Team, AQA, Stag Hill House, Guildford, GU2 7XJ. Copyright © 2019 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved. * 196G8461/2F * * 40 * IB/M/Jun19/8461/2F

PMT PMT
40
Do not write
outside the
There are no questions printed on this page box
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE
ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED
Copyright i nformation
For confidentiality purposes, from the November 2015 examination series, acknowledgements of third-party copyright material will be published in a
separate booklet rather than including them on the examination paper or support materials. This booklet is published after each examination series and is
available for free download from www.aqa.org.uk after the live examination series.
Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for. In some cases, efforts to contact copyright-holders may have been unsuccessful and
AQA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgements. If you have any queries please contact the Copyright Team, AQA, Stag Hill House,
Guildford, GU2 7XJ.
Copyright © 2019 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved.
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June 2019 QP