Please write clearly in block capitals. Centre number Candidate number Surname Forename(s) Candidate signature I declare this is my own work. F GCSE BIOLOGY Foundation Tier Paper 2 F Monday 1 June 2020 Afternoon Time allowed: 1 hour 45 minutes Materials For Examiner’s Use For this paper you must have: • a ruler Question Mark • a scientific calculator. 1 Instructions 2 • Use black ink or black ball-point pen. 3 • Pencil should only be used for drawing. 4 • Fill in the boxes at the top of this page. 5 • Answer all questions in the spaces provided. • If you need extra space for your answer(s), use the lined pages at the end of 6 this book. Write the question number against your answer(s). 7 • Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want 8 to be marked. 9 • In all calculations, show clearly how you work out your answer. TOTAL Information • The maximum mark for this paper is 100. • The marks for questions are shown in brackets. • You are expected to use a calculator where appropriate. • You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation in your answers. * jun20 84612F01 * 8461/ 2F IB/M/Jun20/E20

Please write clearly in block capitals.
Centre number Candidate number
Surname
Forename(s)
Candidate signature
I declare this is my own work.
F
GCSE
BIOLOGY
Foundation Tier Paper 2 F
Monday 1 June 2020 Afternoon Time allowed: 1 hour 45 minutes
Materials
For this paper you must have: For Examiner’s Use
• a ruler
Question Mark
• a scientific calculator.
1
Instructions 2
• Use black ink or black ball-point pen. 3
• Pencil should only be used for drawing.
4
• Fill in the boxes at the top of this page.
5
• Answer all questions in the spaces provided.
• If you need extra space for your answer(s), use the lined pages at the end of 6
this book. Write the question number against your answer(s). 7
• Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want
8
to be marked.
• In all calculations, show clearly how you work out your answer. 9
TOTAL
Information
• The maximum mark for this paper is 100.
• The marks for questions are shown in brackets.
• You are expected to use a calculator where appropriate.
• You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation
in your answers.
* jun20 84612F01 * 8461/ 2F
IB/M/Jun20/E20

2 Do not write outside the Answer all questions in the spaces provided. box 0 1 A food for pet dogs contains meat from chickens. Figure 1 shows the food chain. Figure 1 0 1 . 1 What is the trophic level of the dog? [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. 1 2 3 0 1 Draw one line from each organism to the description of the organism’s position in the . 2 food chain. [3 marks] Organism Description Herbivore Chicken Producer Dog Secondary consumer Wheat Tertiary consumer * 02 * IB/M/Jun20/8461/2F

2
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Answer all questions in the spaces provided. outside the
box
0 1 A food for pet dogs contains meat from chickens.
Figure 1 shows the food chain.
Figure 1
0 1 . 1 What is the trophic level of the dog?
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
1 2 3
0 1 . 2 Draw one line from each organism to the description of the organism’s position in the
food chain.
[3 marks]
Organism Description
Herbivore
Chicken
Producer
Dog
Secondary consumer
Wheat
Tertiary consumer
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3 Do not write outside the 0 1 . 3 Name the process wheat plants use to make glucose. box [1 mark] 0 1 Some of the chicken biomass does not . 4 become part of the dog’s biomass. What is one reason why? [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. Some of the chicken is used for the dog to grow The dog produces waste in faeces The wheat is eaten by the dog Question 1 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 03 * IB/M/Jun20/8461/2F

3
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0 1 . 3 Name the process wheat plants use to make glucose. box
[1 mark]
0 1 . 4 Some of the chicken biomass does not become part of the dog’s biomass.
What is one reason why?
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
Some of the chicken is used for the dog to grow
The dog produces waste in faeces
The wheat is eaten by the dog
Question 1 continues on the next page
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4 Do not write outside the A new dog food has been developed. box The new dog food is made from insects. The insects in the dog food factory are fed on vegetables. 0 1 . 5 Which pyramid of biomass represents the vegetables, insects and dogs in this food chain? [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. * 04 * IB/M/Jun20/8461/2F

4
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A new dog food has been developed. box
The new dog food is made from insects.
The insects in the dog food factory are fed on vegetables.
0 1 . 5 Which pyramid of biomass represents the vegetables, insects and dogs in this food
chain?
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
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5 Do not write outside the 0 1 Beef from cows is used to make some dog food. . 6 box Cows release methane. The company that makes dog food from insects made the statement: ‘Dog food made from insects is more sustainable than dog food made from beef.’ Which are two reasons that support the company’s statement? [2 marks] Tick (  ) two box es . Dogs will eat more insects than cows Farming cows needs more land than farming insects Fewer cows being farmed will slow down global warming Fewer insects than cows are needed to produce dog food The food chain for dog food made from insects has more trophic levels 9 Turn over for the next question Turn over ► * 05 * IB/M/Jun20/8461/2F

5
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0 1 . 6 Beef from cows is used to make some dog food. box
Cows release methane.
The company that makes dog food from insects made the statement:
‘Dog food made from insects is more sustainable than dog food made from beef.’
Which are two reasons that support the company’s statement?
[2 marks]
Tick (  ) two box es .
Dogs will eat more insects than cows
Farming cows needs more land than farming insects
Fewer cows being farmed will slow down global warming
Fewer insects than cows are needed to produce dog food
The food chain for dog food made from insects has more trophic levels 9
Turn over for the next question
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6 Do not write outside the 0 2 A student investigated the effect of light intensity on the growth of seedlings. box Figure 2 shows the equipment. Figure 2 0 2 . 1 Which two improvements should the student make to the investigation? [2 marks ] Tick (  ) two boxes. Give more water to the seedlings nearest the lamp Leave some of the seedlings for a few more days Open a window to let more air in Put all the dishes the same distance from the radiator Use equal numbers of seedlings in each dish * 06 * IB/M/Jun20/8461/2F

6
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0 2 A student investigated the effect of light intensity on the growth of seedlings. box
Figure 2 shows the equipment.
Figure 2
0 2 . 1 Which two improvements should the student make to the investigation?
[2 marks ]
Tick (  ) two boxes.
Give more water to the seedlings nearest the lamp
Leave some of the seedlings for a few more days
Open a window to let more air in
Put all the dishes the same distance from the radiator
Use equal numbers of seedlings in each dish
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7 Do not write outside the 0 2 What is the dependent variable in the investigation? . 2 box [ 1 mar k ] Tick (  ) one box. The height of the seedlings The mass of cotton wool The temperature of the room 0 2 . 3 In each dish the seedlings compete with each other. Give two factors the seedlings compete for. [ 2 marks] 1 2 Question 2 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 07 * IB/M/Jun20/8461/2F

7
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0 2 . 2 What is the dependent variable in the investigation? box
[ 1 mar k ]
Tick (  ) one box.
The height of the seedlings
The mass of cotton wool
The temperature of the room
0 2 . 3 In each dish the seedlings compete with each other.
Give two factors the seedlings compete for.
[ 2 marks]
1
2
Question 2 continues on the next page
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8 Do not write outside the Figure 3 shows a seedling growing towards a lamp. box Figure 3 0 2 What happened to the growth of the seedling on side P compared with the growth on . 4 side Q ? [1 mark ] Tick (  ) one box. Side P has grown less than side Q Side P has grown more than side Q Side P has grown the same as side Q * 08 * IB/M/Jun20/8461/2F

8
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Figure 3 shows a seedling growing towards a lamp. box
Figure 3
0 2 . 4 What happened to the growth of the seedling on side P compared with the growth on
side Q ?
[1 mark ]
Tick (  ) one box.
Side P has grown less than side Q
Side P has grown more than side Q
Side P has grown the same as side Q
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9 Do not write outside the 0 2 Plant responses are called tropisms. . 5 box Which tropism causes the seedling to grow towards light? [1 mark ] Tick (  ) one box. Geotropism Gravitropism Phototropism 0 2 . 6 Which hormone causes the seedling to grow towards the light? [1 mark ] Tick (  ) one box. Auxin Insulin Testosterone 8 Turn over for the next question Turn over ► * 09 * IB/M/Jun20/8461/2F

9
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0 2 . 5 Plant responses are called tropisms. box
Which tropism causes the seedling to grow towards light?
[1 mark ]
Tick (  ) one box.
Geotropism
Gravitropism
Phototropism
0 2 . 6 Which hormone causes the seedling to grow towards the light?
[1 mark ]
Tick (  ) one box.
Auxin
Insulin
Testosterone
8
Turn over for the next question
Turn over ►
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10 Do not write outside the 0 3 Sperm cells and egg cells are formed by meiosis. box 0 3 During meiosis a cell divides twice. . 1 How many sperm cells are formed when a cell divides by meiosis? [1 mark] 0 3 . 2 Human body cells contain 46 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are in each human egg cell? [1 mark] * 10 * IB/M/Jun20/8461/2F

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0 3 Sperm cells and egg cells are formed by meiosis. box
0 3 . 1 During meiosis a cell divides twice.
How many sperm cells are formed when a cell divides by meiosis?
[1 mark]
0 3 . 2 Human body cells contain 46 chromosomes.
How many chromosomes are in each human egg cell?
[1 mark]
* 10 *
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11 Do not write outside the Dupuytren’s is a disorder that affects the hands. box One form of Dupuytren’s is caused by a dominant allele ( D ). The allele for not having Dupuytren’s is recessive ( d ). 0 3 . 3 What is an allele? [1 mark ] Tick (  ) one box. A different form of a chromosome A different form of a gamete A different form of a gene 0 3 . . 4 A man with Dupuytren’s has the genotype Dd Which word describes the man’s genotype? [1 mark ] Tick (  ) one box. Heterozygous Homozygous Phenotype Question 3 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 11 * IB/M/Jun20/8461/2F

11
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Dupuytren’s is a disorder that affects the hands. box
One form of Dupuytren’s is caused by a dominant allele ( D ).
The allele for not having Dupuytren’s is recessive ( d ).
0 3 . 3 What is an allele?
[1 mark ]
Tick (  ) one box.
A different form of a chromosome
A different form of a gamete
A different form of a gene
0 3 . 4 A man with Dupuytren’s has the genotype Dd .
Which word describes the man’s genotype?
[1 mark ]
Tick (  ) one box.
Heterozygous
Homozygous
Phenotype
Question 3 continues on the next page
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12 Do not write outside the The man with Dupuytren’s ( Dd ) and a woman who does not have Dupuytren’s ( dd ) box plan to have a child. 0 3 . 5 Complete the genetic diagram in Figure 4 to show the possible genotypes of the child. [2 marks] Figure 4 Woman d d D Dd Man d 0 3 Draw a ring around the genotype of a child in Figure 4 . 6 who will have Dupuytren’s. [1 mark ] 0 3 . 7 What is the chance of the child having Dupuytren’s? [ 1 mark ] Tick (  ) one box. 25% 50% 75% 100% * 12 * IB/M/Jun20/8461/2F

12
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The man with Dupuytren’s ( Dd ) and a woman who does not have Dupuytren’s ( dd ) box
plan to have a child.
0 3 . 5 Complete the genetic diagram in Figure 4 to show the possible genotypes of
the child.
[2 marks]
Figure 4
Woman
d d
D Dd
Man
d
0 3 . 6 Draw a ring around the genotype of a child in Figure 4 who will have Dupuytren’s.
[1 mark ]
0 3 . 7 What is the chance of the child having Dupuytren’s?
[ 1 mark ]
Tick (  ) one box.
25% 50% 75% 100%
* 12 *
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13 Do not write outside the 0 3 A genetic disorder develops as a result of a change in a gene. . 8 box What scientific term describes a change in a gene? [1 mark] 0 3 . 9 People with a family history of some genetic disorders are offered embryo screening. Suggest one way embryo screening can help people with a family history of a genetic disorder. [1 mark] 10 Turn over for the next question Turn over ► * 13 * IB/M/Jun20/8461/2F

13
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0 3 . 8 A genetic disorder develops as a result of a change in a gene. box
What scientific term describes a change in a gene?
[1 mark]
0 3 . 9 People with a family history of some genetic disorders are offered embryo screening.
Suggest one way embryo screening can help people with a family history of a
genetic disorder.
[1 mark]
10
Turn over for the next question
Turn over ►
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14 Do not write outside the 0 4 Figure 5 shows the water loss from a person on one day. box Figure 5 0 4 The total water loss was 2600 cm . 1 3 . Calculate the percentage of the total water loss that was lost as urine. [ 2 marks ] Percentage lost as urine = % * 14 * IB/M/Jun20/8461/2F

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0 4 Figure 5 shows the water loss from a person on one day. box
Figure 5
0 4 . 1 The total water loss was 2600 cm 3 .
Calculate the percentage of the total water loss that was lost as urine.
[ 2 marks ]
Percentage lost as urine = %
* 14 *
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15 Do not write outside the A marathon race is 42 km long. box 0 4 What happens to the volume of water lost as sweat when a person runs a marathon? . 2 [ 1 mark ] 0 4 . 3 What must marathon runners do to prevent themselves becoming dehydrated? [ 1 mark ] 0 4 Complete the sentences. . 4 [3 marks] Choose answers from the box. digestion excretion fertilisation filtration reabsorption Blood entering the kidneys goes through the process of . Glucose is not found in urine because of . Urine is removed from the body in the process of . Question 4 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 15 * IB/M/Jun20/8461/2F

15
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A marathon race is 42 km long. box
0 4 . 2 What happens to the volume of water lost as sweat when a person runs a marathon?
[ 1 mark ]
0 4 . 3 What must marathon runners do to prevent themselves becoming dehydrated?
[ 1 mark ]
0 4 . 4 Complete the sentences.
[3 marks]
Choose answers from the box.
digestion excretion fertilisation filtration reabsorption
Blood entering the kidneys goes through the process of
.
Glucose is not found in urine because of .
Urine is removed from the body in the process of .
Question 4 continues on the next page
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16 Do not write outside the 0 4 . 5 People with kidney failure can have dialysis or a kidney transplant. box Dialysis is often needed 3 times each week and can take over 4 hours each time. Dialysis usually happens in a hospital. Kidney transplants require a donor and major surgery. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of having a kidney transplant instead of having dialysis. [ 4 marks ] 11 * 16 * IB/M/Jun20/8461/2F

16
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0 4 . 5 People with kidney failure can have dialysis or a kidney transplant. box
Dialysis is often needed 3 times each week and can take over 4 hours each time.
Dialysis usually happens in a hospital.
Kidney transplants require a donor and major surgery.
Describe the advantages and disadvantages of having a kidney transplant instead of
having dialysis.
[ 4 marks ]
11
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17 Do not write outside the 0 5 Figure 6 shows the brain. box Figure 6 0 5 B C Figure 6 . 1 Label A , and on . [3 marks] Choose answers from the box. cerebellum cerebral cortex medulla pituitary gland 0 5 . 2 Which part of the brain controls balance when riding a bicycle? [1 mark ] Tick (  ) one box. Cerebellum Medulla Pituitary gland Question 5 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 17 * IB/M/Jun20/8461/2F

17
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0 5 Figure 6 shows the brain. box
Figure 6
0 5 . 1 Label A , B and C on Figure 6 .
[3 marks]
Choose answers from the box.
cerebellum cerebral cortex medulla pituitary gland
0 5 . 2 Which part of the brain controls balance when riding a bicycle?
[1 mark ]
Tick (  ) one box.
Cerebellum
Medulla
Pituitary gland
Question 5 continues on the next page
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18 Do not write outside the 0 5 . 3 The ears send information about sound to the brain. box Which word describes the brain? [1 mark ] Tick (  ) one box. Coordinator Effector Receptor Stimulus 0 5 . 4 What type of cell carries impulses from the ears to the brain? [ 1 mark ] 0 5 Human eyes detect light. . 5 Which part of the eye has cells that detect light? [1 mark ] Tick (  ) one box. Iris Lens Retina * 18 * IB/M/Jun20/8461/2F

18
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0 5 . 3 The ears send information about sound to the brain. box
Which word describes the brain?
[1 mark ]
Tick (  ) one box.
Coordinator
Effector
Receptor
Stimulus
0 5 . 4 What type of cell carries impulses from the ears to the brain?
[ 1 mark ]
0 5 . 5 Human eyes detect light.
Which part of the eye has cells that detect light?
[1 mark ]
Tick (  ) one box.
Iris
Lens
Retina
* 18 *
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19 Do not write outside the 0 5 The eyes of some birds have specialised cells to detect ultraviolet (UV) light. . 6 box Some fruits reflect UV light. Explain why it is an advantage for birds to be able to detect UV light. [ 2 marks ] Question 5 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 19 * IB/M/Jun20/8461/2F

19
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0 5 . 6 The eyes of some birds have specialised cells to detect ultraviolet (UV) light. box
Some fruits reflect UV light.
Explain why it is an advantage for birds to be able to detect UV light.
[ 2 marks ]
Question 5 continues on the next page
Turn over ►
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20 Do not write outside the Figure 7 shows a student reading a book. box Figure 7 There are trees on the far side of the field. The student looks at the tree s instead of looking at the book. 0 5 . 7 What process occurs in the eye when the student looks at the trees instead of looking at the book? [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. Accommodation Magnification Reflection * 20 * IB/M/Jun20/8461/2F

20
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Figure 7 shows a student reading a book. box
Figure 7
There are trees on the far side of the field.
The student looks at the tree s instead of looking at the book.
0 5 . 7 What process occurs in the eye when the student looks at the trees instead of looking
at the book?
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
Accommodation
Magnification
Reflection
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21 Do not write outside the 0 5 . 8 What change happens in the student’s eyes when they look up at the trees? box [1 mark ] Tick (  ) one box. Light rays are refracted less More light is reflected The optic nerves move 0 5 The student . 9 cannot see the trees in focus. Name the common defect of the eye which causes distant objects to appear out of focus. [ 1 mark ] 12 Turn over for the next question Turn over ► * 21 * IB/M/Jun20/8461/2F

21
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0 5 . 8 What change happens in the student’s eyes when they look up at the trees? box
[1 mark ]
Tick (  ) one box.
Light rays are refracted less
More light is reflected
The optic nerves move
0 5 . 9 The student cannot see the trees in focus.
Name the common defect of the eye which causes distant objects to appear out
of focus.
[ 1 mark ]
12
Turn over for the next question
Turn over ►
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22 Do not write outside the 0 6 Figure 8 shows what the extinct Siberian rhinoceros box ( Elasmotherium sibiricum ) might have looked like. Figure 8 0 6 . 1 What is the genus of the Siberian rhinoceros? [1 mark ] Tick (  ) one box. Elasmotherium Elasmotherium sibiricum s ibiricum * 22 * IB/M/Jun20/8461/2F

22
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0 6 Figure 8 shows what the extinct Siberian rhinoceros box
( Elasmotherium sibiricum ) might have looked like.
Figure 8
0 6 . 1 What is the genus of the Siberian rhinoceros?
[1 mark ]
Tick (  ) one box.
Elasmotherium
Elasmotherium sibiricum
s ibiricum
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23 Do not write outside the The ‘three-domain system’ of classification places all living organisms in one of box three domains. 0 6 . 2 Which domain was the Siberian rhinoceros in? [1 mark ] Tick (  ) one box. Archaea Eukaryota Prokaryota 0 6 . 3 Who developed the ‘three-domain system’ of classification? [1 mark ] Tick (  ) one box. Carl Woese Charles Darwin Gregor Mendel 0 6 The horn of the Siberian rhinoceros is estimated to have been 150 cm long. . 4 Suggest one advantage of this adaptation to the Siberian rhinoceros. [ 1 mark ] Question 6 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 23 * IB/M/Jun20/8461/2F

23
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The ‘three-domain system’ of classification places all living organisms in one of box
three domains.
0 6 . 2 Which domain was the Siberian rhinoceros in?
[1 mark ]
Tick (  ) one box.
Archaea
Eukaryota
Prokaryota
0 6 . 3 Who developed the ‘three-domain system’ of classification?
[1 mark ]
Tick (  ) one box.
Carl Woese
Charles Darwin
Gregor Mendel
0 6 . 4 The horn of the Siberian rhinoceros is estimated to have been 150 cm long.
Suggest one advantage of this adaptation to the Siberian rhinoceros.
[ 1 mark ]
Question 6 continues on the next page
Turn over ►
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24 Do not write outside the 0 6 . 5 The only parts of the Siberian rhinoceros that have been found are fossilised bones. box Give one reason why only the bones of the body of the Siberian rhinoceros became fossils. [ 1 mark ] 0 6 . 6 Suggest how scientists can estimate when the Siberian rhinoceros was alive. [ 1 mark ] Figure 9 shows when the Siberian rhinoceros existed and when modern humans existed. Figure 9 * 24 * IB/M/Jun20/8461/2F

24
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0 6 . 5 The only parts of the Siberian rhinoceros that have been found are fossilised bones. box
Give one reason why only the bones of the body of the Siberian rhinoceros became
fossils.
[ 1 mark ]
0 6 . 6 Suggest how scientists can estimate when the Siberian rhinoceros was alive.
[ 1 mark ]
Figure 9 shows when the Siberian rhinoceros existed and when modern
humans existed.
Figure 9
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25 Do not write outside the 0 6 . 7 How many million years ago did the Siberian rhinoceros become extinct? box [ 1 mark ] million years ago 0 6 . 8 Determine the time in years when both the Siberian rhinoceros and modern humans existed together. Use Figure 9 and your answer to Question 06.7 . [ 3 marks] Time = years 0 6 . 9 Suggest two factors that may have caused the extinction of the Siberian rhinoceros. [ 2 marks] 1 2 12 Turn over for the next question Turn over ► * 25 * IB/M/Jun20/8461/2F

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0 6 . 7 How many million years ago did the Siberian rhinoceros become extinct? box
[ 1 mark ]
million years ago
0 6 . 8 Determine the time in years when both the Siberian rhinoceros and modern humans
existed together.
Use Figure 9 and your answer to Question 06.7 .
[ 3 marks]
Time = years
0 6 . 9 Suggest two factors that may have caused the extinction of the Siberian rhinoceros.
[ 2 marks]
1
2
12
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26 Do not write outside the 0 7 This question is about DNA. box 0 7 . 1 Describe the shape of a DNA molecule. [2 marks] Figure 10 shows part of a DNA molecule. Figure 10 0 7 . 2 DNA codes for a sequence of amino acids. Which part of DNA forms the code for a particular amino acid? [1 mark ] Tick (  ) one box. Bases Phosphates Sugars * 26 * IB/M/Jun20/8461/2F

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0 7 This question is about DNA. box
0 7 . 1 Describe the shape of a DNA molecule.
[2 marks]
Figure 10 shows part of a DNA molecule.
Figure 10
0 7 . 2 DNA codes for a sequence of amino acids.
Which part of DNA forms the code for a particular amino acid?
[1 mark ]
Tick (  ) one box.
Bases
Phosphates
Sugars
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27 Do not write outside the 0 7 . 3 Which substance is produced when amino acids are joined together? box [1 mark ] Tick (  ) one box. Carbohydrate Fat Protein 0 7 . 4 DNA is made of repeating units. One of the units is labelled A in Figure 10 . What is the name of the repeating unit labelled A ? [1 mark ] Tick (  ) one box. Chromosome Enzyme Nucleotide Question 7 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 27 * IB/M/Jun20/8461/2F

27
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0 7 . 3 Which substance is produced when amino acids are joined together? box
[1 mark ]
Tick (  ) one box.
Carbohydrate
Fat
Protein
0 7 . 4 DNA is made of repeating units. One of the units is labelled A in Figure 10 .
What is the name of the repeating unit labelled A ?
[1 mark ]
Tick (  ) one box.
Chromosome
Enzyme
Nucleotide
Question 7 continues on the next page
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28 Do not write outside the 0 7 . 5 The DNA in one human body cell is the length of 6 000 million repeating units (part A ). box Each repeating unit is 0.34 nanometres (nm) long. Calculate the length of the DNA in the cell in millions of nanometres. [ 2 mark s ] Length = million nm 0 7 . 6 Give your answer to Question 07.5 in metres. 1 metre = 1 × 10 9 nanometres [ 1 mark] Length = m 0 7 . 7 DNA analysis can show people which alleles they have. Patients who have certain types of cancer can be offered DNA analysis. The family of the patient can also be offered DNA analysis. Suggest one advantage of having DNA analysis. [ 1 mark] 9 * 28 * IB/M/Jun20/8461/2F

28
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0 7 . 5 The DNA in one human body cell is the length of 6 000 million repeating units (part A ). box
Each repeating unit is 0.34 nanometres (nm) long.
Calculate the length of the DNA in the cell in millions of nanometres.
[ 2 mark s ]
Length = million nm
0 7 . 6 Give your answer to Question 07.5 in metres.
1 metre = 1 × 10 9 nanometres
[ 1 mark]
Length = m
0 7 . 7 DNA analysis can show people which alleles they have.
Patients who have certain types of cancer can be offered DNA analysis.
The family of the patient can also be offered DNA analysis.
Suggest one advantage of having DNA analysis.
[ 1 mark]
9
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29 Do not write outside the Turn over for the next question box DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED Turn over ► * 29 * IB/M/Jun20/8461/2F

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Turn over for the next question box
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE
ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED
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30 Do not write outside the 0 8 This question is about the decay of milk. box 0 8 . 1 Name two types of microorganism that cause decay. [ 2 marks] 1 2 0 8 . 2 Cows’ milk is pH 6.6. As milk decays, lipids in the milk are broken down. One of the products of the breakdown of lipids causes the pH of milk to decrease. Name the product that causes the pH to decrease. [ 1 mark] * 30 * IB/M/Jun20/8461/2F

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0 8 This question is about the decay of milk. box
0 8 . 1 Name two types of microorganism that cause decay.
[ 2 marks]
1
2
0 8 . 2 Cows’ milk is pH 6.6.
As milk decays, lipids in the milk are broken down.
One of the products of the breakdown of lipids causes the pH of milk to decrease.
Name the product that causes the pH to decrease.
[ 1 mark]
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31 Do not write outside the A student investigated the effect of temperature on the time taken for different types of box milk to decay. This is the method used. 1. Put cows’ milk in six test tubes. 2. Keep each test tube at a different temperature. 3. Measure the pH of the milk in each tube every day for 12 days. 4. Record the number of days taken to reach pH 5. 5. Repeat steps 1 to 4 with goats’ milk and with almond milk. 0 8 . 3 Give one way the pH can be measured. [ 1 mark] 0 8 . 4 Give two control variables the student should have used in this investigation. [ 2 marks] 1 2 Question 8 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 31 * IB/M/Jun20/8461/2F

31
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A student investigated the effect of temperature on the time taken for different types of box
milk to decay.
This is the method used.
1. Put cows’ milk in six test tubes.
2. Keep each test tube at a different temperature.
3. Measure the pH of the milk in each tube every day for 12 days.
4. Record the number of days taken to reach pH 5.
5. Repeat steps 1 to 4 with goats’ milk and with almond milk.
0 8 . 3 Give one way the pH can be measured.
[ 1 mark]
0 8 . 4 Give two control variables the student should have used in this investigation.
[ 2 marks]
1
2
Question 8 continues on the next page
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32 Do not write outside the The student improved the investigation to produce valid results. box Figure 1 1 shows the results. Figure 11 0 8 . 5 Which type of milk stays fresh the longest at 10 ° C? [ 1 mark] * 32 * IB/M/Jun20/8461/2F

32
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The student improved the investigation to produce valid results. box
Figure 1 1 shows the results.
Figure 11
0 8 . 5 Which type of milk stays fresh the longest at 10 ° C?
[ 1 mark]
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33 Do not write outside the 0 8 Describe the effect of temperature on the time taken for . 6 goats’ milk to reach pH 5. box Use data from Figure 11 in your answer. [ 2 mark s ] 0 8 . 7 The time taken for cows’ milk to reach pH 5 at 10 °C is less than the time taken for cows’ milk to reach pH 5 at 5 °C. Suggest one reason why. [ 1 mark] 0 8 . 8 Suggest two reasons why the different types of milk took different lengths of time to reach pH 5. [ 2 marks] 1 2 Question 8 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 33 * IB/M/Jun20/8461/2F

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0 8 . 6 Describe the effect of temperature on the time taken for goats’ milk to reach pH 5. box
Use data from Figure 11 in your answer.
[ 2 mark s ]
0 8 . 7 The time taken for cows’ milk to reach pH 5 at 10 °C is less than the time taken for
cows’ milk to reach pH 5 at 5 °C.
Suggest one reason why.
[ 1 mark]
0 8 . 8 Suggest two reasons why the different types of milk took different lengths of time to
reach pH 5.
[ 2 marks]
1
2
Question 8 continues on the next page
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34 Do not write outside the 0 8 . 9 The student said: box ‘The temperature milk is stored at affects how likely the milk is to cause food poisoning.’ How can the investigation be developed to find out if the student is correct? [1 mark ] Tick (  ) one box. Determine the types of bacteria present in the milk Record the pH every 12 hours Use more than three different types of milk 13 Question 9 starts on page 36 * 34 * IB/M/Jun20/8461/2F

34
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0 8 . 9 The student said: box
‘The temperature milk is stored at affects how likely
the milk is to cause food poisoning.’
How can the investigation be developed to find out if the student is correct?
[1 mark ]
Tick (  ) one box.
Determine the types of bacteria present in the milk
Record the pH every 12 hours
Use more than three different types of milk
13
Question 9 starts on page 36
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35 Do not write outside the Turn over for the next question box DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED Turn over ► * 35 * IB/M/Jun20/8461/2F

35
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Turn over for the next question box
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE
ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED
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36 Do not write outside the 0 9 Figure 12 shows the human population from 1600 to 2010. box Figure 12 In 1900 the human population was 1.6 billion. 0 9 . 1 Calculate how many times greater the human population was in the year 2000 compared with the year 1900. [ 2 mark s ] Number of times greater = * 36 * IB/M/Jun20/8461/2F

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0 9 Figure 12 shows the human population from 1600 to 2010. box
Figure 12
In 1900 the human population was 1.6 billion.
0 9 . 1 Calculate how many times greater the human population was in the year 2000
compared with the year 1900.
[ 2 mark s ]
Number of times greater =
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37 Do not write outside the 0 9 In 1950 the human population was 2.5 billion. . 2 box Calculate the mean annual increase in the human population between 1900 and 1950. [ 2 mark s ] Mean annual increase = billion per year 0 9 . 3 Predict the human population in 2050 if the current rate of population increase continues. You should draw an extrapolation line on Figure 12 . [ 2 mark s ] Predicted human population = 0 9 The increasing human population has caused a decline in fish stocks. . 4 Describe how fishing quotas can help to return fish stocks to a sustainable level. [ 2 mark s ] Question 9 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 37 * IB/M/Jun20/8461/2F

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0 9 . 2 In 1950 the human population was 2.5 billion. box
Calculate the mean annual increase in the human population between
1900 and 1950.
[ 2 mark s ]
Mean annual increase = billion per year
0 9 . 3 Predict the human population in 2050 if the current rate of population increase
continues.
You should draw an extrapolation line on Figure 12 .
[ 2 mark s ]
Predicted human population =
0 9 . 4 The increasing human population has caused a decline in fish stocks.
Describe how fishing quotas can help to return fish stocks to a sustainable level.
[ 2 mark s ]
Question 9 continues on the next page
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38 Do not write outside the 0 9 . 5 Farming techniques have changed in recent years. box Describe: • why more land is being used for farming • how increased farming has decreased biodiversity. [ 6 mark s ] * 38 * IB/M/Jun20/8461/2F

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0 9 . 5 Farming techniques have changed in recent years. box
Describe:
• why more land is being used for farming
• how increased farming has decreased biodiversity.
[ 6 mark s ]
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39 Do not write outside the 0 9 . 6 Genetic modification of crop plants can help meet the demands of the increasing box human population. Golden rice is a genetically modified (GM) crop. What is the advantage of golden rice compared with non-GM rice? [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. Golden rice contains protein -rich mycoprotein Golden rice has improved nutritional value Golden rice produces human insulin 0 9 . 7 Suggest one reason why some people are concerned about the use of golden rice. [ 1 mark] 16 END OF QUESTIONS * 39 * IB/M/Jun20/8461/2F

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0 9 . 6 Genetic modification of crop plants can help meet the demands of the increasing box
human population.
Golden rice is a genetically modified (GM) crop.
What is the advantage of golden rice compared with non-GM rice?
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
Golden rice contains protein -rich mycoprotein
Golden rice has improved nutritional value
Golden rice produces human insulin
0 9 . 7 Suggest one reason why some people are concerned about the use of golden rice.
[ 1 mark]
16
END OF QUESTIONS
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40 Do not write outside the There are no questions printed on this page box DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED * 40 * IB/M/Jun20/8461/2F

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41 Do not write outside the box Question Additional page, if required. number Write the question numbers in the left-hand margin. * 41 * IB/M/Jun20/8461/2F

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44 Do not write outside the There are no questions printed on this page box DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED Copyright information For confidentiality purposes, all acknowledgements of third-party copyright material are published in a separate booklet. This booklet is published after each live examination series and is available for free download from www.aqa.org.uk. Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for. In some cases, efforts to contact copyright-holders may have been unsuccessful and AQA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgements. If you have any queries please contact the Copyright Team. Copyright © 2020 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved. * 206g8461/2F * * 44 * IB/M/Jun20/8461/2F

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Copyright information
For confidentiality purposes, all acknowledgements of third-party copyright material are published in a separate booklet. This booklet is published after
each live examination series and is available for free download from www.aqa.org.uk.
Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for. In some cases, efforts to contact copyright-holders may have been unsuccessful
and AQA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgements. If you have any queries please contact the Copyright Team.
Copyright © 2020 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved.
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June 2020 QP