PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com Please write clearly in block capitals. Centre number Candidate number Surname Forename(s) Candidate signature I declare this is my own work. H GCSE BIOLOGY Higher Tier Paper 1 H Time allowed: 1 hour 45 minutes Materials For Examiner’s Use For this paper you must have: • a ruler Question Mark • a scientific calculator. 1 Instructions 2 • Use black ink or black ball-point pen. 3 • Pencil should only be used for drawing. 4 • Fill in the boxes at the top of this page. 5 • Answer all questions in the spaces provided. • If you need extra space for your answer(s), use the lined pages at the end of 6 this book. Write the question number against your answer(s). 7 • Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want TOTAL to be marked. • In all calculations, show clearly how you work out your answer. Information • The maximum mark for this paper is 100. • The marks for questions are shown in brackets. • You are expected to use a calculator where appropriate. • You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation in your answers. * jun2184611H01 * 8461/1H IB/ M/Jun21/E2 4

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
Please write clearly in block capitals.
Centre number Candidate number
Surname
Forename(s)
Candidate signature
I declare this is my own work.
H
GCSE
BIOLOGY
Higher Tier Paper 1 H
Time allowed: 1 hour 45 minutes
Materials
For this paper you must have: For Examiner’s Use
• a ruler
Question Mark
• a scientific calculator.
1
Instructions 2
• Use black ink or black ball-point pen. 3
• Pencil should only be used for drawing.
4
• Fill in the boxes at the top of this page.
5
• Answer all questions in the spaces provided.
• If you need extra space for your answer(s), use the lined pages at the end of 6
this book. Write the question number against your answer(s). 7
• Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want
TOTAL
to be marked.
• In all calculations, show clearly how you work out your answer.
Information
• The maximum mark for this paper is 100.
• The marks for questions are shown in brackets.
• You are expected to use a calculator where appropriate.
• You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation
in your answers.
* jun2184611H01 * 8461/1H
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 2 Do not write Answer all questions in the spaces provided. outside the box 0 1 A student prepared some animal cells to view using a microscope. Figure 1 shows the student preparing the cells. Figure 1 0 1 . 1 Name two pieces of laboratory equipment the student could have used to prepare cells to view using a microscope. [ 2 marks ] 1 slide dye / needle microscope stain lmounted / 2 slip pipette scalpel / cover forceps tweezers * 02 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/1H

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
2
Do not write
Answer all questions in the spaces provided. outside the
box
0 1 A student prepared some animal cells to view using a microscope.
Figure 1 shows the student preparing the cells.
Figure 1
0 1 . 1 Name two pieces of laboratory equipment the student could have used to prepare
cells to view using a microscope.
[ 2 marks ]
1 microscope slide dye / stain lmounted / needle
2 cover slip pipette scalpel forceps /
tweezers
* 02 *
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 3 Do not write outside the Figure 2 shows the student’s light microscope. box If Figure 2 A- 0 1 A . 2 Name part . [ 1 mark ] eyepiece / lens 0 1 . 3 What is the function of part B ? [ 1 mark ] to the focus image 0 1 . 4 The student tried to look at the cells using the microscope. Suggest one reason why the student could not see any cells when looking through part A . [ 1 mark ] No cells the field slide not correct position in of view in Mirror not position Objective lens dirty not clicked into in correct / place lookinga Question 1 continues on the next page → TTf student is focussed Microscope not Turn over ► * 03 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/1H

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
3
Do not write
outside the
Figure 2 shows the student’s light microscope. box
If Figure 2
A-
0 1 . 2 Name part A .
[ 1 mark ]
eyepiece / lens
0 1 . 3 What is the function of part B ?
[ 1 mark ]
to focus the
image
0 1 . 4 The student tried to look at the cells using the microscope.
Suggest one reason why the student could not see any cells when looking through
part A .
[ 1 mark ]
No cells in the field of view slide not in correct position
Mirror not in correct position Objective lens dirty / not clicked into
place
lookinga Question 1 continues on the next page → TTf
student is
Microscope not focussed
Turn over ►
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 4 Do not write scientifica r ᵈ eva^;; outside the 0 1 . 5 Red blood cells are specialised animal cells. - box Magnitude - of Compare the structure of a red blood cell with the structure of a plant cell. Differences - [ 6 marks ] : haemoglobin contain can more o ⁿ pIant Pc iwhereas Red blood cell ( ) ( RBC has cell ) nucleus plant PC does RBC no . support → fit through ✓ → to narrow capillaries has wall cell whereas PC does RBC biconcave has disc shape whereas no . , - - ⑥ manysh-apes.it cells have structural # ,Tvhich ✗ There RBC contains haemoglobin PC does not PC contain chlorophyll as . To ? structural permanent not Bcs do contain RBC chloroplasts vacuole has no . Than to which PCs do have RBCs much smaller PCs evance . question ? ? Both have cytoplasm Both have cell membrane Both contain similarities : Ta ← gEdiffD pigments - Have balanced argument won't get marks ; full differences for six • a 0 1 . 6 When placed into a beaker of water: • a red blood cell bursts • a plant cell does not burst. Explain why the red blood cell bursts but the plant cell does not burst. water [ 2 marks ] movement across of μ membrane partially permeable concentrated dilute to from Eater enters the cells by solution osmosis diffusion Plant cell cell has wall which prevents it bursting from 13 * 04 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/1H

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
4
Do not write
scientifica r ᵈ eva^;; outside the
0 1 . 5 Red blood cells are specialised animal cells. - box
Magnitude
- of
Compare the structure of a red blood cell with the structure of a plant cell.
Differences - [ 6 marks ]
: contain haemoglobin
can more
o ⁿ pIant
Pc iwhereas
Red blood cell ( RBC ) has nucleus plant cell ( PC ) does RBC
no .
→ support ✓ → to fit through narrow capillaries
has no cell wall whereas PC does RBC has biconcave disc shape whereas
. ,
⑥ - manysh-apes.it -
cells have
structural # ,Tvhich
✗ RBC contains haemoglobin There PC does not PC contain chlorophyll
as
.
To ?
structural Bcs do not contain RBC has chloroplasts permanent vacuole
. no
Than
to which PCs do have RBCs much smaller PCs
evance .
question
? ?
similarities Both have cytoplasm Both have cell membrane Both contain
:
Ta ← gEdiffD
pigments
-
Have balanced argument ; won't get full marks for six differences
• a
0 1 . 6 When placed into a beaker of water:
• a red blood cell bursts
• a plant cell does not burst.
Explain why the red blood cell bursts but the plant cell does not burst.
movement of water across [ 2 marks ]
μ partially permeable membrane
concentrated
dilute to
from
Eater enters the cells by solution
osmosis
diffusion
Plant cell has cell wall which prevents
it from bursting
13
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 5 Do not write outside the 0 2 A student investigated the effectiveness of three different antibiotics. box Figure 3 shows how the student set up an agar plate. f- Figure 3 - Be A tee ff@@fffff being investigated don't microorganisms escape ensures ✓ become contaminated or The student used aseptic techniques to make sure that only one type of bacterium was growing on the agar. 0 2 two aseptic techniques the student should have used. . 1 Describe [ 2 marks] 1 sterilising equipment / before surfaces use lid tape secure petri dish with of little only lift lid petri dish of a 2 sterilised use agar SETTEE Question 2 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 05 * - IB/M/Jun21/8461/1H

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
5
Do not write
outside the
0 2 A student investigated the effectiveness of three different antibiotics. box
Figure 3 shows how the student set up an agar plate.
f- Figure 3 -
Be
A
tee
ff@@fffff
microorganisms being investigated don't escape
ensures
✓ or become contaminated
The student used aseptic techniques to make sure that only one type of bacterium
was growing on the agar.
0 2 . 1 Describe two aseptic techniques the student should have used.
[ 2 marks]
1 sterilising equipment / before
surfaces use
secure lid of petri dish with tape
only lift lid of petri dish little
a
2 sterilised
use agar
SETTEE Question 2 continues on the next page
Turn over ►
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 6 Do not write outside the The student placed the agar plate in an incubator at 25 °C for 48 hours. box Figure 4 shows the agar plate after 48 hours. ↑? ÷:÷ ↓ po• Figure 4 d- -2.2 / > inhibition 0 2 . 2 Which antibiotic is the least effective? F) I smallest 2 of Give a reason for your answer. [ 1 mark ] Least effective antibiotic } Reason fewest / Kills acteria has smallest where area no bacteria growing * 06 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/1H

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
6
Do not write
outside the
The student placed the agar plate in an incubator at 25 °C for 48 hours. box
Figure 4 shows the agar plate after 48 hours.
↑? ÷:÷ ↓ po•
Figure 4
/ d- -2.2
>
inhibition
0 2 . 2 Which antibiotic is the least effective?
F) smallest 2 I
of
Give a reason for your answer.
[ 1 mark ]
Least effective antibiotic }
Reason Kills fewest acteria / has smallest where
area no
bacteria growing
* 06 *
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 7 Do not write outside the 0 2 . 3 Calculate the area where no bacteria were growing for antibiotic C . box < Gross ) section 𝜋𝜋 = Measure diameter Use 3.14 ◦ ⑤ Use ~ I • I A = Give the unit. ~ =r hit [5 marks] D= 2.2 (E) 2 / 2÷= Area 3.14 r = ✗ " Area =3 799 . . . . CM2 3. 80 ✓ / ≥ 3. 80 Area = Unit cm 0 2 . 4 Suggest one way the student could improve the investigation. [ 1 mark ] Repeat and calculate the Use control disc mean a 9 Repeat and eliminate anomalies Use different types of bacteria ffTTfThT- Turn over for the next question Turn over ► * 07 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/1H

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
7
Do not write
outside the
0 2 . 3 Calculate the area where no bacteria were growing for antibiotic C . box
<
Gross section )
Use 𝜋𝜋 = 3.14 Measure diameter
◦
Use ⑤ ~ I
• A I
Give the unit. =
~ =r
hit [5 marks]
D= 2.2
(E) 2 /
2÷= r Area = 3.14 ✗
"
Area
=3 799
. . . .
3. 80 CM2
/ ✓
3. 80 ≥
Area = Unit cm
0 2 . 4 Suggest one way the student could improve the investigation.
[ 1 mark ]
Repeat and calculate the Use control disc
mean a
9
Repeat and eliminate anomalies Use different types of
bacteria
ffTTfThT- Turn over for the next question
Turn over ►
* 07 *
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 8 Do not write outside the 0 3 Body Mass Index (BMI) is a way of finding out if a person’s body mass falls within a box healthy range for their height. Table 1 shows information about two people. %%;;÷ BM = Table 1 Person Body mass in kg Height in m BMI in kg/m 2 A 63 1.65 23.1 ① ① B 92 1.71 X Figure 5 shows five BMI categories for adults . EAT Figure 5 * 08 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/1H

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
8
Do not write
outside the
0 3 Body Mass Index (BMI) is a way of finding out if a person’s body mass falls within a box
healthy range for their height.
Table 1 shows information about two people. %%;;÷
BM
=
Table 1
Person Body mass in kg Height in m BMI in kg/m 2
A 63 1.65 23.1
①
B ① 92 1.71 X
Figure 5 shows five BMI categories for adults .
EAT Figure 5
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 9 Do not write outside the 0 3 Which is the BMI category of person . 1 A in Table 1 ? box [ 1 mark ] Tick (  ) one box. Clinically obese ✓ Normal Obese Overweight Underweight 0 3 . 2 Calculate value X in Table 1 . Use the equation: body mass BMI = 2 height Give your answer to 3 significant figures. - [3 marks] ✓ ✓ 92 31.46 712 = . . . I. 31.5 - / X = 31.5 k g/m 2 Question 3 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 09 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/1H

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
9
Do not write
outside the
0 3 . 1 Which is the BMI category of person A in Table 1 ? box
[ 1 mark ]
Tick (  ) one box.
Clinically obese
✓
Normal
Obese
Overweight
Underweight
0 3 . 2 Calculate value X in Table 1 .
Use the equation:
body mass
BMI =
height 2
Give your answer to 3 significant figures.
- [3 marks]
✓
✓
92
31.46
I. 712 = . . .
31.5
-
/
X = 31.5 k g/m 2
Question 3 continues on the next page
Turn over ►
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 10 Do not write outside the Scientists think there is a link between BMI and life expectancy. box Table 2 shows information about predicted life expectancy of men after the age of 50 . Table 2 Predicted number of years Predicted number of years BMI living in good health after living in bad health after the Category the age of 50 age of 50 Normal 19.06 4.98 Overweight 18.68 5.32 Obese 16.37 7.08 Clinically obese 13.07 10.10 The higher the BMI the lower the number living of years , μ μ 0 3 Describe . 3 two patterns shown in Table 2 about the effects of BMI category. good health in [ 2 marks] The higher the BMI the lower the total life expectancy • 1 , The higher the BMI the higher the number living of years in , 1- "" - 2 TTARTfzz ← * 10 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/1H

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
10
Do not write
outside the
Scientists think there is a link between BMI and life expectancy. box
Table 2 shows information about predicted life expectancy of men after the age of 50 .
Table 2
Predicted number of years Predicted number of years
BMI
living in good health after living in bad health after the
Category
the age of 50 age of 50
Normal 19.06 4.98
Overweight 18.68 5.32
Obese 16.37 7.08
Clinically obese 13.07 10.10
The higher the BMI the lower the number living
, of years
0 3 . 3 μ Describe two patterns shown in Table 2 about the effects of BMI category. μ
in good health
[ 2 marks]
The higher the BMI the lower the total life expectancy
1 • ,
The higher the BMI the higher the number of years living in
1- ,
""
-
2
TTARTfzz ←
* 10 *
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 11 Do not write outside the The number of people who are obese in the UK is increasing. box 0 3 . 4 Explain the financial impact on the UK economy of an increasing number of people who are obese. [ 2 marks ] Costs NHS / health / Government / hospitals because service more money additional they have to / medication hospital pay for surgery / stay to treat streak / diabetes ( ) More time work unwell employer / Government off if have to so give , support financial 0 3 A person who is obese is more at risk of arthritis. . 5 Arthritis is a condition that damages joints. Suggest how arthritis could affect a person’s lifestyle. [ 1 mark ] Movement loss job / issues of income mental health impact movement / from lack of from pain Need to visit doctor / medication take regularly May need surgery 0 3 . 6 A person who eats a diet high in saturated fat might become obese. Name two health conditions that might develop if a person eats a diet high in saturated fat. Do not refer to arthritis in your answer. cardiovascular [ 2 marks] cqrg.LI ? disease disease → 1 ( stroke CVD / HD heart / attack ( disease , 11 2 Type 2 diabetes cholesterol ( allows liver disease high blood / cancer pressure , off , Turn over for the next question Turn over ► * 11 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/1H

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
11
Do not write
outside the
The number of people who are obese in the UK is increasing. box
0 3 . 4 Explain the financial impact on the UK economy of an increasing number of people
who are obese.
[ 2 marks ]
Costs NHS / health / Government / hospitals because
service more money
they have to additional / medication hospital
pay for surgery / stay to
treat streak / diabetes
More time work ( unwell ) employer / Government
off if so have to give
,
financial support
0 3 . 5 A person who is obese is more at risk of arthritis.
Arthritis is a condition that damages joints.
Suggest how arthritis could affect a person’s lifestyle.
[ 1 mark ]
Movement loss job /
issues of income
mental health impact from lack of movement / from pain
Need to visit doctor / take medication regularly
May need
surgery
0 3 . 6 A person who eats a diet high in saturated fat might become obese.
Name two health conditions that might develop if a person eats a diet high in
saturated fat.
Do not refer to arthritis in your answer.
cardiovascular [ 2 marks]
cqrg.LI ? disease
disease
→
1 CVD / ( HD ( heart disease / attack stroke
,
11
2 Type 2 diabetes
cholesterol
( allows liver disease high blood /
cancer pressure
off , ,
Turn over for the next question
Turn over ►
* 11 *
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 12 Do not write outside the 0 4 All living organisms respire. box oxygen oxygen with no → anaerobic -_ 0 4 . 1 What is the chemical equation for aerobic respiration? [ 1 mark ] Tick (  ) one box. 6 O + 6 CO  6 H O + C H O ✗ 2 2 2 6 12 6 I opposite - should be exhaled so side to 0 ≥ 6 H O + C H O  6 H O + 6 CO 2 6 12 6 2 2 ✗ 6 H O + 6 CO  6 O + C H O 2 2 2 6 12 6 × photosynthesis ✓ 6 O + C H O  6 H O + 6 CO 2 6 12 6 2 2 180 ' I80 Balanced . 1ZH I2H : 6 C : 6 C 0 4 . 2 Name the sub - cellular structures where aerobic respiration takes place. [ 1 mark ] mitochondria 0 4 . 3 Energy is released in respiration. Give two uses of the energy released in respiration. [ 2 marks] 1 movement / muscle contraction active transport 2 keeping building larger molecules warm * 12 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/1H

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
12
Do not write
outside the
0 4 All living organisms respire. box
oxygen oxygen
with no
→ anaerobic -_
0 4 . 1 What is the chemical equation for aerobic respiration?
[ 1 mark ]
Tick (  ) one box.
6 O + 6 CO  6 H O + C H O ✗
2 2 2 6 12 6
- I exhaled should be opposite
so
side to 0
≥
6 H O + C H O  6 H O + 6 CO
2 6 12 6 2 2 ✗
6 H O + 6 CO  6 O + C H O
2 2 2 6 12 6 ×
photosynthesis
✓
6 O + C H O  6 H O + 6 CO
2 6 12 6 2 2
180 ' I80 Balanced
.
1ZH : I2H
6 C : 6 C
0 4 . 2 Name the sub - cellular structures where aerobic respiration takes place.
[ 1 mark ]
mitochondria
0 4 . 3 Energy is released in respiration.
Give two uses of the energy released in respiration.
[ 2 marks]
1 movement / muscle contraction active transport
2 keeping building larger molecules
warm
* 12 *
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 13 Do not write outside the 0 4 . 4 Describe two differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration in humans. box Do not refer to oxygen in your answer. [ 2 marks] 1 Anaerobic produces lactic acid not WE aerobic does Aerobic produces water and anaerobic does not 2 Aerobic produces carbon dioxide whereas anaerobic does not Anaerobic releases Less than aerobic energy consumed 02 no → 0 4 . 5 What are the two products of anaerobic respiration in plant cells? I [ 2 marks ] Tick (  ) two box es . - Carbon dioxide Fermentation Ethanol ✓ Glucose ) cells Lactic acid ( animal Water Question 4 continues on the next page ✗ Turn over ► * 13 * To IB/M/Jun21/8461/1H

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
13
Do not write
outside the
0 4 . 4 Describe two differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration in humans. box
Do not refer to oxygen in your answer.
[ 2 marks]
1 Anaerobic produces lactic acid WE aerobic does not
Aerobic produces water and anaerobic does not
2 Aerobic produces carbon dioxide whereas anaerobic does not
Anaerobic releases Less energy than aerobic
consumed
02
→ no
0 4 . 5 What are the two products of anaerobic respiration in plant cells?
I [ 2 marks ]
Tick (  ) two box es .
Carbon dioxide -
Fermentation
Ethanol ✓
Glucose
)
Lactic acid ( animal cells
Water
Question 4 continues on the next page
✗
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 14 Do not write A scientist investigated respiration and photosynthesis using some pondweed and a outside the box pond snail. SEES Figure 6 shows the apparatus used. Figure 6 The apparatus was left in a well-lit room for 5 days. The data logger recorded the concentration of carbon dioxide continuously. After 5 days, the scientist completely covered the boiling tube with black paper. The data logger continued to record the concentration of carbon dioxide. * 14 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/1H

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
14
Do not write
A scientist investigated respiration and photosynthesis using some pondweed and a outside the
box
pond snail.
SEES
Figure 6 shows the apparatus used.
Figure 6
The apparatus was left in a well-lit room for 5 days.
The data logger recorded the concentration of carbon dioxide continuously.
After 5 days, the scientist completely covered the boiling tube with black paper.
The data logger continued to record the concentration of carbon dioxide.
* 14 *
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 15 Do not write outside the Figure 7 shows the concentration of carbon dioxide inside the boiling tube over box 15 days. Figure 7 0 4 Explain why the concentration of carbon dioxide in the tube stayed the same between . 6 day 0 and day 5. [ 2 marks ] Pondweed takes CO2 photosynthesis in for snail and pondweed producing respiring CO2 , 1 I n 0 4 . 7 Suggest w hy the con centration of carbon dioxide increased between day 5 and day 10. [ 1 mark ] photosynthesis / plant not taking No light ( so in CO2 no Snail and plant releasing respiring CO2 , Question 4 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 15 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/1H

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
15
Do not write
Figure 7 shows the concentration of carbon dioxide inside the boiling tube over outside the
box
15 days.
Figure 7
0 4 . 6 Explain why the concentration of carbon dioxide in the tube stayed the same between
day 0 and day 5.
[ 2 marks ]
Pondweed takes CO2 photosynthesis
in for
snail and pondweed respiring producing CO2
,
1
I
n
0 4 . 7 Suggest w hy the con centration of carbon dioxide increased between day 5 and
day 10.
[ 1 mark ]
No light ( photosynthesis / plant not taking
so no in CO2
Snail and plant respiring releasing CO2
,
Question 4 continues on the next page
Turn over ►
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 16 Do not write outside the 0 4 . 8 On day 10, the pond snail died. box Explain why the death of the pond snail caused the concentration of carbon dioxide to increase after day 10. [ 3 marks ] Ty bacteria Snail decomposed de being / is composers Yreka Decomposes respire coz sing 14 * 16 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/1H

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
16
Do not write
outside the
0 4 . 8 On day 10, the pond snail died. box
Explain why the death of the pond snail caused the concentration of carbon dioxide to
increase after day 10.
[ 3 marks ]
Ty
bacteria
Snail is being decomposed de composers /
Yreka
Decomposes
respire sing coz
14
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 17 Do not write outside the 0 5 Amylase is an enzyme that breaks down starch. box 0 5 . 1 Amylase is a polymer of smaller molecules. Name the type of smaller molecule. [ 1 mark ] Amino acids 0 5 . 2 Name the t hree parts of the h uman digestive system that produce amylase. [ 2 marks] 1 salivary gland 2 pancreas 3 small intestine ②① - state 0 5 E xplain how amylase breaks down starch. . 3 complementary ' ' Answer in terms of the ‘lock and key theory’. active enzyme site [ 3 marks ] siteof starch / substrate binds to active enzyme - shape site and substrate complementary of active enzyme are reaction A chemical produce smaller molecules cars to bondsman broken ( ) starch molecules to produce smaller or are molecules STAG Question 5 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 17 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/1H

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
17
Do not write
outside the
0 5 Amylase is an enzyme that breaks down starch. box
0 5 . 1 Amylase is a polymer of smaller molecules.
Name the type of smaller molecule.
[ 1 mark ]
Amino acids
0 5 . 2 Name the t hree parts of the h uman digestive system that produce amylase.
[ 2 marks]
1 salivary gland
2
pancreas
3 small intestine
②① -
state
0 5 . 3 E xplain how amylase breaks down starch.
' complementary '
Answer in terms of the ‘lock and key theory’. active
enzyme site [ 3 marks ]
siteof
starch / substrate binds to active
enzyme
-
shape of enzyme active site and substrate are complementary
reaction
A chemical produce smaller molecules
cars to
( ) bondsman starch molecules broken to produce smaller
or are
molecules
STAG Question 5 continues on the next page
Turn over ►
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 18 Do not write outside the A student investigated the effect of temperature on the activity of amylase. box Figure 8 shows the apparatus used. Figure 8 This is the method used. 1. Set up the apparatus as shown in Figure 8 . 2. After 5 minutes, pour the starch solution into the amylase solution and mix. 3. Remove one drop of the starch-amylase mixture and place onto a spotting tile. 4. Immediately add two drops of iodine solution to the starch-amylase mixture on the spotting tile. 5. Record the colour of the iodine solution added to the starch-amylase mixture. 6. Repeat steps 3 to 5 every minute until the iodine solution stays yellow-brown. 7. Repeat steps 1 to 6 using water at different temperatures. * 18 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/1H

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
18
Do not write
outside the
A student investigated the effect of temperature on the activity of amylase. box
Figure 8 shows the apparatus used.
Figure 8
This is the method used.
1. Set up the apparatus as shown in Figure 8 .
2. After 5 minutes, pour the starch solution into the amylase solution and mix.
3. Remove one drop of the starch-amylase mixture and place onto a spotting tile.
4. Immediately add two drops of iodine solution to the starch-amylase mixture on the
spotting tile.
5. Record the colour of the iodine solution added to the starch-amylase mixture.
6. Repeat steps 3 to 5 every minute until the iodine solution stays yellow-brown.
7. Repeat steps 1 to 6 using water at different temperatures.
* 18 *
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 19 Do not write outside the 0 5 . 4 Name two control variable s the student used in the investigation. box [ 2 marks] equilibration 1 time before solutions mixing 2 added volume starch solution / solution amylase mixture to spotting the of iodine added 0 5 . 5 Why did the student leave the starch solution and amylase solution for 5 minutes before mixing them ? [ 1 mark ] To allow the solutions to reach the temperature the same as water / 5°C allow both solutions to reach Staff Question 5 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 19 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/1H

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
19
Do not write
outside the
0 5 . 4 Name two control variable s the student used in the investigation. box
[ 2 marks]
equilibration
1 time before solutions
mixing
2 volume starch solution / amylase solution mixture added to spotting the
of
iodine added
0 5 . 5 Why did the student leave the starch solution and amylase solution for 5 minutes
before mixing them ?
[ 1 mark ]
To allow the solutions to reach the temperature the
same as
water / allow both solutions to reach 5°C
Staff Question 5 continues on the next page
Turn over ►
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 20 Do not write outside the Table 3 shows th e results of the investigation. box Table 3 Time taken until iodine solution Temperature in °C stays yellow - brown in minutes 5 did not become yellow-brown 20 5 1 35 2 50 7 65 14 80 did not become yellow-brown 0 5 . 6 What conclusion can be made about the effect of temperature on amylase activity between 20 °C and 65 °C ? [ 1 mark ] As temperature activity until 35°C reached increases enzyme increases , , decreases after which activity * 20 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/1H

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Table 3 shows th e results of the investigation. box
Table 3
Time taken until iodine solution
Temperature in °C
stays yellow - brown in minutes
5 did not become yellow-brown
1 20 5
35 2
50 7
65 14
80 did not become yellow-brown
0 5 . 6 What conclusion can be made about the effect of temperature on amylase activity
between 20 °C and 65 °C ?
[ 1 mark ]
As temperature increases enzyme activity increases until 35°C reached
, ,
after which activity decreases
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 21 Do not write outside the 0 5 . 7 Explain the results at 5 ° C and at 80 ° C . box down broken not been Use Table 3 . has ↑ [ 5 marks ] ? Iodine yellow because not present brown starch still - / low At 5°C amylase starch molecules have kinetic ? / There substrate collisions energy are fewer enzyme I - f. - denatured At 80°C has the amylase been - starch longer fit can no ↓ § denatured B , , ,, × fit 0 5 . 8 The student investigated the effect of temperature on amylase activity. Describe how the student could extend the investigation to determine the effect of a different factor on amylase activity. [ 2 marks ] keep temperature constant but change concentration enzyme , / substrate concentration 17 ESTATE Turn over for the next question Turn over ► * 21 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/1H

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0 5 . 7 Explain the results at 5 ° C and at 80 ° C . box
broken down
Use Table 3 . has not been
↑ [ 5 marks ]
?
Iodine not yellow brown because starch still present
-
At 5°C amylase / starch molecules have low kinetic
/ ?
There substrate collisions
energy are fewer enzyme - I
f.
-
At 80°C the amylase has been denatured
-
starch longer fit
can no
↓ §
denatured
B
× , ,, ,
fit
0 5 . 8 The student investigated the effect of temperature on amylase activity.
Describe how the student could extend the investigation to determine the effect of a
different factor on amylase activity.
[ 2 marks ]
keep temperature constant but change concentration
, enzyme
/ substrate concentration
17
ESTATE Turn over for the next question
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 22 Do not write outside the 0 6 Figure 9 shows a cross section of a leaf. box Figure 9 0 6 . 1 Which cell is most transparent? [ 1 mark ] Tick (  ) one box. ✓ A B C D underground light no absorb 0 6 . 2 Which cell structure in a leaf mesophyll cell is not found in a root hair cell? to [ 1 mark ] chloroplasts * 22 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/1H

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0 6 Figure 9 shows a cross section of a leaf. box
Figure 9
0 6 . 1 Which cell is most transparent?
[ 1 mark ]
Tick (  ) one box.
✓
A B C D
underground
light
no absorb
0 6 . 2 Which cell structure in a leaf mesophyll cell is not found in a root hair cell? to
[ 1 mark ]
chloroplasts
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 23 Do not write outside the Plants l ose water through their leaves. box 0 6 . 3 Name the cells in a leaf that control the rate of water loss. [ 1 mark ] guard cells 0 6 . 4 Water is taken in by the roots, transported up the plant and lost from the leaves. Which scientific term describes this movement of water? [ 1 mark ] transpiration stream 0 6 . 5 Which change would decrease the rate of water loss from a plant’s leaves? - [ 1 mark ] Tick (  ) one box. evaporation in difference humidity ✓ Increased humidity temperature flow air water Increased light intensity increase ✗ loss Increased density of stomata increase ✗ ) ' holes ( more Increased temperature water increase ✗ loss FREESAT Question 6 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 23 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/1H

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Plants l ose water through their leaves. box
0 6 . 3 Name the cells in a leaf that control the rate of water loss.
[ 1 mark ]
guard cells
0 6 . 4 Water is taken in by the roots, transported up the plant and lost from the leaves.
Which scientific term describes this movement of water?
[ 1 mark ]
transpiration stream
0 6 . 5 Which change would decrease the rate of water loss from a plant’s leaves?
- [ 1 mark ]
Tick (  ) one box.
evaporation in
difference
humidity
Increased humidity ✓ temperature
flow
air
Increased light intensity increase water
✗
loss
Increased density of stomata increase
✗ )
' holes
( more
Increased temperature water
✗ increase
loss
FREESAT Question 6 continues on the next page
Turn over ►
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 24 Do not write outside the 0 6 . 6 Compare th e structure and function of xylem tissue and phloem tissue. box [ 6 marks ] structure's - Xylem is made dead cells while phloem from made living cells is of , watts Phloem cells how in their end walls while xylem DIE end in , cont-aiytpasm.tt Xylem hollow while phloem Xylem contains is lignin but phloem , / / _ does cells not contain lignin Both tubular Both made are of . Function : / Xylem transports mineral / transports ions water while phloem dissolved sugars translocation Xylem involved transpiration involved is while phloem in is in / phloem Xylem transports transports bidirectionally uni directionally , - Both transport liquids / substances through stem / leaves / roots / plant Identify scientifically • relevant features ✓ state how they • are / similar / different Magnitude • of ✓ similarity / difference Reference structure • , similarity function , and difference * 24 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/1H

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0 6 . 6 Compare th e structure and function of xylem tissue and phloem tissue. box
[ 6 marks ]
structure's
-
Xylem is made from dead cells while phloem is made of living cells
,
watts
Phloem cells how in their end walls while xylem DIE in end
,
cont-aiytpasm.tt
Xylem is hollow while phloem Xylem contains lignin but phloem
,
/ / _
does not contain lignin Both are tubular Both made of cells
.
Function :
/
Xylem transports mineral ions / water while phloem transports dissolved sugars
translocation
Xylem is involved in transpiration while phloem is involved in
/
Xylem transports uni directionally phloem transports bidirectionally
,
-
Both transport liquids / substances through stem / leaves / roots / plant
Identify scientifically
•
relevant features ✓
• state how they are
similar / different /
Magnitude
• of ✓
similarity / difference
Reference structure
• ,
function similarity
,
and difference
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 25 Do not write outside the Question 6 continues on the next page box DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED Turn over ► * 25 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/1H

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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 26 Do not write outside the Figure 10 shows the total volume of water lost from a plant over 6 hours. box Figure 10 ✗ * 26 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/1H

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Figure 10 shows the total volume of water lost from a plant over 6 hours. box
Figure 10
✗
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 27 Do not write outside the 0 6 . 7 Determine the rate of water loss at 12:00 box Use the tangent on Figure 10 . :& Rate of = Give your answer: change • in cm 3 per minute = • in standard form. 230-190 by = [ 4 marks ] " F1S-8TH KX10 hours ≤ < to / × hours = > 44 ¥ £ 9523 7 × 60=425 Rate ' " 0 of min = m . change 230-19-0=40 10-2 9 S23 ✗ , . . . ✓ 915 × 10-2 Rate of water loss = cm 3 per minute 0 6 The rate of water loss at midnight was much lower than at 12:00 . 8 Explain why. [ 2 marks ] Stomata almost completely closed because it cooler / is because there less light is 1 17 ESTATE Turn over for the next question Turn over ► * 27 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/1H

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0 6 . 7 Determine the rate of water loss at 12:00 box
Use the tangent on Figure 10 .
:&
Rate of
Give your answer: =
change
• in cm 3 per minute
=
• in standard form.
by 230-190
= [ 4 marks ]
" F1S-8TH
KX10 hours
/ ≤ × < to
= > hours
44 ¥
£ 9523 7 × 60=425
Rate 0 ' "
of = . m min
change 230-19-0=40
10-2
9 S23 ✗
, . . .
✓
915 × 10-2
Rate of water loss = cm 3 per minute
0 6 . 8 The rate of water loss at midnight was much lower than at 12:00
Explain why.
[ 2 marks ]
Stomata almost completely closed because it cooler /
is
because there is less light
1
17
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 28 Do not write outside the 0 7 Figure 11 shows where three of the same type of tumour were found in a patient . box Figure 11 MAM long long liver zgf@f ⑧ Malignant tumours are cancers. Maa 0 7 . 1 Describe what happens to cells when a tumour form s . [ 1 mark ] cells / divide abnormally / uncontrollably grow am 0 7 . 2 What evidence is there in Figure 11 to suggest that the tumour in the lung is malignant? _ [ 1 mark ] Has spread to other parts / the organs of body * 28 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/1H

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0 7 Figure 11 shows where three of the same type of tumour were found in a patient . box
Figure 11
MAM long
long
liver
zgf@f ⑧
Malignant tumours are cancers.
Maa
0 7 . 1 Describe what happens to cells when a tumour form s .
[ 1 mark ]
cells / divide abnormally / uncontrollably
grow
am
0 7 . 2 What evidence is there in Figure 11 to suggest that the tumour in the lung
is malignant? _
[ 1 mark ]
Has spread to other parts / organs of the
body
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 29 Do not write outside the 0 7 . 3 Some types of cancer can cause the number s of blood components in a person’s box body to fall to a dangerously low level. A person with one of these types of cancer may experience symptoms such as: • tiredness Relevant points identified • frequent infections • Detail • • bleeding that will not stop after the skin is cut. linked Logically • Explain how a very low number of blood c omponents in the body can cause these symptoms. [ 6 mar ks ] RBÉso Tiredness : ,To blood haemoglobin fewer red cells ( less 024 ? around less ported body Less aerobic respiration rans / . Treleased acid produced less Lactic so energy causes . lymphocytes muscle fatigue - phagocytes / ← . Infections STWBC : ) Fewer white blood cell antibodies - fewer so produced / less phagocytosis therefore Fewer pathogens . - killed . ' sticky ' fragments → cell Is Bleeding / : platelets not fewer blood does close easily so Must to all three symptoms full refer marks for offsets Question 7 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 29 * TSR IB/M/Jun21/8461/1H

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29
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0 7 . 3 Some types of cancer can cause the number s of blood components in a person’s box
body to fall to a dangerously low level.
A person with one of these types of cancer may experience symptoms such as:
• tiredness
• frequent infections Relevant points identified
•
Detail
• bleeding that will not stop after the skin is cut. •
Logically linked
•
Explain how a very low number of blood c omponents in the body can cause
these symptoms.
[ 6 mar ks ]
RBÉso
Tiredness
: ,To
fewer red blood cells ( less haemoglobin
024 around ?
less ported body Less aerobic respiration
rans
/ .
Treleased
less Lactic acid produced
so energy causes
.
muscle fatigue - phagocytes / lymphocytes
. ←
Infections : STWBC
Fewer white blood cell ) antibodies -
so fewer
produced / less phagocytosis Fewer pathogens therefore
.
-
killed
. ' sticky '
fragments
cell →
Is
Bleeding /
: platelets not
fewer blood does close easily
so
Must refer to all three symptoms full marks
for
offsets Question 7 continues on the next page
Turn over ►
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 30 Do not write outside the S ome patients with a very low number of blood cells may be given a blood box transfusion. A blood transfusion is where a patient receives blood from a donor. Different people have different blood groups. Figure 12 shows: • the red blood cells found in people with different blood groups • the antibodies that can be made by people with different blood groups. Figure 12 f- Integers complementary ☒ £ Tcannot bind to RBC 0 Antibodies can bind to antigens that have complementary shapes. When antibodies bind to the antigens on red blood cells, many red blood cells begin to clump together. Each red blood cell is about 8 μm in diameter. Many capillaries have an internal diameter of about 10 μm. * 30 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/1H

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30
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S ome patients with a very low number of blood cells may be given a blood box
transfusion.
A blood transfusion is where a patient receives blood from a donor.
Different people have different blood groups.
Figure 12 shows:
• the red blood cells found in people with different blood groups
• the antibodies that can be made by people with different blood groups.
Figure 12
f-
Integers
complementary
☒
£
Tcannot
bind to
0 RBC
Antibodies can bind to antigens that have complementary shapes.
When antibodies bind to the antigens on red blood cells, many red blood cells begin to
clump together.
Each red blood cell is about 8 μm in diameter.
Many capillaries have an internal diameter of about 10 μm.
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 31 Do not write outside the In one type of blood transfusion , only red blood cells from a donor are transferred to box the patient. 0 7 . 4 I t is dangerous for a patient with blood group A to receive red blood cells from a donor with blood group B . Explain why. [ 3 marks ] Anti antibodies B will bind type B to antigens donor 's red on - ? blood cells End red blood together So cells dump wider than are capillaries / block capillaries / cells therefore have reduced amount / glucose of oxygen ( cells cannot ) or respire 0 7 . 5 Explain why blood group O red blood cells can be given to patients with any blood group. [ 2 marks ] No antigens type antibodies 0 RBC cannot bind so on , to the antigens / RBCs TALAAT Question 7 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 31 * E- IB/M/Jun21/8461/1H

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In one type of blood transfusion , only red blood cells from a donor are transferred to box
the patient.
0 7 . 4 I t is dangerous for a patient with blood group A to receive red blood cells from a donor
with blood group B .
Explain why.
[ 3 marks ]
Anti B antibodies will bind to type B antigens on donor 's red
-
?
blood cells
End
So red blood cells dump together wider than
are
capillaries / block capillaries
/
cells therefore have reduced amount of oxygen / glucose
( cells cannot )
or respire
0 7 . 5 Explain why blood group O red blood cells can be given to patients with any
blood group.
[ 2 marks ]
No antigens type 0 RBC so antibodies cannot bind
on ,
to the antigens / RBCs
TALAAT Question 7 continues on the next page
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 32 Do not write outside the 0 7 . 6 Table 4 shows some of the risks associated with blood transfusions. box Table 4 Risk Probability of risk occurring Allergic reaction 0.9 % 3*3 × 100=3.33 Hepatitis B infection 1 in (3 × 10 5 ) 154% ✗ . . . 11100=6.7 × 104 smallest Hepatitis C infection 6.7 × 10 –7 -710-3 ¥ 00 1.428 Kidney damage 1 in 70 000 ✗ 100 = . . . Which risk has the lowest probability of occurring? [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. Allergic reaction Hepatitis B infection ✓ Hepatitis C infection Kidney damage * 32 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/1H

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0 7 . 6 Table 4 shows some of the risks associated with blood transfusions. box
Table 4
Risk Probability of risk occurring
Allergic reaction 0.9 %
Hepatitis B infection 1 in (3 × 10 5 ) 3*3 × 100=3.33 154%
. . . ✗
11100=6.7 × 104 smallest
Hepatitis C infection 6.7 × 10 –7
-710-3
Kidney damage 1 in 70 000 ¥ 00 ✗ 100 = 1.428 . . .
Which risk has the lowest probability of occurring?
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
Allergic reaction
Hepatitis B infection
✓
Hepatitis C infection
Kidney damage
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 33 Do not write outside the 0 7 . 7 A person has a tumour blocking the tube leading from the gall bladder to the box small intestine. Explain why this person would have difficulty digesting fat. [ 5 marks ] No / less bile reaches the small intestine - / so less emulsification fat of enzyme , lipase down fat so smaller to break - surface area for pH neutralised small alkaline intestine not / - of is is not - So lipase at its optimum pH fat to break down is 19 ETTE END OF QUESTIONS * 33 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/1H

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0 7 . 7 A person has a tumour blocking the tube leading from the gall bladder to the box
small intestine.
Explain why this person would have difficulty digesting fat.
[ 5 marks ]
No / less bile reaches the small intestine -
/
so less emulsification fat
of enzyme
,
so smaller surface lipase to break down fat -
area for
pH of small intestine not neutralised / alkaline -
is is
So lipase not at its optimum pH to break down fat -
is
19
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is published after each live examination series and is available for free download from www.aqa.org.uk.
Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for. In some cases, efforts to contact copyright-holders may have
been unsuccessful and AQA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgements. If you have any queries please contact the
Copyright Team.
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