Please write clearly in block capitals. Centre number Candidate number Surname Forename(s) Candidate signature I declare this is my own work. F GCSE BIOLOGY Foundation Tier Paper 2 F Time allowed: 1 hour 45 minutes Materials For Examiner’s Use For this paper you must have: • a ruler Question Mark • a scientific calculator. 1 Instructions 2 • Use black ink or black ball-point pen. 3 • Pencil should only be used for drawing. 4 • Fill in the boxes at the top of this page. 5 • Answer all questions in the spaces provided. • If you need extra space for your answer(s), use the lined pages at the end of 6 this book. Write the question number against your answer(s). 7 • Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want 8 to be marked. • In all calculations, show clearly how you work out your answer. 9 10 Information 11 • The maximum mark for this paper is 100. TOTAL • The marks for questions are shown in brackets. • You are expected to use a calculator where appropriate. • You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation in your answers. * Jun2184612F01 * 8461/2F IB/M/Jun21/E2 3

Please write clearly in block capitals.
Centre number Candidate number
Surname
Forename(s)
Candidate signature
I declare this is my own work.
F
GCSE
BIOLOGY
Foundation Tier Paper 2 F
Time allowed: 1 hour 45 minutes
Materials
For this paper you must have: For Examiner’s Use
• a ruler
Question Mark
• a scientific calculator.
1
Instructions 2
• Use black ink or black ball-point pen. 3
• Pencil should only be used for drawing.
4
• Fill in the boxes at the top of this page.
• Answer all questions in the spaces provided. 5
• If you need extra space for your answer(s), use the lined pages at the end of 6
this book. Write the question number against your answer(s).
7
• Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want
8
to be marked.
• In all calculations, show clearly how you work out your answer. 9
10
Information
11
• The maximum mark for this paper is 100.
• The marks for questions are shown in brackets. TOTAL
• You are expected to use a calculator where appropriate.
• You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation
in your answers.
* Jun2184612F01 * 8461/2F
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2 Do not write outside the Answer all questions in the spaces provided. box 0 1 The theory of evolution states that organisms alive today evolved by natural selection from other species that are now extinct. 0 1 . 1 Which two scientists proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection? [2 marks] Tick (  ) two boxes. Alexander Fleming Alfred Russel Wallace Carl Linnaeus Carl Woese Charles Darwin Fossils provide evidence for evolution. Figure 1 shows a fossil footprint of a dinosaur. Figure 1 * 02 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/2F

2
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Answer all questions in the spaces provided. box
0 1 The theory of evolution states that organisms alive today evolved by natural selection
from other species that are now extinct.
0 1 . 1 Which two scientists proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection?
[2 marks]
Tick (  ) two boxes.
Alexander Fleming
Alfred Russel Wallace
Carl Linnaeus
Carl Woese
Charles Darwin
Fossils provide evidence for evolution.
Figure 1 shows a fossil footprint of a dinosaur.
Figure 1
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3 Do not write outside the 0 1 . 2 What is a fossil? box [2 marks] 0 1 . 3 How was the fossil in Figure 1 formed? [ 1 mark ] Tick (  ) one box. Body parts were replaced by minerals. The animal walked on mud. The animal was frozen in ice. 0 1 . 4 Dinosaurs are extinct. Give two causes of extinction. [2 marks] 1 2 Question 1 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 03 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/2F

3
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0 1 . 2 What is a fossil? box
[2 marks]
0 1 . 3 How was the fossil in Figure 1 formed?
[ 1 mark ]
Tick (  ) one box.
Body parts were replaced by minerals.
The animal walked on mud.
The animal was frozen in ice.
0 1 . 4 Dinosaurs are extinct.
Give two causes of extinction.
[2 marks]
1
2
Question 1 continues on the next page
Turn over ►
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4 Do not write outside the 0 1 . 5 Which two of the following provide evidence for evolution? box [2 marks] Tick (  ) two boxes. Bacteria can become resistant to an antibiotic. Early forms of life lived in the ocean. Older fossils are simpler than more recent ones. Older layers of rock are closer to the surface. 9 * 04 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/2F

4
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0 1 . 5 Which two of the following provide evidence for evolution? box
[2 marks]
Tick (  ) two boxes.
Bacteria can become resistant to an antibiotic.
Early forms of life lived in the ocean.
Older fossils are simpler than more recent ones.
Older layers of rock are closer to the surface.
9
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5 Do not write outside the Turn over for the next question box DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED Turn over ► * 05 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/2F

5
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Turn over for the next question box
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE
ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED
Turn over ►
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6 Do not write outside the 0 2 Many internal processes of the human body are controlled by hormones. box Hormones are produced by glands. Figure 2 shows glands in a woman’s body. Figure 2 0 2 . 1 Which gland is the pituitary gland? [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. A B C D 0 2 . 2 Which gland is the pancreas? [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. A B C D * 06 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/2F

6
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0 2 Many internal processes of the human body are controlled by hormones. box
Hormones are produced by glands.
Figure 2 shows glands in a woman’s body.
Figure 2
0 2 . 1 Which gland is the pituitary gland?
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
A B C D
0 2 . 2 Which gland is the pancreas?
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
A B C D
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7 Do not write outside the The hormone insulin helps to decrease the blood glucose concentration. box Insulin causes its target organ s to take in glucose from the blood. 0 2 . 3 Which of the following is a target organ for insulin? [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. Bladder Heart Liver 0 2 . 4 The glucose is stored as an insoluble substance. What is the insoluble storage substance that is formed from glucose? [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. Glycogen Protein Urea Question 2 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 07 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/2F

7
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The hormone insulin helps to decrease the blood glucose concentration. box
Insulin causes its target organ s to take in glucose from the blood.
0 2 . 3 Which of the following is a target organ for insulin?
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
Bladder
Heart
Liver
0 2 . 4 The glucose is stored as an insoluble substance.
What is the insoluble storage substance that is formed from glucose?
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
Glycogen
Protein
Urea
Question 2 continues on the next page
Turn over ►
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8 Do not write outside the Scientists investigated the effect of a glucose drink on the concentration of glucose in box a person’s blood. This is the method used. 1. Take a small sample of blood from the person. 2. Measure the concentration of glucose in the person’s blood. 3. Give the person a drink containing 50 grams of glucose. 4. Measure the concentration of glucose in the person’s blood at intervals. 5. Calculate the change in blood glucose concentration from the starting value. Figure 3 shows the results. Figure 3 * 08 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/2F

8
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Scientists investigated the effect of a glucose drink on the concentration of glucose in box
a person’s blood.
This is the method used.
1. Take a small sample of blood from the person.
2. Measure the concentration of glucose in the person’s blood.
3. Give the person a drink containing 50 grams of glucose.
4. Measure the concentration of glucose in the person’s blood at intervals.
5. Calculate the change in blood glucose concentration from the starting value.
Figure 3 shows the results.
Figure 3
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9 Do not write outside the Figure 3 shows the change in blood glucose concentration. box 0 2 . . 5 At the start of the investigation, the blood glucose concentration was 5 mmol/dm 3 Calculate the highest blood glucose concentration during the investigation. Use information from Figure 3 in your answer. [2 marks] Highest blood glucose concentration = mmol/dm 3 0 2 . 6 What is the time taken for the blood glucose concentration to decrease from its highest value back to the starting value? Use data from Figure 3 in your answer. [1 mark] Time taken = minutes 0 2 . 7 Why can you not be certain that your answer to Question 02.6 is accurate? [1 mark] 0 2 . 8 Figure 3 shows the results for a person who does not have Type 2 diabetes. Sketch a line on Figure 3 to show the results you would expect for a person who has Type 2 diabetes. 10 [2 marks] Turn over for the next question Turn over ► * 09 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/2F

9
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Figure 3 shows the change in blood glucose concentration. box
0 2 . 5 At the start of the investigation, the blood glucose concentration was 5 mmol/dm 3 .
Calculate the highest blood glucose concentration during the investigation.
Use information from Figure 3 in your answer.
[2 marks]
Highest blood glucose concentration = mmol/dm 3
0 2 . 6 What is the time taken for the blood glucose concentration to decrease from its
highest value back to the starting value?
Use data from Figure 3 in your answer.
[1 mark]
Time taken = minutes
0 2 . 7 Why can you not be certain that your answer to Question 02.6 is accurate?
[1 mark]
0 2 . 8 Figure 3 shows the results for a person who does not have Type 2 diabetes.
Sketch a line on Figure 3 to show the results you would expect for a person who has
Type 2 diabetes.
10
[2 marks]
Turn over for the next question
Turn over ►
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10 Do not write outside the 0 3 People eat fish caught in the North Sea. box Figure 4 shows a food chain. Figure 4 0 3 . 1 The algae make glucose by photosynthesis. Which two substances do the algae need for photosynthesis? [2 marks] Tick (  ) two boxes. Carbon dioxide Nitrogen Oxygen Starch Water * 10 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/2F

10
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0 3 People eat fish caught in the North Sea. box
Figure 4 shows a food chain.
Figure 4
0 3 . 1 The algae make glucose by photosynthesis.
Which two substances do the algae need for photosynthesis?
[2 marks]
Tick (  ) two boxes.
Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Starch
Water
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11 Do not write outside the 0 3 . 2 What is the source of energy for photosynthesis? box [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. Light Mineral ions Protein Water 0 3 . 3 Which pyramid of biomass is correct for the food chain shown in Figure 4 ? [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. Question 3 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 11 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/2F

11
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0 3 . 2 What is the source of energy for photosynthesis? box
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
Light
Mineral ions
Protein
Water
0 3 . 3 Which pyramid of biomass is correct for the food chain shown in Figure 4 ?
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
Question 3 continues on the next page
Turn over ►
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12 Do not write outside the Figure 5 shows the biomass of adult herring in the North Sea between box 1950 and 1990. Figure 5 * 12 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/2F

12
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Figure 5 shows the biomass of adult herring in the North Sea between box
1950 and 1990.
Figure 5
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13 Do not write outside the 0 3 . 4 Too many herring were caught in the 1960s. box Calculate the percentage decrease in the biomass of adult herring between 1960 and 1970. Use the equation: (biomass in 1960 – biomass in 1970) percentage decrease = × 100 biomass in 1960 Give your answer to the nearest whole number. [4 marks] Percentage decrease = % From 1977, laws were introduced to help conserve herring. 0 3 . 5 Describe the change in biomass of adult herring from 1977 to 1990. Use data from Figure 5 in your answer. [2 marks] Question 3 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 13 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/2F

13
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0 3 . 4 Too many herring were caught in the 1960s. box
Calculate the percentage decrease in the biomass of adult herring between
1960 and 1970.
Use the equation:
(biomass in 1960 – biomass in 1970)
percentage decrease = × 100
biomass in 1960
Give your answer to the nearest whole number.
[4 marks]
Percentage decrease = %
From 1977, laws were introduced to help conserve herring.
0 3 . 5 Describe the change in biomass of adult herring from 1977 to 1990.
Use data from Figure 5 in your answer.
[2 marks]
Question 3 continues on the next page
Turn over ►
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14 Do not write outside the 0 3 . 6 One of the laws was to control mesh size of fishing nets. box Figure 6 shows a fishing net with a legal mesh size. Figure 6 Herring can live for up to 12 years. Herring start to reproduce when they are 3 to 4 years old. Explain how the control of mesh size of fishing nets has helped to conserve stocks of herring. [2 marks] 12 * 14 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/2F

14
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0 3 . 6 One of the laws was to control mesh size of fishing nets. box
Figure 6 shows a fishing net with a legal mesh size.
Figure 6
Herring can live for up to 12 years.
Herring start to reproduce when they are 3 to 4 years old.
Explain how the control of mesh size of fishing nets has helped to conserve stocks
of herring.
[2 marks]
12
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15 Do not write outside the Turn over for the next question box DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED Turn over ► * 15 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/2F

15
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outside the
Turn over for the next question box
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE
ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED
Turn over ►
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16 Do not write outside the 0 4 The human eye can form images of objects that are at different distances away from box the eye. Figure 7 is a diagram of the eye. Figure 7 0 4 . 1 Label structures A , B and C on Figure 7 . [3 marks] Choose answers from the box. cornea eyelid iris lens optic nerve * 16 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/2F

16
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0 4 The human eye can form images of objects that are at different distances away from box
the eye.
Figure 7 is a diagram of the eye.
Figure 7
0 4 . 1 Label structures A , B and C on Figure 7 .
[3 marks]
Choose answers from the box.
cornea eyelid iris lens optic nerve
* 16 *
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17 Do not write outside the The eye in Figure 7 is focused on a distant object. box If the eye then focuses on the words in a book, changes would occur in the eye. The light rays would be refracted more by the lens. 0 4 . 2 How does the lens refract the light more? [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. By becoming longer By becoming thicker By becoming transparent 0 4 . 3 Which two structures control the shape of the lens? [2 marks] Tick (  ) two boxes. Ciliary muscles Cornea Iris Sclera Suspensory ligaments 0 4 . 4 To form a clear image, the light rays entering the eye must focus on one structure in the eye. Name the structure. [ 1 mark ] Question 4 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 17 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/2F

17
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The eye in Figure 7 is focused on a distant object. box
If the eye then focuses on the words in a book, changes would occur in the eye.
The light rays would be refracted more by the lens.
0 4 . 2 How does the lens refract the light more?
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
By becoming longer
By becoming thicker
By becoming transparent
0 4 . 3 Which two structures control the shape of the lens?
[2 marks]
Tick (  ) two boxes.
Ciliary muscles
Cornea
Iris
Sclera
Suspensory ligaments
0 4 . 4 To form a clear image, the light rays entering the eye must focus on one structure in
the eye.
Name the structure.
[ 1 mark ]
Question 4 continues on the next page
Turn over ►
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18 Do not write 0 4 . 5 An insect flies near a person’s eye. The person blinks. outside the box This is a reflex action. Fig ure 8 shows the coordination system for this reflex action. Figure 8 Complete Figure 8 . [2 marks] Choose answers from the box below. Write one word in each of boxes 2 , 3 and 4 of Figure 8 . brain cornea iris muscles retina 9 * 18 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/2F

18
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0 4 . 5 An insect flies near a person’s eye. The person blinks. outside the
This is a reflex action. box
Fig ure 8 shows the coordination system for this reflex action.
Figure 8
Complete Figure 8 .
[2 marks]
Choose answers from the box below.
Write one word in each of boxes 2 , 3 and 4 of Figure 8 .
brain cornea iris muscles retina
9
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19 Do not write outside the 0 5 Potato blight is a disease of potato plants. box Potato blight is caused by the fungus Phytophthora infestans. 0 5 . 1 What is the genus of the fungus that causes potato blight? [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. infestans Phytophthora Phytophthora infestans 0 5 The fungus grows near the surface of the potato. . 2 How does growing near the surface help the fungus to respire? [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. The fungus can get nitrogen from the soil. The fungus can get oxygen from the air. The fungus can get water from the potato. Question 5 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 19 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/2F

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0 5 Potato blight is a disease of potato plants. box
Potato blight is caused by the fungus Phytophthora infestans.
0 5 . 1 What is the genus of the fungus that causes potato blight?
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
infestans
Phytophthora
Phytophthora infestans
0 5 . 2 The fungus grows near the surface of the potato.
How does growing near the surface help the fungus to respire?
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
The fungus can get nitrogen from the soil.
The fungus can get oxygen from the air.
The fungus can get water from the potato.
Question 5 continues on the next page
Turn over ►
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20 Do not write outside the A farmer sprays his potato plants with a pesticide. box The pesticide kills the fungus that causes potato blight. Spraying the crop with a pesticide could decrease biodiversity in a river flowing through his farm. 0 5 . 3 What does ‘biodiversity in a river’ mean? [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. The variety of species of animals in the river. The variety of species of organisms in the river. The variety of species of plants in the river. 0 5 . 4 The farmer sprayed pesticide on his potato plants. The next day it rained heavily. Explain why the biodiversity in the river decreased. [2 marks] Another method of preventing potato blight is to breed potatoes that are resistant to blight. Resistance to potato blight is controlled by two alleles: R = a dominant allele for having resistance to blight. r = a recessive allele for not having resistance to blight. A scientist crosses two potato plants. Each plant has the genotype Rr . * 20 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/2F

20
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A farmer sprays his potato plants with a pesticide. box
The pesticide kills the fungus that causes potato blight.
Spraying the crop with a pesticide could decrease biodiversity in a river flowing
through his farm.
0 5 . 3 What does ‘biodiversity in a river’ mean?
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
The variety of species of animals in the river.
The variety of species of organisms in the river.
The variety of species of plants in the river.
0 5 . 4 The farmer sprayed pesticide on his potato plants. The next day it rained heavily.
Explain why the biodiversity in the river decreased.
[2 marks]
Another method of preventing potato blight is to breed potatoes that are resistant
to blight.
Resistance to potato blight is controlled by two alleles:
R = a dominant allele for having resistance to blight.
r = a recessive allele for not having resistance to blight.
A scientist crosses two potato plants. Each plant has the genotype Rr .
* 20 *
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21 Do not write outside the 0 5 . 5 Complete Figure 9 to show the possible genotypes of the offspring produced. box [2 marks] Figure 9 0 5 . 6 Draw a ring around one of the homozygous genotypes in Figure 9 . [1 mark] 0 5 . 7 What percentage of the offspring in Figure 9 will be resistant to potato blight? [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. 25% 50% 75% 100% 0 5 . 8 Potatoes can also reproduce asexually. Potatoes from one plant can be planted in the ground to produce new potato plants. All the new plants from a parent plant that is resistant to blight will also be resistant to blight. Explain why. [2 marks] 11 Turn over for the next question Turn over ► * 21 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/2F

21
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0 5 . 5 Complete Figure 9 to show the possible genotypes of the offspring produced. box
[2 marks]
Figure 9
0 5 . 6 Draw a ring around one of the homozygous genotypes in Figure 9 .
[1 mark]
0 5 . 7 What percentage of the offspring in Figure 9 will be resistant to potato blight?
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
25% 50% 75% 100%
0 5 . 8 Potatoes can also reproduce asexually.
Potatoes from one plant can be planted in the ground to produce new potato plants.
All the new plants from a parent plant that is resistant to blight will also be resistant
to blight.
Explain why.
[2 marks]
11
Turn over for the next question
Turn over ►
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22 Do not write outside the 0 6 A student estimated the percentage cover of buttercup plants in a field. box The student used a quadrat. The quadrat was divided into 25 equal squares. Figure 10 shows the quadrat. Figure 10 This is the method used. 1. Place the quadrat on the ground. 2. Record how many squares in the quadrat contain buttercup plants. 3. Place the quadrat in a new position in the field. 4. Record how many squares in the quadrat contain buttercup plants. 5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 another three times. * 22 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/2F

22
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0 6 A student estimated the percentage cover of buttercup plants in a field. box
The student used a quadrat.
The quadrat was divided into 25 equal squares.
Figure 10 shows the quadrat.
Figure 10
This is the method used.
1. Place the quadrat on the ground.
2. Record how many squares in the quadrat contain buttercup plants.
3. Place the quadrat in a new position in the field.
4. Record how many squares in the quadrat contain buttercup plants.
5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 another three times.
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23 Do not write outside the 0 6 . 1 What method should the student have used for placing the quadrat? box [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. Place the quadrat where there are many buttercup plants. Place the quadrat only where there are no trees. Place the quadrat using random coordinates. Use the same person to place all the quadrats. The student calculated the percentage cover of buttercup plants for each quadrat. Table 1 shows the student’s results. Table 1 Quadrat Number of squares Percentage cover of number containing buttercup plants buttercup plants 1 10 40 2 13 52 3 22 88 4 20 80 5 10 40 Mean X 0 6 . 2 Calculate mean value X in Table 1 . [2 marks] X = % Question 6 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 23 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/2F

23
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0 6 . 1 What method should the student have used for placing the quadrat? box
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
Place the quadrat where there are many buttercup plants.
Place the quadrat only where there are no trees.
Place the quadrat using random coordinates.
Use the same person to place all the quadrats.
The student calculated the percentage cover of buttercup plants for each quadrat.
Table 1 shows the student’s results.
Table 1
Quadrat Number of squares Percentage cover of
number containing buttercup plants buttercup plants
1 10 40
2 13 52
3 22 88
4 20 80
5 10 40
Mean X
0 6 . 2 Calculate mean value X in Table 1 .
[2 marks]
X = %
Question 6 continues on the next page
Turn over ►
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24 Do not write outside the Table 1 shows that quadrat 1 and quadrat 5 each had 40% cover of buttercup plants. box Figure 11 shows the results for quadrat 1 and quadrat 5 . Figure 11 0 6 The student’s method of estimating the percentage cover of buttercup plants . 3 is not accurate. How does Figure 11 show this? [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. Quadrat 1 has more groups of buttercup plants. The area of buttercup plants in quadrat 5 is much larger. The buttercup plants are in ten squares in both quadrats. * 24 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/2F

24
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Table 1 shows that quadrat 1 and quadrat 5 each had 40% cover of buttercup plants. box
Figure 11 shows the results for quadrat 1 and quadrat 5 .
Figure 11
0 6 . 3 The student’s method of estimating the percentage cover of buttercup plants
is not accurate.
How does Figure 11 show this?
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
Quadrat 1 has more groups of buttercup plants.
The area of buttercup plants in quadrat 5 is much larger.
The buttercup plants are in ten squares in both quadrats.
* 24 *
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25 Do not write outside the 0 6 . 4 The student wanted to get a more valid estimate of the percentage cover of buttercup box plants in the field. Suggest two improvements to the method to make the results more valid. [2 marks] 1 2 0 6 . 5 Give three environmental factors that would affect the growth of buttercup plants in a field. [3 marks] 1 2 9 3 Turn over for the next question Turn over ► * 25 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/2F

25
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0 6 . 4 The student wanted to get a more valid estimate of the percentage cover of buttercup box
plants in the field.
Suggest two improvements to the method to make the results more valid.
[2 marks]
1
2
0 6 . 5 Give three environmental factors that would affect the growth of buttercup plants
in a field.
[3 marks]
1
2
3 9
Turn over for the next question
Turn over ►
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26 Do not write outside the 0 7 Scientists are very concerned about the changes in concentration of carbon dioxide in box the Earth’s atmosphere. Figure 12 shows the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere between 1988 and 2014. Figure 12 0 7 . 1 Describe two patterns shown in Figure 12 . Use data from Figure 12 in your answer. [4 marks] 1 2 * 26 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/2F

26
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0 7 Scientists are very concerned about the changes in concentration of carbon dioxide in box
the Earth’s atmosphere.
Figure 12 shows the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere between
1988 and 2014.
Figure 12
0 7 . 1 Describe two patterns shown in Figure 12 .
Use data from Figure 12 in your answer.
[4 marks]
1
2
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27 Do not write outside the 0 7 . 2 Give two human activities that affect the concentration of carbon dioxide in box the atmosphere. [2 marks] 1 2 0 7 The trend shown in may continue for many years. . 3 Figure 12 Explain what effect the changing concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere could have on living organisms. [4 marks] 10 Turn over ► * 27 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/2F

27
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0 7 . 2 Give two human activities that affect the concentration of carbon dioxide in box
the atmosphere.
[2 marks]
1
2
0 7 . 3 The trend shown in Figure 12 may continue for many years.
Explain what effect the changing concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
could have on living organisms.
[4 marks]
10
Turn over ►
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28 Do not write outside the 0 8 The nucleus of a cell contains DNA. box 0 8 . 1 Name the structures inside the cell nucleus that contain DNA. [1 mark] Figure 13 shows part of a DNA molecule. Figure 13 0 8 . 2 Name the part of the DNA molecule labelled X . [1 mark] 0 8 What type of substances are labelled A , C , G and . 3 T in Figure 13 ? [1 mark] * 28 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/2F

28
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0 8 The nucleus of a cell contains DNA. box
0 8 . 1 Name the structures inside the cell nucleus that contain DNA.
[1 mark]
Figure 13 shows part of a DNA molecule.
Figure 13
0 8 . 2 Name the part of the DNA molecule labelled X .
[1 mark]
0 8 . 3 What type of substances are labelled A , C , G and T in Figure 13 ?
[1 mark]
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29 Do not write outside the Figure 1 4 shows another section of a DNA molecule. box Figure 1 4 0 8 . 4 Four of the substances you named in Question 08.3 are not labelled in part Y of Figure 14 . Label each of these substances with the correct letter, A , C , G or T . Use information from other parts of Figure 14 to help you. [1 mark] 0 8 . 5 What is happening to the DNA in part Z of Figure 1 4 ? [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. Differentiation Evolution Fertilisation Replication Turn over ► * 29 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/2F

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Figure 1 4 shows another section of a DNA molecule. box
Figure 1 4
0 8 . 4 Four of the substances you named in Question 08.3 are not labelled in part Y
of Figure 14 .
Label each of these substances with the correct letter, A , C , G or T .
Use information from other parts of Figure 14 to help you.
[1 mark]
0 8 . 5 What is happening to the DNA in part Z of Figure 1 4 ?
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
Differentiation
Evolution
Fertilisation
Replication
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30 Do not write outside the 0 8 . 6 A gene is a length of DNA. box What type of substance does a gene code for? [1 mark] 0 8 . 7 Most human body cells contain 6 × 10 –12 grams of DNA. What mass of DNA will a human sperm cell contain? [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. 6 × 10 –6 grams 6 × 10 –12 grams 3 × 10 –6 grams 3 × 10 –12 grams 0 8 . 8 What is the name of the type of cell division that produces sperm cells? [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. Binary fission Differentiation Meiosis Mitosis 8 * 30 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/2F

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0 8 . 6 A gene is a length of DNA. box
What type of substance does a gene code for?
[1 mark]
0 8 . 7 Most human body cells contain 6 × 10 –12 grams of DNA.
What mass of DNA will a human sperm cell contain?
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
6 × 10 –6 grams
6 × 10 –12 grams
3 × 10 –6 grams
3 × 10 –12 grams
0 8 . 8 What is the name of the type of cell division that produces sperm cells?
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
Binary fission
Differentiation
Meiosis
Mitosis
8
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31 Do not write outside the 0 9 A student investigated the effect of temperature on the decay of milk. box Figure 1 5 shows the apparatus the student used. Figure 1 5 This is the method used. 1. Set up the apparatus as shown in Figure 15 with the milk at 20 ° C. 2. Record the pH over 5 days using the computer. 3. Repeat with another batch of fresh milk at 25 ° C. 0 9 . 1 How could the student keep the milk at a constant temperature for 5 days? [1 mark] 0 9 variable the student should keep constant. . 2 Give one Do not refer to temperature in your answer. [1 mark] Question 9 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 31 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/2F

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0 9 A student investigated the effect of temperature on the decay of milk. box
Figure 1 5 shows the apparatus the student used.
Figure 1 5
This is the method used.
1. Set up the apparatus as shown in Figure 15 with the milk at 20 ° C.
2. Record the pH over 5 days using the computer.
3. Repeat with another batch of fresh milk at 25 ° C.
0 9 . 1 How could the student keep the milk at a constant temperature for 5 days?
[1 mark]
0 9 . 2 Give one variable the student should keep constant.
Do not refer to temperature in your answer.
[1 mark]
Question 9 continues on the next page
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32 Do not write outside the Table 2 shows the student’s results for the milk at 20 ° C. box Table 2 Time in days 0 1 2 3 4 5 pH 6.7 6.7 6.3 5.3 4.6 4.4 0 9 . 3 Complete Figure 1 6 . [4 marks] You should: • label the x-axis • use a suitable scale for the x-axis • plot the data from Table 2 • draw a line of best fit. Figure 16 0 9 . 4 The data you plotted in Question 09.3 were obtained at 20 ° C. Sketch a line on Figure 16 to show the results you would expect at 25 ° C. Label this line ‘25 ° C’. 8 [2 marks] * 32 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/2F

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Table 2 shows the student’s results for the milk at 20 ° C. box
Table 2
Time in days 0 1 2 3 4 5
pH 6.7 6.7 6.3 5.3 4.6 4.4
0 9 . 3 Complete Figure 1 6 .
[4 marks]
You should:
• label the x-axis
• use a suitable scale for the x-axis
• plot the data from Table 2
• draw a line of best fit.
Figure 16
0 9 . 4 The data you plotted in Question 09.3 were obtained at 20 ° C.
Sketch a line on Figure 16 to show the results you would expect at 25 ° C.
Label this line ‘25 ° C’.
8
[2 marks]
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33 Do not write outside the 1 0 Human body temperature is controlled within very narrow limits. box Scientists investigated the effect of drinking ice-cold water on: • internal body temperature • the rate of sweating. This is the method used. 1. Sit a person inside a room kept at a constant temperature of 25 ° C. 2. Measure the person’s internal body temperature near the brain. 3. Measure the person’s rate of sweating. 4. After 20 minutes, give the person 500 cm 3 of ice-cold water to drink. 5. Continue to measure the person’s internal body temperature and sweating rate for a further 50 minutes. 1 0 . 1 Give the reason why the person should not move during the investigation. [1 mark] Question 10 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 33 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/2F

33
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1 0 Human body temperature is controlled within very narrow limits. box
Scientists investigated the effect of drinking ice-cold water on:
• internal body temperature
• the rate of sweating.
This is the method used.
1. Sit a person inside a room kept at a constant temperature of 25 ° C.
2. Measure the person’s internal body temperature near the brain.
3. Measure the person’s rate of sweating.
4. After 20 minutes, give the person 500 cm 3 of ice-cold water to drink.
5. Continue to measure the person’s internal body temperature and sweating rate for
a further 50 minutes.
1 0 . 1 Give the reason why the person should not move during the investigation.
[1 mark]
Question 10 continues on the next page
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34 Do not write outside the Figure 1 7 and Figure 1 8 show the scientists’ results. box Figure 1 7 Figure 1 8 * 34 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/2F

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Figure 1 7 and Figure 1 8 show the scientists’ results. box
Figure 1 7
Figure 1 8
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35 Do not write outside the 1 0 . 2 What is this person’s normal internal body temperature? box [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. 36.8 ° C 37.0 ° C 37.4 ° C The results show that when the ice-cold water was drunk, the temperature near the brain decreased. 1 0 . 3 Explain why the temperature near the brain decreased. [2 mark s ] 1 0 . 4 The thermoregulatory centre in the brain responds to the decrease in temperature. How does the thermoregulatory centre send information to sweat glands in the skin? [1 mar k ] 1 0 . 5 The rate of sweating changes between 24 minutes and 36 minutes. Explain how this change helps to maintain the person’s normal body temperature. [2 mark s ] Question 10 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 35 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/2F

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1 0 . 2 What is this person’s normal internal body temperature? box
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
36.8 ° C 37.0 ° C 37.4 ° C
The results show that when the ice-cold water was drunk, the temperature near the
brain decreased.
1 0 . 3 Explain why the temperature near the brain decreased.
[2 mark s ]
1 0 . 4 The thermoregulatory centre in the brain responds to the decrease in temperature.
How does the thermoregulatory centre send information to sweat glands in the skin?
[1 mar k ]
1 0 . 5 The rate of sweating changes between 24 minutes and 36 minutes.
Explain how this change helps to maintain the person’s normal body temperature.
[2 mark s ]
Question 10 continues on the next page
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36 Do not write outside the 1 0 . 6 During exercise, the skin appears red. box What causes the skin to appear red? [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. Blood vessels moving closer to the skin surface Constriction of blood vessels in the skin Decrease in heart rate Dilation of blood vessels in the skin 8 Turn over for the next question * 36 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/2F

36
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1 0 . 6 During exercise, the skin appears red. box
What causes the skin to appear red?
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
Blood vessels moving closer to the skin surface
Constriction of blood vessels in the skin
Decrease in heart rate
Dilation of blood vessels in the skin
8
Turn over for the next question
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37 Do not write outside the Turn over for the next question box DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED Turn over ► * 37 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/2F

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Turn over for the next question box
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE
ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED
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38 Do not write outside the 1 1 Decay occurs in a compost heap. box Figure 1 9 shows a compost heap. Figure 1 9 Describe: • how microorganisms in the layers of soil help to recycle chemicals in the dead plants • how the chemicals are used again by living plants. [6 marks] * 38 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/2F

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1 1 Decay occurs in a compost heap. box
Figure 1 9 shows a compost heap.
Figure 1 9
Describe:
• how microorganisms in the layers of soil help to recycle chemicals in the
dead plants
• how the chemicals are used again by living plants.
[6 marks]
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39 Do not write outside the box 6 END OF QUESTIONS * 39 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/2F

39
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6
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40 Do not write outside the There are no questions printed on this page box DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED * 40 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/2F

40
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41 Do not write outside the box Question Additional page, if required. number Write the question numbers in the left-hand margin. * 41 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/2F

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42 Do not write outside the box Question Additional page, if required. number Write the question numbers in the left-hand margin. * 42 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/2F

42
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43 Do not write outside the box Question Additional page, if required. number Write the question numbers in the left-hand margin. * 43 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/2F

43
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44 Do not write outside the There are no questions printed on this page box DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED Copyright information For confidentiality purposes, all acknowledgements of third-party copyright material are published in a separate booklet. This booklet is published after each live examination series and is available for free download from www.aqa.org.uk. Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for. In some cases, efforts to contact copyright-holders may have been unsuccessful and AQA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgements. If you have any queries please contact the Copyright Team. Copyright © 2021 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved. * 216g8461/2F * * 44 * IB/M/Jun21/8461/2F

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Copyright information
For confidentiality purposes, all acknowledgements of third-party copyright material are published in a separate booklet. This booklet is published after
each live examination series and is available for free download from www.aqa.org.uk.
Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for. In some cases, efforts to contact copyright-holders may have been unsuccessful
and AQA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgements. If you have any queries please contact the Copyright Team.
Copyright © 2021 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved.
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June 2021 QP