PMT Please write clearly in block capitals. Centre number Candidate number Surname Forename(s) Candidate signature I declare this is my own work. F GCSE BIOLOGY Foundation Tier Paper 2 F Friday 9 June 2023 Afternoon Time allowed: 1 hour 45 minutes Materials For Examiner’s Use For this paper you must have: • a ruler Question Mark • a scientific calculator. 1 Instructions 2 • Use black ink or black ball-point pen. 3 • Pencil should only be used for drawing. 4 • Fill in the boxes at the top of this page. 5 • Answer all questions in the spaces provided. • If you need extra space for your answer(s), use the lined pages at the end of 6 this book. Write the question number against your answer(s). 7 • Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want 8 to be marked. • In all calculations, show clearly how you work out your answer. 9 TOTAL Information • The maximum mark for this paper is 100. • The marks for questions are shown in brackets. • You are expected to use a calculator where appropriate. • You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation in your answers. * jun2384612f01 * 8461/2F IB/M/ Jun23 /E 2 1

PMT
Please write clearly in block capitals.
Centre number Candidate number
Surname
Forename(s)
Candidate signature
I declare this is my own work.
F
GCSE
BIOLOGY
Foundation Tier Paper 2 F
Friday 9 June 2023 Afternoon Time allowed: 1 hour 45 minutes
Materials
For this paper you must have: For Examiner’s Use
• a ruler
Question Mark
• a scientific calculator.
1
Instructions 2
• Use black ink or black ball-point pen. 3
• Pencil should only be used for drawing.
4
• Fill in the boxes at the top of this page.
• Answer all questions in the spaces provided. 5
• If you need extra space for your answer(s), use the lined pages at the end of 6
this book. Write the question number against your answer(s). 7
• Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want
8
to be marked.
• In all calculations, show clearly how you work out your answer. 9
TOTAL
Information
• The maximum mark for this paper is 100.
• The marks for questions are shown in brackets.
• You are expected to use a calculator where appropriate.
• You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation
in your answers.
* jun2384612f01 * 8461/2F
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PMT 2 Do not write outside the There are no questions printed on this page box DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED * 02 * IB/M/Jun23/8461/2F

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There are no questions printed on this page box
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE
ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED
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PMT 3 Do not write outside the Answer all questions in the spaces provided. box 0 1 Hormones are important for controlling many processes in the human body. Hormones are produced by glands. 0 1 . 1 Which organ system has glands that produce hormones? [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. The circulatory system The endocrine system The nervous system 0 1 . 2 How are hormones transported around the body? [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. By the blood By the muscles By the nerves Question 1 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 03 * IB/M/Jun23/8461/2F

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3
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Answer all questions in the spaces provided. outside the
box
0 1 Hormones are important for controlling many processes in the human body.
Hormones are produced by glands.
0 1 . 1 Which organ system has glands that produce hormones?
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
The circulatory system
The endocrine system
The nervous system
0 1 . 2 How are hormones transported around the body?
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
By the blood
By the muscles
By the nerves
Question 1 continues on the next page
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PMT 4 Do not write outside the Figure 1 shows glands in a woman’s body. box Figure 1 0 1 . 3 Draw one line from each gland to the name of that gland. [3 marks] Gland Name Adrenal A Pituitary B Testes C Thyroid * 04 * IB/M/Jun23/8461/2F

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Figure 1 shows glands in a woman’s body. box
Figure 1
0 1 . 3 Draw one line from each gland to the name of that gland.
[3 marks]
Gland Name
Adrenal
A
Pituitary
B
Testes
C
Thyroid
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PMT 5 Do not write outside the 0 1 . 4 Which gland in Figure 1 produces insulin ? box [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. A B C D 0 1 . 5 Which organ does insulin mainly affect? [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. The brain The liver The ovary 0 1 . 6 Give one effect of insulin. [1 mark] Question 1 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 05 * IB/M/Jun23/8461/2F

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5
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0 1 . 4 Which gland in Figure 1 produces insulin ? box
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
A B C D
0 1 . 5 Which organ does insulin mainly affect?
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
The brain
The liver
The ovary
0 1 . 6 Give one effect of insulin.
[1 mark]
Question 1 continues on the next page
Turn over ►
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PMT 6 Do not write outside the Some hormones control a woman’s menstrual cycle. box 0 1 . 7 Which hormone causes an egg to mature in the ovary? [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. Adrenaline Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Testosterone 0 1 . 8 Which two are hormones that help to maintain the lining of the uterus during pregnancy? [2 marks] Tick (  ) two boxes. Amylase Oestrogen Progesterone Protease Thyroxine * 06 * IB/M/Jun23/8461/2F

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6
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Some hormones control a woman’s menstrual cycle. box
0 1 . 7 Which hormone causes an egg to mature in the ovary?
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
Adrenaline
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Testosterone
0 1 . 8 Which two are hormones that help to maintain the lining of the uterus
during pregnancy?
[2 marks]
Tick (  ) two boxes.
Amylase
Oestrogen
Progesterone
Protease
Thyroxine
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PMT 7 Do not write outside the 0 1 . 9 Contraception prevents pregnancy. box Give two methods of contraception that use hormones. [2 marks] 1 2 13 Turn over for the next question Turn over ► * 07 * IB/M/Jun23/8461/2F

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7
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0 1 . 9 Contraception prevents pregnancy. box
Give two methods of contraception that use hormones.
[2 marks]
1
2
13
Turn over for the next question
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PMT 8 Do not write outside the 0 2 Students estimated the population of buttercup plants growing on a lawn. box The lawn is a rectangle measuring 15 m × 10 m. Figure 2 shows the lawn. Figure 2 This is the method used . 1. Measure the length and width of the lawn. 2. Choose five locations to sample. 3. Place a 1 m × 1 m square frame at each location. 4. Record the number of buttercup plants in each square frame. * 08 * IB/M/Jun23/8461/2F

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8
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0 2 Students estimated the population of buttercup plants growing on a lawn. box
The lawn is a rectangle measuring 15 m × 10 m.
Figure 2 shows the lawn.
Figure 2
This is the method used .
1. Measure the length and width of the lawn.
2. Choose five locations to sample.
3. Place a 1 m × 1 m square frame at each location.
4. Record the number of buttercup plants in each square frame.
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PMT 9 Do not write outside the 0 2 . 1 Complete the sentences. box Choose answers from the box. [2 marks] 15 cm ruler 30 m tape measure balance quadrat transect The length and width of the lawn should be measured using a . The 1 m × 1 m square frame is called a . 0 2 . 2 How should the students choose the five locations to sample? [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. Choose locations at random. Choose locations at the corners of the lawn. Choose locations with lots of buttercup plants. Choose locations with no buttercup plants. Question 2 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 09 * IB/M/Jun23/8461/2F

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9
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outside the
0 2 . 1 Complete the sentences. box
Choose answers from the box.
[2 marks]
15 cm ruler 30 m tape measure
balance quadrat transect
The length and width of the lawn should be measured
using a .
The 1 m × 1 m square frame is called a .
0 2 . 2 How should the students choose the five locations to sample?
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
Choose locations at random.
Choose locations at the corners of the lawn.
Choose locations with lots of buttercup plants.
Choose locations with no buttercup plants.
Question 2 continues on the next page
Turn over ►
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PMT 10 Do not write outside the Table 1 shows the results. box Table 1 Sample number Number of buttercup plants 1 2 2 7 3 0 4 0 5 1 The students used their results to calculate the population of buttercup plants. 0 2 . 3 Complete the sentences. Choose answers from the box. [2 marks] area mean median perimeter volume Multiply the length of the lawn by the width of the lawn to give the lawn’s . Add up the total number of buttercup plants and divide by 5 to give the . * 10 * IB/M/Jun23/8461/2F

PMT
10
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Table 1 shows the results. box
Table 1
Sample number Number of buttercup plants
1 2
2 7
3 0
4 0
5 1
The students used their results to calculate the population of buttercup plants.
0 2 . 3 Complete the sentences.
Choose answers from the box.
[2 marks]
area mean median perimeter volume
Multiply the length of the lawn by the width of the lawn to give the
lawn’s .
Add up the total number of buttercup plants and divide by 5 to give
the .
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PMT 11 Do not write outside the 0 2 . 4 The students calculated that the population of buttercup plants on the lawn was 300. box How did the students use the results in Table 1 to calculate the population? [1 mark] 0 2 . 5 How could the students improve the accuracy of the estimate? [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. Count and record more samples. Select locations in the middle of the lawn. Use a square frame measuring 0.5 m × 0.5 m. 0 2 . 6 One abiotic factor that affects the number of buttercup plants on the lawn is soil pH. Give one other abiotic factor that could affect the number of buttercup plants on the lawn. Do not refer to soil pH in your answer. [1 mark] 8 Turn over for the next question Turn over ► * 11 * IB/M/Jun23/8461/2F

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11
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0 2 . 4 The students calculated that the population of buttercup plants on the lawn was 300. box
How did the students use the results in Table 1 to calculate the population?
[1 mark]
0 2 . 5 How could the students improve the accuracy of the estimate?
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
Count and record more samples.
Select locations in the middle of the lawn.
Use a square frame measuring 0.5 m × 0.5 m.
0 2 . 6 One abiotic factor that affects the number of buttercup plants on the lawn is soil pH.
Give one other abiotic factor that could affect the number of buttercup plants on
the lawn.
Do not refer to soil pH in your answer.
[1 mark]
8
Turn over for the next question
Turn over ►
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PMT 12 Do not write outside the 0 3 Different species in a habitat may depend on each other for food. box Figure 3 shows a food chain. Figure 3 0 3 . 1 The grass needs energy to grow. What is the source of energy for the grass? [1 mark] * 12 * IB/M/Jun23/8461/2F

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0 3 Different species in a habitat may depend on each other for food. box
Figure 3 shows a food chain.
Figure 3
0 3 . 1 The grass needs energy to grow.
What is the source of energy for the grass?
[1 mark]
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PMT 13 Do not write outside the 0 3 . 2 Table 2 lists different types of feeding relationship. box Table 2 Feeding relationship Organism Secondary consumer Lynx Primary consumer Producer Herbivore Carnivore Prey Predator Write the name of one organism from Figure 3 in each box in Table 2 . [3 marks] Each organism may be written in one box or in more than one box. The first box has been completed for you. Question 3 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 13 * IB/M/Jun23/8461/2F

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13
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0 3 . 2 Table 2 lists different types of feeding relationship. box
Table 2
Feeding relationship Organism
Secondary consumer Lynx
Primary consumer
Producer
Herbivore
Carnivore
Prey
Predator
Write the name of one organism from Figure 3 in each box in Table 2 .
[3 marks]
Each organism may be written in one box or in more than one box.
The first box has been completed for you.
Question 3 continues on the next page
Turn over ►
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PMT 14 Do not write outside the Question 3 continues on the next page box DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED * 14 * IB/M/Jun23/8461/2F

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14
Do not write
outside the
Question 3 continues on the next page box
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE
ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED
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PMT 15 Do not write outside the 0 3 . 3 Figure 4 shows the appearance of the snowshoe hare in the summer and in box the winter. Figure 4 Snowshoe hare in summer Snowshoe hare in winter The snowshoe hare has a different fur colour in the summer than in the winter . Explain how the different fur colour increases the chance of survival of the snowshoe hare. [ 3 marks] Question 3 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 15 * IB/M/Jun23/8461/2F

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15
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0 3 . 3 Figure 4 shows the appearance of the snowshoe hare in the summer and in box
the winter.
Figure 4
Snowshoe hare in summer Snowshoe hare in winter
The snowshoe hare has a different fur colour in the summer than in the winter .
Explain how the different fur colour increases the chance of survival of the
snowshoe hare.
[ 3 marks]
Question 3 continues on the next page
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PMT 16 Do not write outside the Figure 5 shows how the number of snowshoe hares and the number of lynx varied in box one area between 1900 and 1935. Figure 5 0 3 Figure 5 shows that the number of snowshoe hares and the number of lynx increase . 4 and decrease several times. Suggest two reasons why the number of snowshoe hares increases. [2 marks] 1 2 * 16 * IB/M/Jun23/8461/2F

PMT
16
Do not write
outside the
Figure 5 shows how the number of snowshoe hares and the number of lynx varied in box
one area between 1900 and 1935.
Figure 5
0 3 . 4 Figure 5 shows that the number of snowshoe hares and the number of lynx increase
and decrease several times.
Suggest two reasons why the number of snowshoe hares increases.
[2 marks]
1
2
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PMT 17 Do not write outside the 0 3 . 5 The number of snowshoe hares increased and decreased four times between 1900 box and 1935. What effect does an increase in the number of snowshoe hares have on the number of lynx? [1 mark] 0 3 . 6 Suggest one reason why the number of lynx decreased from 1915 to 1919. Use information from Figure 5 . [1 mark] 0 3 . 7 When the snowshoe hare eats grass, about 90% of the biomass of the grass is lost. Give two ways the biomass is lost. [2 marks] 1 2 13 Turn over for the next question Turn over ► * 17 * IB/M/Jun23/8461/2F

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17
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0 3 . 5 The number of snowshoe hares increased and decreased four times between 1900 box
and 1935.
What effect does an increase in the number of snowshoe hares have on the number
of lynx?
[1 mark]
0 3 . 6 Suggest one reason why the number of lynx decreased from 1915 to 1919.
Use information from Figure 5 .
[1 mark]
0 3 . 7 When the snowshoe hare eats grass, about 90% of the biomass of the grass is lost.
Give two ways the biomass is lost.
[2 marks]
1
2
13
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PMT 18 Do not write outside the 0 4 Some farmers keep cows indoors in large sheds. box Other farmers keep cows outdoors in fields of grass. Figure 6 shows cows being kept indoors and outdoors. Figure 6 Table 3 shows the energy inputs and energy outputs for keeping cows. Table 3 Energy in kJ/m 2 /year Indoors Outdoors Input as food 10 000 5 950 Input as fossil fuel 6 000 50 Output as meat and milk 40 2 0 4 . 1 Calculate the total energy input for keeping cows outdoors . Use data from Table 3 . [1 mark] Total energy input = kJ/m 2 /year * 18 * IB/M/Jun23/8461/2F

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18
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0 4 Some farmers keep cows indoors in large sheds. box
Other farmers keep cows outdoors in fields of grass.
Figure 6 shows cows being kept indoors and outdoors.
Figure 6
Table 3 shows the energy inputs and energy outputs for keeping cows.
Table 3
Energy in kJ/m 2 /year
Indoors Outdoors
Input as food 10 000 5 950
Input as fossil fuel 6 000 50
Output as meat and milk 40 2
0 4 . 1 Calculate the total energy input for keeping cows outdoors .
Use data from Table 3 .
[1 mark]
Total energy input = kJ/m 2 /year
* 18 *
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PMT 19 Do not write outside the 0 4 . 2 The total energy input for keeping cows indoors is 16 000 kJ/m 2 /year. box Calculate the percentage efficiency of keeping cows indoors . Use the equation: energy output percentage efficiency = × 100 total energy input [2 marks] Percentage efficiency = % 0 4 . 3 The percentage efficiency of keeping cows outdoors is 0.03%. Why is it more energy efficient to keep cows indoors than to keep cows outdoors? [2 marks] Tick (  ) two boxes. Cows are more stressed indoors . Cows move less indoors. It is noisier indoors. It is warmer indoors. There is less light indoors. Diseases in cows can cause problems for farmers . 0 4 . 4 Suggest why diseases spread more quickly when the cows are kept indoors. [1 mark] Turn over ► * 19 * IB/M/Jun23/8461/2F

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19
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0 4 . 2 The total energy input for keeping cows indoors is 16 000 kJ/m 2 /year. box
Calculate the percentage efficiency of keeping cows indoors .
Use the equation:
energy output
percentage efficiency = × 100
total energy input
[2 marks]
Percentage efficiency = %
0 4 . 3 The percentage efficiency of keeping cows outdoors is 0.03%.
Why is it more energy efficient to keep cows indoors than to keep cows outdoors?
[2 marks]
Tick (  ) two boxes.
Cows are more stressed indoors .
Cows move less indoors.
It is noisier indoors.
It is warmer indoors.
There is less light indoors.
Diseases in cows can cause problems for farmers .
0 4 . 4 Suggest why diseases spread more quickly when the cows are kept indoors.
[1 mark]
Turn over ►
* 19 *
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PMT 20 Do not write outside the One species of bacterium causes a disease in cows. box Scientists investigated the effect of eight different antibiotics on the growth of this species of bacterium. The scientists put discs containing the different antibiotics onto a Petri dish containing the bacteria. Antibiotics A to H were used in the investigation. Figure 7 shows what the Petri dish looked like after 2 days. Figure 7 0 4 . 5 This species of bacterium is resistant to some of the antibiotics. Give the letter of one antibiotic the bacterium is resistant to. [1 mark] * 20 * IB/M/Jun23/8461/2F

PMT
20
Do not write
outside the
One species of bacterium causes a disease in cows. box
Scientists investigated the effect of eight different antibiotics on the growth of this
species of bacterium.
The scientists put discs containing the different antibiotics onto a Petri dish containing
the bacteria.
Antibiotics A to H were used in the investigation.
Figure 7 shows what the Petri dish looked like after 2 days.
Figure 7
0 4 . 5 This species of bacterium is resistant to some of the antibiotics.
Give the letter of one antibiotic the bacterium is resistant to.
[1 mark]
* 20 *
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PMT 21 Do not write outside the 0 4 . 6 Complete the sentence. box Choose the answer from the box. [1 mark] carbohydrate DNA lipid Antibiotic resistance in a single bacterium is caused by a change in the bacterium’s . 0 4 . 7 Complete the sentence. Choose the answer from the box. [1 mark] excretion feeding reproduction A change in one bacterium can cause millions of bacteria to become resistant to the antibiotic. This is because bacteria have a high rate of . 0 4 . 8 Suggest why the production of millions of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is a problem for farmers. [2 marks] 11 Turn over for the next question Turn over ► * 21 * IB/M/Jun23/8461/2F

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21
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0 4 . 6 Complete the sentence. box
Choose the answer from the box.
[1 mark]
carbohydrate DNA lipid
Antibiotic resistance in a single bacterium is caused by a change in the
bacterium’s .
0 4 . 7 Complete the sentence.
Choose the answer from the box.
[1 mark]
excretion feeding reproduction
A change in one bacterium can cause millions of bacteria to become resistant to
the antibiotic.
This is because bacteria have a high rate of .
0 4 . 8 Suggest why the production of millions of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is a problem
for farmers.
[2 marks]
11
Turn over for the next question
Turn over ►
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PMT 22 Do not write outside the 0 5 Bacteria are one type of organism that cause decay. box 0 5 . 1 Which other type of organism causes decay? [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. Fungi Plants Viruses Students investigated the effect of temperature on the decay of milk. The decay was caused by bacteria in the milk. Figure 8 shows the apparatus used. Figure 8 This is the method used . 1. Set up the apparatus as shown in Figure 8 with the milk at 20 ° C. 2. Record the pH each day for 7 days. 3. Repeat with more samples of milk at 5 ° C and at 30 ° C. * 22 * IB/M/Jun23/8461/2F

PMT
22
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0 5 Bacteria are one type of organism that cause decay. box
0 5 . 1 Which other type of organism causes decay?
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
Fungi
Plants
Viruses
Students investigated the effect of temperature on the decay of milk.
The decay was caused by bacteria in the milk.
Figure 8 shows the apparatus used.
Figure 8
This is the method used .
1. Set up the apparatus as shown in Figure 8 with the milk at 20 ° C.
2. Record the pH each day for 7 days.
3. Repeat with more samples of milk at 5 ° C and at 30 ° C.
* 22 *
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PMT 23 Do not write outside the 0 5 . 2 What was the dependent variable in the investigation? box [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. The pH of the milk The type of milk The volume of the milk 0 5 . 3 How could the students keep the milk at 30 ° C for 7 days? [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. Put a lid on the beaker. Put the beaker in a water bath. Stir the milk continuously. Wrap cloth around the beaker. 0 5 . 4 As the milk decays, the bacteria digest fats in the milk. What type of acid is produced by digestion of fats in the milk? [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. Amino acid Fatty acid Hydrochloric acid Question 5 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 23 * IB/M/Jun23/8461/2F

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23
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0 5 . 2 What was the dependent variable in the investigation? box
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
The pH of the milk
The type of milk
The volume of the milk
0 5 . 3 How could the students keep the milk at 30 ° C for 7 days?
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
Put a lid on the beaker.
Put the beaker in a water bath.
Stir the milk continuously.
Wrap cloth around the beaker.
0 5 . 4 As the milk decays, the bacteria digest fats in the milk.
What type of acid is produced by digestion of fats in the milk?
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
Amino acid
Fatty acid
Hydrochloric acid
Question 5 continues on the next page
Turn over ►
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PMT 24 Do not write outside the Figure 9 shows the results. box Figure 9 0 5 . 5 Why did the pH not fall below pH 4.5 at 20 ° C? [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. All the fat had been digested. The reaction was too fast. The temperature was too low. * 24 * IB/M/Jun23/8461/2F

PMT
24
Do not write
outside the
Figure 9 shows the results. box
Figure 9
0 5 . 5 Why did the pH not fall below pH 4.5 at 20 ° C?
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
All the fat had been digested.
The reaction was too fast.
The temperature was too low.
* 24 *
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PMT 25 Do not write outside the The digestion of fat was fastest at 30 ° C and slowest at 5 ° C. box 0 5 . 6 Give one reason why the rate of digestion was faster at 30 ° C than at 5 ° C. [1 mark] 0 5 . 7 Calculate the rate of digestion at 30 °C from day 2 to day 3. Complete the following calculation. Use data from Figure 9 . [2 marks] At 30 ° C, the pH at day 2 = At 30 ° C, the pH at day 3 = Therefore the fall in pH at 30 ° C from day 2 to day 3 = pH units/day 0 5 . 8 The rate of digestion at 5°C from day 2 to day 3 is 0.1 pH units/day. How many times faster is the rate of digestion at 30°C than the rate of digestion at 5°C from day 2 to day 3? [2 marks] Use your answer to Question 05.7 . 10 Rate at 30 ° C is times faster Turn over for the next question Turn over ► * 25 * IB/M/Jun23/8461/2F

PMT
25
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The digestion of fat was fastest at 30 ° C and slowest at 5 ° C. box
0 5 . 6 Give one reason why the rate of digestion was faster at 30 ° C than at 5 ° C.
[1 mark]
0 5 . 7 Calculate the rate of digestion at 30 °C from day 2 to day 3.
Complete the following calculation.
Use data from Figure 9 .
[2 marks]
At 30 ° C, the pH at day 2 =
At 30 ° C, the pH at day 3 =
Therefore the fall in pH at 30 ° C from day 2 to day 3 = pH units/day
0 5 . 8 The rate of digestion at 5°C from day 2 to day 3 is 0.1 pH units/day.
How many times faster is the rate of digestion at 30°C than the rate of digestion at
5°C from day 2 to day 3?
[2 marks]
Use your answer to Question 05.7 .
Rate at 30 ° C is times faster 10
Turn over for the next question
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PMT 26 Do not write outside the 0 6 The kidneys filter the blood. box Figure 10 shows filtration in the kidney. Figure 10 0 6 . 1 Glucose molecules are found in the blood plasma and in the filtrate. Protein molecules are only found in the blood plasma. Draw one line from each substance to the reason for where the substance is found. [2 marks] Substance Reason The molecules are too large to pass through the filter Glucose The molecules are small enough to pass through the filter Protein The molecules are too small to pass through the filter * 26 * IB/M/Jun23/8461/2F

PMT
26
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0 6 The kidneys filter the blood. box
Figure 10 shows filtration in the kidney.
Figure 10
0 6 . 1 Glucose molecules are found in the blood plasma and in the filtrate.
Protein molecules are only found in the blood plasma.
Draw one line from each substance to the reason for where the substance is found.
[2 marks]
Substance Reason
The molecules are too large to
pass through the filter
Glucose
The molecules are small enough to
pass through the filter
Protein
The molecules are too small to
pass through the filter
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PMT 27 Do not write outside the 0 6 . 2 The kidneys control the volume of water in the body. box Table 4 shows information about a person on one day. Table 4 Volume in dm 3 Water filtered from blood 160.0 Water lost in urine 1.9 Calculate the volume of water reabsorbed into the blood. [ 1 mark] Volume = dm 3 Question 6 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 27 * IB/M/Jun23/8461/2F

PMT
27
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0 6 . 2 The kidneys control the volume of water in the body. box
Table 4 shows information about a person on one day.
Table 4
Volume in dm 3
Water filtered from blood 160.0
Water lost in urine 1.9
Calculate the volume of water reabsorbed into the blood.
[ 1 mark]
Volume = dm 3
Question 6 continues on the next page
Turn over ►
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PMT 28 Do not write outside the 0 6 . 3 A person with kidney disease may be treated by dialysis or by having a box kidney transplant. Figure 11 gives information about dialysis and kidney transplants. Figure 11 Dialysis • A person needs 3 dialysis sessions a week, with each session lasting about 8 hours. • Most patients have dialysis in hospital. • Protein and salt levels in food must be kept low. • Dialysis costs £35 000 per year for each patient. Kidney transplant • In a surgical operation the use of a general anaesthetic can occasionally cause damage to other organs. • After a transplant the patient must take drugs for the rest of their life to suppress the immune system. • A transplant costs £17 000 in the first year and then £5 000 in each of the following years for drugs. • The transplanted kidney will work well for about 10 years. * 28 * IB/M/Jun23/8461/2F

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0 6 . 3 A person with kidney disease may be treated by dialysis or by having a box
kidney transplant.
Figure 11 gives information about dialysis and kidney transplants.
Figure 11
Dialysis
• A person needs 3 dialysis sessions a week, with each session lasting
about 8 hours.
• Most patients have dialysis in hospital.
• Protein and salt levels in food must be kept low.
• Dialysis costs £35 000 per year for each patient.
Kidney transplant
• In a surgical operation the use of a general anaesthetic can occasionally
cause damage to other organs.
• After a transplant the patient must take drugs for the rest of their life to
suppress the immune system.
• A transplant costs £17 000 in the first year and then £5 000 in each of the
following years for drugs.
• The transplanted kidney will work well for about 10 years.
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PMT 29 Do not write outside the A doctor states: box ‘It is better to treat a person with kidney disease by using a kidney transplant rather than by dialysis.’ Evaluate the doctor’s statement. Use information from Figure 11 . [6 marks] Question 6 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 29 * IB/M/Jun23/8461/2F

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A doctor states: box
‘It is better to treat a person with kidney disease by using
a kidney transplant rather than by dialysis.’
Evaluate the doctor’s statement.
Use information from Figure 11 .
[6 marks]
Question 6 continues on the next page
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PMT 30 Do not write outside the 0 6 . 4 A kidney transplant costs £17 000 in the first year and then £5 000 in each of the box following years for drugs. Calculate the total cost of treatment by kidney transplant over the first 5 years. [3 marks] 12 Total cost = £ * 30 * IB/M/Jun23/8461/2F

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0 6 . 4 A kidney transplant costs £17 000 in the first year and then £5 000 in each of the box
following years for drugs.
Calculate the total cost of treatment by kidney transplant over the first 5 years.
[3 marks]
12
Total cost = £
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PMT 31 Do not write outside the 0 7 Many different species can live together in the same habitat. box 0 7 . 1 What name is given to all of the organisms living in the same habitat? [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. A community A food chain A population An ecosystem Question 7 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 31 * IB/M/Jun23/8461/2F

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0 7 Many different species can live together in the same habitat. box
0 7 . 1 What name is given to all of the organisms living in the same habitat?
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
A community
A food chain
A population
An ecosystem
Question 7 continues on the next page
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PMT 32 Do not write outside the Figure 12 shows four species of bird from the same habitat in the UK. box Figure 12 Brambling ( Fringilla montifringilla ) Bullfinch ( Pyrrhula pyrrhula ) Chaffinch ( Fringilla coelebs ) Goldfinch ( Carduelis carduelis ) * 32 * IB/M/Jun23/8461/2F

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Figure 12 shows four species of bird from the same habitat in the UK. box
Figure 12
Brambling ( Fringilla montifringilla ) Bullfinch ( Pyrrhula pyrrhula )
Chaffinch ( Fringilla coelebs ) Goldfinch ( Carduelis carduelis )
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PMT 33 Do not write outside the 0 7 . 2 Which species of bird in Figure 12 do scientists think are most closely related? box [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. Brambling and chaffinch Brambling and goldfinch Bullfinch and chaffinch Bullfinch and goldfinch 0 7 . 3 Scientists think the brambling and the bullfinch belong to different species. What evidence is used by scientists to classify the brambling and the bullfinch as different species? [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. The brambling and the bullfinch are different sizes. The brambling and the bullfinch cannot breed together to give fertile offspring. The brambling and the bullfinch live in different parts of the habitat. The brambling eats mainly seeds and the bullfinch eats mainly insects. Question 7 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 33 * IB/M/Jun23/8461/2F

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0 7 . 2 Which species of bird in Figure 12 do scientists think are most closely related? box
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
Brambling and chaffinch
Brambling and goldfinch
Bullfinch and chaffinch
Bullfinch and goldfinch
0 7 . 3 Scientists think the brambling and the bullfinch belong to different species.
What evidence is used by scientists to classify the brambling and the bullfinch as
different species?
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
The brambling and the bullfinch are different sizes.
The brambling and the bullfinch cannot breed together to give fertile
offspring.
The brambling and the bullfinch live in different parts of the habitat.
The brambling eats mainly seeds and the bullfinch eats mainly insects.
Question 7 continues on the next page
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PMT 34 Do not write outside the Four other species of bird ( A , B , C and D ) live in a habitat in the UK. box Figure 13 shows how the numbers of each species of bird varied during one year. Figure 13 Use information from Figure 13 to answer Questions 0 7 .4 to 0 7 . 6 0 7 . 4 Describe what happens to the number of birds of species A during the year. [ 3 marks] * 34 * IB/M/Jun23/8461/2F

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Four other species of bird ( A , B , C and D ) live in a habitat in the UK. box
Figure 13 shows how the numbers of each species of bird varied during one year.
Figure 13
Use information from Figure 13 to answer Questions 0 7 .4 to 0 7 . 6
0 7 . 4 Describe what happens to the number of birds of species A during the year.
[ 3 marks]
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PMT 35 Do not write outside the 0 7 . 5 In June and July, a disease affected the populations of some of the species. box Which species had the lowest resistance to the disease? [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. A B C D 0 7 One species migrates between the UK and other countries. . 6 Which species migrates between the UK and other countries? Give a reason for your answer. [1 mark] Species Reason 8 Turn over for the next question Turn over ► * 35 * IB/M/Jun23/8461/2F

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0 7 . 5 In June and July, a disease affected the populations of some of the species. box
Which species had the lowest resistance to the disease?
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
A B C D
0 7 . 6 One species migrates between the UK and other countries.
Which species migrates between the UK and other countries?
Give a reason for your answer.
[1 mark]
Species
Reason
8
Turn over for the next question
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PMT 36 Do not write outside the 0 8 A person’s eyes can focus on objects at different distances. box A person looks at a distant object. The person then looks at a near object. The person’s eyes make adjustments so that the near object forms a clear image. 0 8 . 1 Which term describes the adjustment of focus from the distant object to the near object? [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. Accommodation Adaptation Hyperopia Myopia Figure 14 shows the eye. Figure 14 . * 36 * IB/M/Jun23/8461/2F

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0 8 A person’s eyes can focus on objects at different distances. box
A person looks at a distant object.
The person then looks at a near object.
The person’s eyes make adjustments so that the near object forms a clear image.
0 8 . 1 Which term describes the adjustment of focus from the distant object to the
near object?
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
Accommodation
Adaptation
Hyperopia
Myopia
Figure 14 shows the eye.
Figure 14
.
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PMT 37 Do not write outside the 0 8 . 2 Which structure in Figure 14 is where the image is focused ? box [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. A B C D E 0 8 . 3 Which structure in Figure 14 is a muscle that contracts when focusing on a near object ? [1 mark] Tick (  ) one box. A B C D E 0 8 . 4 What happens to the shape of the lens when focusing on a near object? [1 mark] 0 8 . 5 The eyes can function in dimly-lit areas and in brightly-lit areas. The iris contains muscles. Describe how muscles in the iris help the person to see clearly when moving from a dimly-lit area to a brightly-lit area. [2 marks] Question 8 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 37 * IB/M/Jun23/8461/2F

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0 8 . 2 Which structure in Figure 14 is where the image is focused ? box
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
A B C D E
0 8 . 3 Which structure in Figure 14 is a muscle that contracts when focusing on a
near object ?
[1 mark]
Tick (  ) one box.
A B C D E
0 8 . 4 What happens to the shape of the lens when focusing on a near object?
[1 mark]
0 8 . 5 The eyes can function in dimly-lit areas and in brightly-lit areas.
The iris contains muscles.
Describe how muscles in the iris help the person to see clearly when moving from a
dimly-lit area to a brightly-lit area.
[2 marks]
Question 8 continues on the next page
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PMT 38 Do not write outside the 0 8 . 6 It is important to be able to react quickly. box Many people think that drinking coffee decreases reaction time. Plan an investigation to test the effect of drinking coffee on reaction time. You should include: • the test for reaction time that you would use • how to make the investigation valid. [4 marks] 10 * 38 * IB/M/Jun23/8461/2F

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0 8 . 6 It is important to be able to react quickly. box
Many people think that drinking coffee decreases reaction time.
Plan an investigation to test the effect of drinking coffee on reaction time.
You should include:
• the test for reaction time that you would use
• how to make the investigation valid.
[4 marks]
10
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PMT 39 Do not write outside the Turn over for the next question box DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED Turn over ► * 39 * IB/M/Jun23/8461/2F

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Turn over for the next question box
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE
ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED
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PMT 40 Do not write outside the 0 9 Reproduction can produce offspring which are: box • genetically different or • genetically identical . Farmers grow tomato plants in greenhouses. The tomatoes are sold in supermarkets. 0 9 . 1 Suggest one advantage of growing tomato plants that are genetically different. [1 mark] 0 9 . 2 Suggest one advantage of growing tomato plants that are genetically identical. [1 mark] 0 9 . 3 Scientists can grow genetically identical tomato plants using tissue culture. What is tissue culture? [1 mark] 0 9 . 4 Genetically identical tomato plants growing in the same garden do not all grow to the same height. Give one reason why. [1 mark] * 40 * IB/M/Jun23/8461/2F

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0 9 Reproduction can produce offspring which are: box
• genetically different
or
• genetically identical .
Farmers grow tomato plants in greenhouses.
The tomatoes are sold in supermarkets.
0 9 . 1 Suggest one advantage of growing tomato plants that are genetically different.
[1 mark]
0 9 . 2 Suggest one advantage of growing tomato plants that are genetically identical.
[1 mark]
0 9 . 3 Scientists can grow genetically identical tomato plants using tissue culture.
What is tissue culture?
[1 mark]
0 9 . 4 Genetically identical tomato plants growing in the same garden do not all grow to the
same height.
Give one reason why.
[1 mark]
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PMT 41 Do not write outside the The sex of dogs is determined by X and Y chromosomes in the same way as box in humans. 0 9 . 5 Complete the Punnett square diagram in Figure 15 to show the inheritance of sex in dogs. Use the symbols X and Y . [3 marks] Figure 15 Female Male 0 9 . 6 A female dog gave birth to six offspring. Why would you expect there to be three male offspring and three female offspring? Use your answer to Question 09.5 . [1 mark] Question 9 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 41 * IB/M/Jun23/8461/2F

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The sex of dogs is determined by X and Y chromosomes in the same way as box
in humans.
0 9 . 5 Complete the Punnett square diagram in Figure 15 to show the inheritance of sex
in dogs.
Use the symbols X and Y .
[3 marks]
Figure 15
Female
Male
0 9 . 6 A female dog gave birth to six offspring.
Why would you expect there to be three male offspring and three female offspring?
Use your answer to Question 09.5 .
[1 mark]
Question 9 continues on the next page
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PMT 42 Do not write outside the Farmers keep chickens for: box • meat production • egg production. Some varieties of chicken grow more quickly and are more suitable for meat production. Other varieties of chicken produce more eggs. A farmer keeps two varieties of chicken, A and B . The farmer investigated the growth rates and egg-production rates of both varieties. Figure 16 shows the results. Figure 16 0 9 . 7 Suggest two control variables the farmer should have used in this investigation. [2 marks] 1 2 * 42 * IB/M/Jun23/8461/2F

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Farmers keep chickens for: box
• meat production
• egg production.
Some varieties of chicken grow more quickly and are more suitable for
meat production.
Other varieties of chicken produce more eggs.
A farmer keeps two varieties of chicken, A and B .
The farmer investigated the growth rates and egg-production rates of both varieties.
Figure 16 shows the results.
Figure 16
0 9 . 7 Suggest two control variables the farmer should have used in this investigation.
[2 marks]
1
2
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PMT 43 Do not write outside the 0 9 . 8 Figure 16 shows mean values from 500 chickens of each variety. box Give the reason the farmer used a large number of chickens. [ 1 mark] 0 9 . 9 The farmer wants to produce a new variety of chicken that is good for both meat production and egg production. Describe how selective breeding of chicken varieties A and B can produce the new variety of chicken. [4 marks] 15 END OF QUESTIONS * 43 * IB/M/Jun23/8461/2F

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0 9 . 8 Figure 16 shows mean values from 500 chickens of each variety. box
Give the reason the farmer used a large number of chickens.
[ 1 mark]
0 9 . 9 The farmer wants to produce a new variety of chicken that is good for both meat
production and egg production.
Describe how selective breeding of chicken varieties A and B can produce the new
variety of chicken.
[4 marks]
15
END OF QUESTIONS
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PMT 44 Do not write outside the There are no questions printed on this page box DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED * 44 * IB/M/Jun23/8461/2F

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DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE
ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED
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PMT 45 Do not write outside the box Question Additional page, if required. number Write the question numbers in the left-hand margin. * 45 * IB/M/Jun23/8461/2F

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Question Additional page, if required. box
number Write the question numbers in the left-hand margin.
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PMT 46 Do not write outside the box Question Additional page, if required. number Write the question numbers in the left-hand margin. * 46 * IB/M/Jun23/8461/2F

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Question Additional page, if required.
number Write the question numbers in the left-hand margin.
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PMT 47 Do not write outside the box Question Additional page, if required. number Write the question numbers in the left-hand margin. * 47 * IB/M/Jun23/8461/2F

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Question Additional page, if required. box
number Write the question numbers in the left-hand margin.
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PMT 48 Do not write outside the There are no questions printed on this page box DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED Copyright information For confidentiality purposes, all acknowledgements of third-party copyright material are published in a separate booklet. This booklet is published after each live examination series and is available for free download from www.aqa.org.uk. Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for. In some cases, efforts to contact copyright-holders may have been unsuccessful and AQA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgements. If you have any queries please contact the Copyright Team. Copyright © 2023 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved. * 236g 8461/2F * * 48 * IB/M/Jun23/8461/2F

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There are no questions printed on this page box
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ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED
Copyright information
For confidentiality purposes, all acknowledgements of third-party copyright material are published in a separate booklet. This booklet is published after
each live examination series and is available for free download from www.aqa.org.uk.
Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for. In some cases, efforts to contact copyright-holders may have been unsuccessful
and AQA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgements. If you have any queries please contact the Copyright Team.
Copyright © 2023 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved.
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June 2023 QP