PMT PMT GCSE BIOLOGY 8461/2F - PAPER 2 FOUNDATION TIER Mark scheme 8461 June 2018 Version/Stage: 1.1 Final

PMT PMT
GCSE
BIOLOGY
8461/2F - PAPER 2 FOUNDATION TIER
Mark scheme
8461
June 2018
Version/Stage: 1.1 Final

PMT PMT Mark schemes are prepared by the Lead Assessment Writer and considered, together with the relevant questions, by a panel of subject teachers. This mark scheme includes any amendments made at the standardisation events which all associates participate in and is the scheme which was used by them in this examination. The standardisation process ensures that the mark scheme covers the students’ responses to questions and that every associate understands and applies it in the same correct way. As preparation for standardisation each associate analyses a number of students’ scripts. Alternative answers not already covered by the mark scheme are discussed and legislated for. If, after the standardisation process, associates encounter unusual answers which have not been raised they are required to refer these to the Lead Assessment Writer. It must be stressed that a mark scheme is a working document, in many cases further developed and expanded on the basis of students’ reactions to a particular paper. Assumptions about future mark schemes on the basis of one year’s document should be avoided; whilst the guiding principles of assessment remain constant, details will change, depending on the content of a particular examination paper. Further copies of this mark scheme are available from aqa.org.uk Copyright © 2018 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved. AQA retains the copyright on all its publications. However, registered schools/colleges for AQA are permitted to copy material from this booklet for their own internal use, with the following important exception: AQA cannot give permission to schools/colleges to photocopy any material that is acknowledged to a third party even for internal use within the centre.

PMT PMT
Mark schemes are prepared by the Lead Assessment Writer and considered, together with the relevant
questions, by a panel of subject teachers. This mark scheme includes any amendments made at the
standardisation events which all associates participate in and is the scheme which was used by them in
this examination. The standardisation process ensures that the mark scheme covers the students’
responses to questions and that every associate understands and applies it in the same correct way.
As preparation for standardisation each associate analyses a number of students’ scripts. Alternative
answers not already covered by the mark scheme are discussed and legislated for. If, after the
standardisation process, associates encounter unusual answers which have not been raised they are
required to refer these to the Lead Assessment Writer.
It must be stressed that a mark scheme is a working document, in many cases further developed and
expanded on the basis of students’ reactions to a particular paper. Assumptions about future mark
schemes on the basis of one year’s document should be avoided; whilst the guiding principles of
assessment remain constant, details will change, depending on the content of a particular examination
paper.
Further copies of this mark scheme are available from aqa.org.uk
Copyright © 2018 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved.
AQA retains the copyright on all its publications. However, registered schools/colleges for AQA are permitted to copy material from this booklet
for their own internal use, with the following important exception: AQA cannot give permission to schools/colleges to photocopy any material that
is acknowledged to a third party even for internal use within the centre.

PMT PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2018 Information to Examiners 1. General The mark scheme for each question shows: • the marks available for each part of the question • the total marks available for the question • the typical answer or answers which are expected • extra information to help the Examiner make his or her judgement • the Assessment Objectives and specification content that each question is intended to cover. The extra information is aligned to the appropriate answer in the left-hand part of the mark scheme and should only be applied to that item in the mark scheme. At the beginning of a part of a question a reminder may be given, for example: where consequential marking needs to be considered in a calculation; or the answer may be on the diagram or at a different place on the script. In general the right-hand side of the mark scheme is there to provide those extra details which confuse the main part of the mark scheme yet may be helpful in ensuring that marking is straightforward and consistent. 2. Emboldening and underlining 2.1 In a list of acceptable answers where more than one mark is available ‘any two from’ is used, with the number of marks emboldened. Each of the following bullet points is a potential mark. 2.2 A bold and is used to indicate that both parts of the answer are required to award the mark. 2.3 Alternative answers acceptable for a mark are indicated by the use of or . Different terms in the mark scheme are shown by a / ; eg allow smooth / free movement. 2.4 Any wording that is underlined is essential for the marking point to be awarded. 3

PMT PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2018
Information to Examiners
1. General
The mark scheme for each question shows:
• the marks available for each part of the question
• the total marks available for the question
• the typical answer or answers which are expected
• extra information to help the Examiner make his or her judgement
• the Assessment Objectives and specification content that each question is intended to cover.
The extra information is aligned to the appropriate answer in the left-hand part of the mark scheme and
should only be applied to that item in the mark scheme.
At the beginning of a part of a question a reminder may be given, for example: where consequential
marking needs to be considered in a calculation; or the answer may be on the diagram or at a different
place on the script.
In general the right-hand side of the mark scheme is there to provide those extra details which confuse
the main part of the mark scheme yet may be helpful in ensuring that marking is straightforward and
consistent.
2. Emboldening and underlining
2.1 In a list of acceptable answers where more than one mark is available ‘any two from’ is used, with
the number of marks emboldened. Each of the following bullet points is a
potential mark.
2.2 A bold and is used to indicate that both parts of the answer are required to award the mark.
2.3 Alternative answers acceptable for a mark are indicated by the use of or . Different terms in the
mark scheme are shown by a / ; eg allow smooth / free movement.
2.4 Any wording that is underlined is essential for the marking point to be awarded.
3

PMT PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2018 3. Marking points 3.1 Marking of lists This applies to questions requiring a set number of responses, but for which students have provided extra responses. The general principle to be followed in such a situation is that ‘right + wrong = wrong’. Each error / contradiction negates each correct response. So, if the number of error / contradictions equals or exceeds the number of marks available for the question, no marks can be awarded. However, responses considered to be neutral (indicated as * in example 1) are not penalised. Example 1: What is the pH of an acidic solution? [1 mark] Student Response Marks awarded 1 green, 5 0 2 red*, 5 1 3 red*, 8 0 Example 2: Name two planets in the solar system. [2 marks] Student Response Marks awarded 1 Neptune, Mars, Moon 1 2 Neptune, Sun, Mars, 0 Moon 3.2 Use of chemical symbols / formulae If a student writes a chemical symbol / formula instead of a required chemical name, full credit can be given if the symbol / formula is correct and if, in the context of the question, such action is appropriate. 3.3 Marking procedure for calculations Marks should be awarded for each stage of the calculation completed correctly, as students are instructed to show their working. Full marks can, however, be given for a correct numerical answer, without any working shown. 3.4 Interpretation of ‘it’ Answers using the word ‘it’ should be given credit only if it is clear that the ‘it’ refers to the correct subject. 4

PMT PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2018
3. Marking points
3.1 Marking of lists
This applies to questions requiring a set number of responses, but for which students have
provided extra responses. The general principle to be followed in such a situation is that ‘right +
wrong = wrong’.
Each error / contradiction negates each correct response. So, if the number of error /
contradictions equals or exceeds the number of marks available for the question, no marks can be
awarded.
However, responses considered to be neutral (indicated as * in example 1) are not penalised.
Example 1: What is the pH of an acidic solution?
[1 mark]
Student Response Marks
awarded
1 green, 5 0
2 red*, 5 1
3 red*, 8 0
Example 2: Name two planets in the solar system.
[2 marks]
Student Response Marks awarded
1 Neptune, Mars, Moon 1
2 Neptune, Sun, Mars, 0
Moon
3.2 Use of chemical symbols / formulae
If a student writes a chemical symbol / formula instead of a required chemical name, full credit can
be given if the symbol / formula is correct and if, in the context of the question, such action is
appropriate.
3.3 Marking procedure for calculations
Marks should be awarded for each stage of the calculation completed correctly, as students are
instructed to show their working. Full marks can, however, be given for a correct numerical
answer, without any working shown.
3.4 Interpretation of ‘it’
Answers using the word ‘it’ should be given credit only if it is clear that the ‘it’ refers to the correct
subject.
4

PMT PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2018 3.5 Errors carried forward Any error in the answers to a structured question should be penalised once only. Papers should be constructed in such a way that the number of times errors can be carried forward is kept to a minimum. Allowances for errors carried forward are most likely to be restricted to calculation questions and should be shown by the abbreviation ecf in the mark scheme. 3.6 Phonetic spelling The phonetic spelling of correct scientific terminology should be credited unless there is a possible confusion with another technical term. 3.7 Brackets (…..) are used to indicate information which is not essential for the mark to be awarded but is included to help the examiner identify the sense of the answer required. 3.8 Allow In the mark scheme additional information, ‘allow’ is used to indicate creditworthy alternative answers. 3.9 Ignore Ignore is used when the information given is irrelevant to the question or not enough to gain the marking point. Any further correct amplification could gain the marking point. 3.10 Do not accept Do not accept means that this is a wrong answer which, even if the correct answer is given as well, will still mean that the mark is not awarded. 4. Level of response marking instructions Extended response questions are marked on level of response mark schemes. • Level of response mark schemes are broken down into levels, each of which has a descriptor. • The descriptor for the level shows the average performance for the level. • There are two marks in each level. Before you apply the mark scheme to a student’s answer, read through the answer and annotate it (as instructed) to show the qualities that are being looked for. You can then apply the mark scheme. 5

PMT PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2018
3.5 Errors carried forward
Any error in the answers to a structured question should be penalised once only.
Papers should be constructed in such a way that the number of times errors can be carried forward
is kept to a minimum. Allowances for errors carried forward are most likely to be restricted to
calculation questions and should be shown by the abbreviation ecf in the mark scheme.
3.6 Phonetic spelling
The phonetic spelling of correct scientific terminology should be credited unless there is a possible
confusion with another technical term.
3.7 Brackets
(…..) are used to indicate information which is not essential for the mark to be awarded but is
included to help the examiner identify the sense of the answer required.
3.8 Allow
In the mark scheme additional information, ‘allow’ is used to indicate creditworthy
alternative answers.
3.9 Ignore
Ignore is used when the information given is irrelevant to the question or not enough to gain the
marking point. Any further correct amplification could gain the marking point.
3.10 Do not accept
Do not accept means that this is a wrong answer which, even if the correct answer is given as
well, will still mean that the mark is not awarded.
4. Level of response marking instructions
Extended response questions are marked on level of response mark schemes.
• Level of response mark schemes are broken down into levels, each of which has a descriptor.
• The descriptor for the level shows the average performance for the level.
• There are two marks in each level.
Before you apply the mark scheme to a student’s answer, read through the answer and annotate it
(as instructed) to show the qualities that are being looked for. You can then apply the mark scheme.
5

PMT PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2018 Step 1: Determine a level Start at the lowest level of the mark scheme and use it as a ladder to see whether the answer meets the descriptor for that level. The descriptor for the level indicates the different qualities that might be seen in the student’s answer for that level. If it meets the lowest level then go to the next one and decide if it meets this level, and so on, until you have a match between the level descriptor and the answer. When assigning a level you should look at the overall quality of the answer. Do not look to penalise small and specific parts of the answer where the student has not performed quite as well as the rest. If the answer covers different aspects of different levels of the mark scheme you should use a best fit approach for defining the level. Use the variability of the response to help decide the mark within the level, ie if the response is predominantly level 2 with a small amount of level 3 material it would be placed in level 2 but be awarded a mark near the top of the level because of the level 3 content. Step 2: Determine a mark Once you have assigned a level you need to decide on the mark. The descriptors on how to allocate marks can help with this. The exemplar materials used during standardisation will help. There will be an answer in the standardising materials which will correspond with each level of the mark scheme. This answer will have been awarded a mark by the Lead Examiner. You can compare the student’s answer with the example to determine if it is the same standard, better or worse than the example. You can then use this to allocate a mark for the answer based on the Lead Examiner’s mark on the example. You may well need to read back through the answer as you apply the mark scheme to clarify points and assure yourself that the level and the mark are appropriate. Indicative content in the mark scheme is provided as a guide for examiners. It is not intended to be exhaustive and you must credit other valid points. Students do not have to cover all of the points mentioned in the indicative content to reach the highest level of the mark scheme. You should ignore any irrelevant points made. However, full marks can be awarded only if there are no incorrect statements that contradict a correct response. An answer which contains nothing of relevance to the question must be awarded no marks. 6

PMT PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2018
Step 1: Determine a level
Start at the lowest level of the mark scheme and use it as a ladder to see whether the answer meets
the descriptor for that level. The descriptor for the level indicates the different qualities that might be
seen in the student’s answer for that level. If it meets the lowest level then go to the next one and
decide if it meets this level, and so on, until you have a match between the level descriptor and the
answer.
When assigning a level you should look at the overall quality of the answer. Do not look to penalise
small and specific parts of the answer where the student has not performed quite as well as the rest.
If the answer covers different aspects of different levels of the mark scheme you should use a best
fit approach for defining the level.
Use the variability of the response to help decide the mark within the level, ie if the response is
predominantly level 2 with a small amount of level 3 material it would be placed in level 2 but be
awarded a mark near the top of the level because of the level 3 content.
Step 2: Determine a mark
Once you have assigned a level you need to decide on the mark. The descriptors on how to
allocate marks can help with this.
The exemplar materials used during standardisation will help. There will be an answer in the
standardising materials which will correspond with each level of the mark scheme. This answer will
have been awarded a mark by the Lead Examiner. You can compare the student’s answer with the
example to determine if it is the same standard, better or worse than the example. You can then
use this to allocate a mark for the answer based on the Lead Examiner’s mark on the example.
You may well need to read back through the answer as you apply the mark scheme to clarify points
and assure yourself that the level and the mark are appropriate.
Indicative content in the mark scheme is provided as a guide for examiners. It is not intended to be
exhaustive and you must credit other valid points. Students do not have to cover all of the points
mentioned in the indicative content to reach the highest level of the mark scheme.
You should ignore any irrelevant points made. However, full marks can be awarded only if there are
no incorrect statements that contradict a correct response.
An answer which contains nothing of relevance to the question must be awarded no marks.
6

PMT PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2018 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 01.1 extra line from a scientific term AO2 cancels the mark 1 4.7.4.1 1 1 01.2 an answer of 5 / 5.0 scores 2 AO2 marks 4.7.4.3 10 1 × 100 200 5 / 5.0 1 01.3 in this order only AO2 4.5.3.3 digestion 1 4.7.4.3 respiration 1 excretion 1 01.4 fewer are eaten (by small fish) allow there are fewer (small) fish 1 AO2 eating them 4.7.4.1 do not accept none are eaten Total 9 7

PMT PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2018
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
01.1 extra line from a scientific term AO2
cancels the mark 1 4.7.4.1
1
1
01.2 an answer of 5 / 5.0 scores 2 AO2
marks 4.7.4.3
10 1
× 100
200
5 / 5.0 1
01.3 in this order only AO2
4.5.3.3
digestion 1 4.7.4.3
respiration 1
excretion 1
01.4 fewer are eaten (by small fish) allow there are fewer (small) fish 1 AO2
eating them 4.7.4.1
do not accept none are eaten
Total 9
7

PMT PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2018 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 02.1 to allow implantation of the 1 AO1 embryo 4.5.3.4 02.2 1 AO1 oestrogen 4.5.3.4 02.3 13 / 14 / 15 / 16 allow any number in range 13 to 1 AO3 16 4.5.3.5 allow any range within these values eg 14‒16 02.4 extra line from a method cancels AO1 the mark 1 4.5.3.5 1 1 02.5 more reliable than diaphragm / allow fewer pregnancies than 1 AO3 spermicidal cream diaphragm / spermicidal cream 4.5.3.5 allow only 1 more pregnancy low chance of pregnancy than the pill (per 100 women per 1 year) allow almost as good as the pill allow reference to one named example no side effects 1 allow easy to get / buy allow easy to use allow prevent / reduce spread of STDs / gonorrhoea / HIV ignore cost Total 9 8

PMT PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2018
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
02.1 to allow implantation of the 1 AO1
embryo 4.5.3.4
02.2 1 AO1
oestrogen
4.5.3.4
02.3 13 / 14 / 15 / 16 allow any number in range 13 to 1 AO3
16 4.5.3.5
allow any range within these
values eg 14‒16
02.4 extra line from a method cancels AO1
the mark 1 4.5.3.5
1
1
02.5 more reliable than diaphragm / allow fewer pregnancies than 1 AO3
spermicidal cream diaphragm / spermicidal cream 4.5.3.5
allow only 1 more pregnancy
low chance of pregnancy than the pill (per 100 women per 1
year)
allow almost as good as the pill
allow reference to one named
example
no side effects 1
allow easy to get / buy
allow easy to use
allow prevent / reduce spread of
STDs / gonorrhoea / HIV
ignore cost
Total 9
8

PMT PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2018 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 03.1 (organism) soft-bodied allow lack hard parts / skeleton / 1 AO1 shell 4.6.3.5 allow (organism) eaten / decayed or (fossil) destroyed allow buried (very) deep allow they are (very) small 03.2 any two from: 2 AO2 • the fish (dies) buried in allow other examples of 4.6.3.5 sediment / sand / mud sediments do not accept rock(s) • (only) the soft parts decayed / eaten or the hard parts / bones did not decay or were not eaten allow description of • mineralisation occurred mineralisation eg bones turned to stone allow imprinted (in the sediment) 03.3 any two from: ignore pollution 2 AO1 • drought 4.6.3.6 • ice age / global warming • volcanic activity allow earthquakes / tsunami • asteroid / meteor collision • (new) predators allow hunters / poachers allow eaten • (new) disease / named pathogen • competition for food allow lack of food • competition for mates allow isolation or lack of mates • lack of habitat or habitat change if no other marks awarded allow natural disaster / climate change / weather change / catastrophic event / environmental change for 1 mark 9

PMT PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2018
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
03.1 (organism) soft-bodied allow lack hard parts / skeleton / 1 AO1
shell 4.6.3.5
allow (organism) eaten /
decayed
or
(fossil) destroyed allow buried (very) deep
allow they are (very) small
03.2 any two from: 2 AO2
• the fish (dies) buried in allow other examples of 4.6.3.5
sediment / sand / mud sediments
do not accept rock(s)
• (only) the soft parts
decayed / eaten
or the hard parts / bones
did not decay or were not
eaten
• mineralisation occurred allow description of
mineralisation eg bones turned
to stone
allow imprinted (in the sediment)
03.3 any two from: ignore pollution 2 AO1
• drought 4.6.3.6
• ice age / global warming
• volcanic activity allow earthquakes / tsunami
• asteroid / meteor collision
• (new) predators allow hunters / poachers
allow eaten
• (new) disease / named
pathogen
• competition for food allow lack of food
• competition for mates allow isolation or lack of mates
• lack of habitat or habitat
change
if no other marks awarded allow
natural disaster / climate change
/ weather change / catastrophic
event / environmental change
for 1 mark
9

PMT PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2018 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 03.4 a change in a gene 1 AO1 4.6.2.1 03.5 allow in terms of an example AO1 4.6 there is variation (between allow mutation 1 4.6.2.2 members of a species) 4.6.3.1 better adapted survive allow ‘survival of the fittest’ 1 (reproduce and) pass on ignore pass on characteristic(s) 1 (favourable) allele(s) / gene(s) / mutation(s) / DNA / genetic material Total 9 10

PMT PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2018
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
03.4 a change in a gene 1 AO1
4.6.2.1
03.5 allow in terms of an example AO1
4.6
there is variation (between allow mutation 1 4.6.2.2
members of a species) 4.6.3.1
better adapted survive allow ‘survival of the fittest’ 1
(reproduce and) pass on ignore pass on characteristic(s) 1
(favourable) allele(s) / gene(s) /
mutation(s) / DNA / genetic
material
Total 9
10

PMT PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2018 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 04.1 Gregor Mendel 1 AO1 4.6.3.3 04.2 DNA 1 AO1 4.6.3.3 04.3 when the dominant allele is not 1 AO1 present 4.6.1.6 04.4 tt allow homozygous recessive 1 AO2 4.6.1.6 04.5 all 3 correct = 2 marks 2 AO2 T t 2 correct = 1 mark 4.6.1.6 0 or 1 correct = 0 marks T TT Tt t Tt tt allow tT for Tt 04.6 circle drawn around either TT or allow circles drawn round both 1 AO2 tt on Figure 5 4.6.1.6 04.7 correct ratio from question 04.5 allow multiples of stated ratio 1 AO3 eg 3 : 1 allow 3 : 1 if no answer to 4.6.1.6 question 04.5 Total 8 11

PMT PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2018
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
04.1 Gregor Mendel 1 AO1
4.6.3.3
04.2 DNA 1 AO1
4.6.3.3
04.3 when the dominant allele is not 1 AO1
present 4.6.1.6
04.4 tt allow homozygous recessive 1 AO2
4.6.1.6
04.5 all 3 correct = 2 marks 2 AO2
T t
2 correct = 1 mark 4.6.1.6
0 or 1 correct = 0 marks
T TT Tt
t Tt tt
allow tT for Tt
04.6 circle drawn around either TT or allow circles drawn round both 1 AO2
tt on Figure 5 4.6.1.6
04.7 correct ratio from question 04.5 allow multiples of stated ratio 1 AO3
eg 3 : 1 allow 3 : 1 if no answer to 4.6.1.6
question 04.5
Total 8
11

PMT PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2018 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 05.1 pancreas 1 AO1 4.5.3.2 05.2 in this order AO1 liver 1 4.5.3.2 glycogen 1 05.3 would be digested / broken allow denatured (by acid) 1 AO2 down (by enzymes / protease / 4.2.2.1 pepsin / acid or to amino acids) 4.5.3.2 05.4 an answer of 7.4 scores 2 marks use of 14.2 and 6.8 1 AO2 4.5.3.2 7.4 allow an answer of 7.2 or 7.3 1 AO3 (using 14.1 and / or 6.9) for 1 4.5.3.2 mark 05.5 allow converse comparisons AO2 with person B as the subject 4.5.3.2 any one from: 1 • (person A’s) results are ignore A peaks at a higher level higher than B • (A) increases for a longer time or peaks later • (A) takes longer to decrease or takes longer to return to normal allow other correct comparisons allow a description using pairs of figures from graph at a given time 12

PMT PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2018
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
05.1 pancreas 1 AO1
4.5.3.2
05.2 in this order AO1
liver 1 4.5.3.2
glycogen 1
05.3 would be digested / broken allow denatured (by acid) 1 AO2
down (by enzymes / protease / 4.2.2.1
pepsin / acid or to amino acids) 4.5.3.2
05.4 an answer of 7.4 scores 2 marks
use of 14.2 and 6.8 1 AO2
4.5.3.2
7.4 allow an answer of 7.2 or 7.3 1 AO3
(using 14.1 and / or 6.9) for 1 4.5.3.2
mark
05.5 allow converse comparisons AO2
with person B as the subject 4.5.3.2
any one from: 1
• (person A’s) results are ignore A peaks at a higher level
higher than B
• (A) increases for a longer
time or peaks later
• (A) takes longer to
decrease or takes longer
to return to normal
allow other correct comparisons
allow a description using pairs of
figures from graph at a given
time
12

PMT PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2018 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 05.6 a negative correlation 1 AO2 4.5.3.2 05.7 less carbohydrate / sugar / fat allow go on a diet 1 AO1 in diet allow eat less 4.5.3.2 or allow balanced / healthy diet lose weight or maintain a healthy weight ignore diet unqualified (more) exercise allow examples of exercise 1 Total 10 13

PMT PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2018
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
05.6 a negative correlation 1 AO2
4.5.3.2
05.7 less carbohydrate / sugar / fat allow go on a diet 1 AO1
in diet allow eat less 4.5.3.2
or allow balanced / healthy diet
lose weight or maintain a
healthy weight ignore diet unqualified
(more) exercise allow examples of exercise 1
Total 10
13

PMT PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2018 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 06.1 description of a method to examples could include random 1 AO1 achieve random placement number generator or random 4.7.2.1 coordinates allow throw over the shoulder or with eyes shut ignore throw unqualified 06.2 any one from: 1 AO1 • random (location) allow by chance 4.7.2.1 • avoid bias • obtain valid / representative allow more accurate / precise results mean ignore fair test / accurate / precise unqualified 06.3 as a control / comparison allow see the difference 1 AO2 or 4.7.2.1 B varies from A in only one do not accept a control variable factor (to) show results (in A) are due allow to see the effect of the 1 AO3 to weed killer weed killer 4.7.2.1 allow so the results are valid 06.4 11 allow eleven 1 AO2 4.7.2.1 06.5 an answer of 80 scores 2 marks AO2 4.7.2.1 10 - 2 1 × 100 10 80 1 14

PMT PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2018
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
06.1 description of a method to examples could include random 1 AO1
achieve random placement number generator or random 4.7.2.1
coordinates
allow throw over the shoulder
or with eyes shut
ignore throw unqualified
06.2 any one from: 1 AO1
• random (location) allow by chance 4.7.2.1
• avoid bias
• obtain valid / representative allow more accurate / precise
results mean
ignore fair test / accurate /
precise unqualified
06.3 as a control / comparison allow see the difference 1 AO2
or 4.7.2.1
B varies from A in only one do not accept a control variable
factor
(to) show results (in A) are due allow to see the effect of the 1 AO3
to weed killer weed killer 4.7.2.1
allow so the results are valid
06.4 11 allow eleven 1 AO2
4.7.2.1
06.5 an answer of 80 scores 2 marks AO2
4.7.2.1
10 - 2 1
× 100
10
80 1
14

PMT PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2018 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 06.6 use more quadrats allow use larger quadrats 1 AO3 allow repeat 4.7.2.1 original may not be allow mean is more reliable / 1 representative accurate / precise or reference to weeds being ignore more valid distributed unevenly or leave for more than two weeks (1) original may not be representative (1) allow mean is more reliable / accurate / precise allow weed killer may take longer than two weeks to work (fully) ignore more valid Total 9 15

PMT PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2018
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
06.6 use more quadrats allow use larger quadrats 1 AO3
allow repeat 4.7.2.1
original may not be allow mean is more reliable / 1
representative accurate / precise
or reference to weeds being ignore more valid
distributed unevenly
or
leave for more than two weeks
(1)
original may not be
representative (1)
allow mean is more reliable /
accurate / precise
allow weed killer may take
longer than two weeks to work
(fully)
ignore more valid
Total 9
15

PMT PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2018 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 07.1 kills microorganisms / bacteria / allow to remove microorganisms 1 AO2 fungi / viruses / microbes / bacteria / fungi / viruses / 4.7.5.4 microbes ignore germs allow so mycoprotein is not contaminated (which) compete for food / 1 oxygen or which make toxins allow so mycoprotein is safe to or eat which are pathogens or which might kill the fungus / Fusarium 07.2 30 °C 1 AO2 4.1.1.6 4.2.2.1 4.7.5.4 07.3 for (aerobic) respiration do not accept anaerobic 1 AO2 4.4.2.1 4.7.5.4 (which) releases energy (for do not accept produces energy 1 AO1 growth) 4.4.2.1 allow glucose is used to make 4.7.5.4 other organic substances eg protein 16

PMT PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2018
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
07.1 kills microorganisms / bacteria / allow to remove microorganisms 1 AO2
fungi / viruses / microbes / bacteria / fungi / viruses / 4.7.5.4
microbes
ignore germs
allow so mycoprotein is not
contaminated
(which) compete for food / 1
oxygen
or
which make toxins allow so mycoprotein is safe to
or eat
which are pathogens
or
which might kill the fungus /
Fusarium
07.2 30 °C 1 AO2
4.1.1.6
4.2.2.1
4.7.5.4
07.3 for (aerobic) respiration do not accept anaerobic 1 AO2
4.4.2.1
4.7.5.4
(which) releases energy (for do not accept produces energy 1 AO1
growth) 4.4.2.1
allow glucose is used to make 4.7.5.4
other organic substances eg
protein
16

PMT PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2018 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 07.4 any two from: 2 AO2 AO3 so Fusarium can 4.7.5.4 • grow faster / better • get sufficient food / glucose / allow more / enough minerals • get sufficient oxygen allow more / enough • get rid of sufficient carbon allow more / enough dioxide allow waste • be kept at a (suitable) temperature allow to avoid ‘clumping’ 07.5 200 grams 1 AO2 4.7.5.4 Total 8 17

PMT PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2018
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
07.4 any two from: 2 AO2
AO3
so Fusarium can 4.7.5.4
• grow faster / better
• get sufficient food / glucose / allow more / enough
minerals
• get sufficient oxygen allow more / enough
• get rid of sufficient carbon allow more / enough
dioxide allow waste
• be kept at a (suitable)
temperature
allow to avoid ‘clumping’
07.5 200 grams 1 AO2
4.7.5.4
Total 8
17

PMT PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2018 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 08.1 the temperature 1 AO3 4.5.4.1 the volume of water added to 1 the soil 08.2 to stop light reaching the shoot 1 AO2 4.5.4.1 08.3 piece of thread (along shoot and allow straighten the shoot 1 AO3 mark length) 4.5.4.1 transfer to ruler / mm-scale 1 allow use of (flexible) tape measure for 2 marks 08.4 tip covered / B / removed / C allow tip covered / B / removed 1 AO3 grows straight up or does not / C does not respond (to light) 4.5.4.1 bend (towards light) tip exposed / A / not covered / D tip exposed / A / not covered / D 1 bends (towards light) does respond (to light) allow only the ones with exposed tips or only A and D bend towards the light for 2 marks 08.5 1 AO2 4.5.4.1 Total 8 18

PMT PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2018
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
08.1 the temperature 1 AO3
4.5.4.1
the volume of water added to 1
the soil
08.2 to stop light reaching the shoot 1 AO2
4.5.4.1
08.3 piece of thread (along shoot and allow straighten the shoot 1 AO3
mark length) 4.5.4.1
transfer to ruler / mm-scale 1
allow use of (flexible) tape
measure for 2 marks
08.4 tip covered / B / removed / C allow tip covered / B / removed 1 AO3
grows straight up or does not / C does not respond (to light) 4.5.4.1
bend (towards light)
tip exposed / A / not covered / D tip exposed / A / not covered / D 1
bends (towards light) does respond (to light)
allow only the ones with
exposed tips or only A and D
bend towards the light for 2
marks
08.5 1 AO2
4.5.4.1
Total 8
18

PMT PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2018 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 09.1 releasing saliva when food 1 AO2 enters the mouth 4.5.2.1 withdrawing the hand from a 1 sharp object 09.2 bright light allow described method of 1 AO1 increasing light 4.5.2.3 ignore light unqualified allow correctly named drug eg morphine / heroin 09.3 iris 1 AO1 4.5.2.3 09.4 muscle contraction allow muscles shorten 1 AO1 4.5.2.3 ignore radial / circular ignore muscles relax / constrict do not accept muscles expand do not accept ciliary muscle contracts 19

PMT PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2018
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
09.1 releasing saliva when food 1 AO2
enters the mouth 4.5.2.1
withdrawing the hand from a 1
sharp object
09.2 bright light allow described method of 1 AO1
increasing light 4.5.2.3
ignore light unqualified
allow correctly named drug eg
morphine / heroin
09.3 iris 1 AO1
4.5.2.3
09.4 muscle contraction allow muscles shorten 1 AO1
4.5.2.3
ignore radial / circular
ignore muscles relax / constrict
do not accept muscles expand
do not accept ciliary muscle
contracts
19

PMT PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2018 AO / Question Answers Mark Spec. Ref. 09.5 Level 2: Scientifically relevant facts, events or processes are 4–6 AO1 identified and given in detail to form an accurate account. 4.5.2.1 Level 1 : Facts, events or processes are identified and simply 1–3 stated but their relevance is not clear. No relevant content 0 Indicative content • receptor detects stimulus • eg receptor detects pressure • receptor generates impulses / electrical signals • neurones conduct impulses / electrical signals • neurone A conducts impulses to spinal cord • neurone A = sensory neurone • synapse between neurones • chemical (/ neurotransmitter) crosses synapse • chemical stimulates impulse(s) in neurone B • neurone B = relay neurone • neurone C = motor neurone • effector carries out response • eg muscles of the arm / leg contract • muscles contract or gland secretes chemicals to access level 2 , candidates need to consider, in terms of the indicative content, the receptor, the neurones and the effector in the correct sequence Total 11 20

PMT PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2018
AO /
Question Answers Mark
Spec. Ref.
09.5 Level 2: Scientifically relevant facts, events or processes are 4–6 AO1
identified and given in detail to form an accurate account. 4.5.2.1
Level 1 : Facts, events or processes are identified and simply 1–3
stated but their relevance is not clear.
No relevant content 0
Indicative content
• receptor detects stimulus
• eg receptor detects pressure
• receptor generates impulses / electrical signals
• neurones conduct impulses / electrical signals
• neurone A conducts impulses to spinal cord
• neurone A = sensory neurone
• synapse between neurones
• chemical (/ neurotransmitter) crosses synapse
• chemical stimulates impulse(s) in neurone B
• neurone B = relay neurone
• neurone C = motor neurone
• effector carries out response
• eg muscles of the arm / leg contract
• muscles contract or gland secretes chemicals
to access level 2 , candidates need to consider, in terms of the
indicative content, the receptor, the neurones and the effector in
the correct sequence
Total 11
20

PMT PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2018 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 10.1 AO3 1960–1977 1977–2003 2003–2015 4.7.3.5 trend in carbon 1 dioxide increasing increasing concentration trend in air constant / decreasing increasing 1 temperature decreasing allow synonyms eg level / goes up / goes down 10.2 traps heat / energy or (long- do not accept light / UV 1 AO1 wavelength / IR) radiation 4.7.3.5 or less loss of heat allow stops (some) heat escaping do not accept stops all heat escaping or insulates ignore greenhouse effect ignore reference to ozone layer 21

PMT PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2018
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
10.1 AO3
1960–1977 1977–2003 2003–2015
4.7.3.5
trend in carbon
1
dioxide increasing increasing
concentration
trend in air constant /
decreasing increasing 1
temperature decreasing
allow synonyms eg level / goes up / goes down
10.2 traps heat / energy or (long- do not accept light / UV 1 AO1
wavelength / IR) radiation 4.7.3.5
or
less loss of heat allow stops (some) heat
escaping
do not accept stops all heat
escaping
or
insulates ignore greenhouse effect
ignore reference to ozone layer
21

PMT PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2018 AO / Question Answers Mark Spec. Ref. 10.3 Level 2 : Some logically linked reasons are given. There may also 3–4 AO3 be a simple judgement. 4.7.3.5 Level 1 : Relevant points are made. They are not logically linked. 1–2 No relevant content 0 Indicative content for the theory: • (overall increased CO parallels) overall increased 2 temperature (eg by 0.4 ( ℃ ) ) • CO traps (long-wave) radiation / IR / heat 2 against the theory: • in some years (eg 1960–1977) temperature falls (while CO is 2 rising) • many (large and small) erratic rises and falls in temperature • overall correlation does not necessarily mean a causal link • other (unknown) factors may be involved in temperature change to access level 2 there must be evidence both for and against the theory and use of data from the graph 10.4 burning of (fossil) fuels allow eg coal / oil / gas 1 AO2 allow driving cars 4.7 allow any activity which leads to 4.7.2.2 burning fuels – eg using central 4.7.3.5 heating ignore power stations unqualified ignore burning / fires unqualified ignore deforestation 10.5 photosynthesis allow full description or full 1 AO2 equation 4.4.1.2 allow a symbol equation which 4.7 is not balanced 4.7.2.2 4.7.3.5 22

PMT PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2018
AO /
Question Answers Mark
Spec. Ref.
10.3 Level 2 : Some logically linked reasons are given. There may also 3–4 AO3
be a simple judgement. 4.7.3.5
Level 1 : Relevant points are made. They are not logically linked. 1–2
No relevant content 0
Indicative content
for the theory:
• (overall increased CO parallels) overall increased
2
temperature
(eg by 0.4 ( ℃ ) )
• CO traps (long-wave) radiation / IR / heat
2
against the theory:
• in some years (eg 1960–1977) temperature falls (while CO is
2
rising)
• many (large and small) erratic rises and falls in temperature
• overall correlation does not necessarily mean a causal link
• other (unknown) factors may be involved in temperature
change
to access level 2 there must be evidence both for and against the
theory and use of data from the graph
10.4 burning of (fossil) fuels allow eg coal / oil / gas 1 AO2
allow driving cars 4.7
allow any activity which leads to 4.7.2.2
burning fuels – eg using central 4.7.3.5
heating
ignore power stations
unqualified
ignore burning / fires unqualified
ignore deforestation
10.5 photosynthesis allow full description or full 1 AO2
equation 4.4.1.2
allow a symbol equation which 4.7
is not balanced 4.7.2.2
4.7.3.5
22

PMT PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2018 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 10.6 allow points made using AO1 examples 4.7.3.1 any two from: 2 4.7.3.5 • (some) plants grow faster / higher yield • loss of habitat • migration if neither is given allow alters or change in distribution biodiversity for 1 mark • extinction allow (in terms of extinction) death due to eg lack of water / food or increased disease ignore death unqualified Total 11 23

PMT PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2018
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
10.6 allow points made using AO1
examples 4.7.3.1
any two from: 2 4.7.3.5
• (some) plants grow faster /
higher yield
• loss of habitat
• migration if neither is given allow alters
or change in distribution biodiversity for 1 mark
• extinction
allow (in terms of extinction)
death due to eg lack of water /
food or increased disease
ignore death unqualified
Total 11
23

PMT PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2018 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 11.1 an answer of 120 scores 2 AO2 marks 4.5.3.3 2400 and 2280 1 or 500 and 380 120 1 11.2 respiration of glucose 1 AO1 4.4.2.1 4.4.2.3 11.3 (more) sweating ignore reference to vasodilation 1 AO2 / vasoconstriction 4.5.2.4 4.5.3.3 (because) exercise releases do not accept energy being 1 heat produced or need to cool the body or need to lose heat or need to maintain body temperature 11.4 ‘more’ does not need to be AO2 stated a second time to gain 4.5.2.4 marking point 1 and marking 4.5.3.3 point 2 more energy needed do not accept energy production 1 do not accept energy needed for respiration (so) more (aerobic) respiration 1 (so) increased breathing (rate / 1 depth) (to supply oxygen or remove carbon dioxide / water) Total 8 24

PMT PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2018
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
11.1 an answer of 120 scores 2 AO2
marks 4.5.3.3
2400 and 2280 1
or
500 and 380
120 1
11.2 respiration of glucose 1 AO1
4.4.2.1
4.4.2.3
11.3 (more) sweating ignore reference to vasodilation 1 AO2
/ vasoconstriction 4.5.2.4
4.5.3.3
(because) exercise releases do not accept energy being 1
heat produced
or
need to cool the body
or
need to lose heat
or
need to maintain body
temperature
11.4 ‘more’ does not need to be AO2
stated a second time to gain 4.5.2.4
marking point 1 and marking 4.5.3.3
point 2
more energy needed do not accept energy production 1
do not accept energy needed
for respiration
(so) more (aerobic) respiration 1
(so) increased breathing (rate / 1
depth) (to supply oxygen or
remove carbon dioxide / water)
Total 8
24

June 2018 MS