PMT GCSE BIOLOGY 8461/2 F Paper 2 Foundation Tier Mark scheme June 2023 Version: 1.0 Final * 236G 8 461 2 F /MS *

PMT
GCSE
BIOLOGY
8461/2 F
Paper 2 Foundation Tier
Mark scheme
June 2023
Version: 1.0 Final
* 236G 8 461 2 F /MS *

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2023 Mark schemes are prepared by the Lead Assessment Writer and considered, together with the relevant questions, by a panel of subject teachers. This mark scheme includes any amendments made at the standardisation events which all associates participate in and is the scheme which was used by them in this examination. The standardisation process ensures that the mark scheme covers the students’ responses to questions and that every associate understands and applies it in the same correct way. As preparation for standardisation each associate analyses a number of students’ scripts. Alternative answers not already covered by the mark scheme are discussed and legislated for. If, after the standardisation process, associates encounter unusual answers which have not been raised they are required to refer these to the Lead Examiner. It must be stressed that a mark scheme is a working document, in many cases further developed and expanded on the basis of students’ reactions to a particular paper. Assumptions about future mark schemes on the basis of one year’s document should be avoided; whilst the guiding principles of assessment remain constant, details will change, depending on the content of a particular examination paper. Further copies of this mark scheme are available from aqa.org.uk Copyright information AQA retains the copyright on all its publications. However, registered schools/colleges for AQA are permitted to copy material from this booklet for their own internal use, with the following important exception: AQA cannot give permission to schools/colleges to photocopy any material that is acknowledged to a third party even for internal use within the centre. Copyright © 2023 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved. 2

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2023
Mark schemes are prepared by the Lead Assessment Writer and considered, together with the relevant
questions, by a panel of subject teachers. This mark scheme includes any amendments made at the
standardisation events which all associates participate in and is the scheme which was used by them in
this examination. The standardisation process ensures that the mark scheme covers the students’
responses to questions and that every associate understands and applies it in the same correct way.
As preparation for standardisation each associate analyses a number of students’ scripts. Alternative
answers not already covered by the mark scheme are discussed and legislated for. If, after the
standardisation process, associates encounter unusual answers which have not been raised they are
required to refer these to the Lead Examiner.
It must be stressed that a mark scheme is a working document, in many cases further developed and
expanded on the basis of students’ reactions to a particular paper. Assumptions about future mark
schemes on the basis of one year’s document should be avoided; whilst the guiding principles of
assessment remain constant, details will change, depending on the content of a particular examination
paper.
Further copies of this mark scheme are available from aqa.org.uk
Copyright information
AQA retains the copyright on all its publications. However, registered schools/colleges for AQA are permitted to copy material from this booklet for their own
internal use, with the following important exception: AQA cannot give permission to schools/colleges to photocopy any material that is acknowledged to a third
party even for internal use within the centre.
Copyright © 2023 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved.
2

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2023 Information to Examiners 1. General The mark scheme for each question shows: • the marks available for each part of the question • the total marks available for the question • the typical answer or answers which are expected • extra information to help the examiner make their judgement • the Assessment Objectives and specification content that each question is intended to cover. The extra information is aligned to the appropriate answer in the left-hand part of the mark scheme and should only be applied to that item in the mark scheme. At the beginning of a part of a question a reminder may be given, for example: where consequential marking needs to be considered in a calculation; or the answer may be on the diagram or at a different place on the script. In general the right-hand side of the mark scheme is there to provide those extra details which confuse the main part of the mark scheme yet may be helpful in ensuring that marking is straightforward and consistent (for example, a scientifically correct answer that could not reasonably be expected from a student’s knowledge of the specification). 2. Emboldening and underlining 2.1 In a list of acceptable answers where more than one mark is available ‘any two from’ is used, with the number of marks emboldened. Each of the following bullet points is a potential mark. 2.2 A bold and is used to indicate that both parts of the answer are required to award the mark. 2.3 Alternative answers acceptable for a mark are indicated by the use of or . Alternative words in the mark scheme are shown by a solidus eg allow smooth / free movement. 2.4 Any wording that is underlined is essential for the marking point to be awarded. 3

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2023
Information to Examiners
1. General
The mark scheme for each question shows:
• the marks available for each part of the question
• the total marks available for the question
• the typical answer or answers which are expected
• extra information to help the examiner make their judgement
• the Assessment Objectives and specification content that each question is intended to cover.
The extra information is aligned to the appropriate answer in the left-hand part of the mark scheme and
should only be applied to that item in the mark scheme.
At the beginning of a part of a question a reminder may be given, for example: where consequential
marking needs to be considered in a calculation; or the answer may be on the diagram or at a different
place on the script.
In general the right-hand side of the mark scheme is there to provide those extra details which confuse
the main part of the mark scheme yet may be helpful in ensuring that marking is straightforward and
consistent (for example, a scientifically correct answer that could not reasonably be expected from a
student’s knowledge of the specification).
2. Emboldening and underlining
2.1 In a list of acceptable answers where more than one mark is available ‘any two from’ is used, with
the number of marks emboldened. Each of the following bullet points is a potential mark.
2.2 A bold and is used to indicate that both parts of the answer are required to award the mark.
2.3 Alternative answers acceptable for a mark are indicated by the use of or .
Alternative words in the mark scheme are shown by a solidus eg allow smooth / free movement.
2.4 Any wording that is underlined is essential for the marking point to be awarded.
3

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2023 3. Marking points 3.1 Marking of lists This applies to questions requiring a set number of responses, but for which students have provided extra responses. The general principle to be followed in such a situation is that ‘right + wrong = wrong’. Each error / contradiction negates each correct response. So, if the number of errors / contradictions equals or exceeds the number of marks available for the question, no marks can be awarded. However, responses considered to be neutral (indicated as * in example 1) are not penalised. Example 1: What is the pH of an acidic solution? [1 mark] Student Response Marks awarded 1 green, 5 0 2 red*, 5 1 3 red*, 8 0 Example 2: Name two magnetic materials. [2 marks] Student Response Marks awarded 1 iron, steel, tin 1 2 cobalt, nickel, nail* 2 3.2 Use of symbols / formulae If a student writes a chemical symbol / formula instead of a required chemical name, or uses symbols to denote quantities in a physics equation, full credit can be given if the symbol / formula is correct and if, in the context of the question, such action is appropriate. 3.3 Marking procedure for calculations Marks should be awarded for each stage of the calculation completed correctly, as students are instructed to show their working. At any point in a calculation students may omit steps from their working. If a subsequent step is given correctly, the relevant marks may be awarded. Full marks are not awarded for a correct final answer from incorrect working. 3.4 Interpretation of ‘it’ Answers using the word ‘it’ should be given credit only if it is clear that the ‘it’ refers to the correct subject. 4

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2023
3. Marking points
3.1 Marking of lists
This applies to questions requiring a set number of responses, but for which students have
provided extra responses. The general principle to be followed in such a situation is that
‘right + wrong = wrong’.
Each error / contradiction negates each correct response. So, if the number of errors /
contradictions equals or exceeds the number of marks available for the question, no marks can be
awarded.
However, responses considered to be neutral (indicated as * in example 1) are not penalised.
Example 1: What is the pH of an acidic solution?
[1 mark]
Student Response Marks
awarded
1 green, 5 0
2 red*, 5 1
3 red*, 8 0
Example 2: Name two magnetic materials.
[2 marks]
Student Response Marks awarded
1 iron, steel, tin 1
2 cobalt, nickel, nail* 2
3.2 Use of symbols / formulae
If a student writes a chemical symbol / formula instead of a required chemical name, or uses
symbols to denote quantities in a physics equation, full credit can be given if the symbol / formula
is correct and if, in the context of the question, such action is appropriate.
3.3 Marking procedure for calculations
Marks should be awarded for each stage of the calculation completed correctly, as students are
instructed to show their working. At any point in a calculation students may omit steps from their
working. If a subsequent step is given correctly, the relevant marks may be awarded.
Full marks are not awarded for a correct final answer from incorrect working.
3.4 Interpretation of ‘it’
Answers using the word ‘it’ should be given credit only if it is clear that the ‘it’ refers to the correct
subject.
4

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2023 3.5 Errors carried forward An error can be carried forward from one question part to the next and is shown by the abbreviation ‘ecf’. Within an individual question part, an incorrect value in one step of a calculation does not prevent all of the subsequent marks being awarded. 3.6 Phonetic spelling Marks should be awarded if spelling is not correct but the intention is clear, unless there is a possible confusion with another technical term. 3.7 Brackets (…..) are used to indicate information which is not essential for the mark to be awarded but is included to help the examiner identify the sense of the answer required. 3.8 Allow In the mark scheme additional information, ‘allow’ is used to indicate creditworthy alternative answers. 3.9 Ignore Ignore is used when the information given is irrelevant to the question or not enough to gain the marking point. Any further correct amplification could gain the marking point. 3.10 Do not accept Do not accept means that this is a wrong answer which, even if the correct answer is given as well, will still mean that the mark is not awarded. 3.11 Numbered answer lines Numbered lines on the question paper are intended to support the student to give the correct number of responses. The answer should still be marked as a whole. 4. Level of response marking instructions Extended response questions are marked on level of response mark schemes. • Level of response mark schemes are broken down into levels, each of which has a descriptor. • The descriptor for the level shows the average performance for the level. • There are two marks in each level. Before you apply the mark scheme to a student’s answer, read through the answer and, if necessary, annotate it (as instructed) to show the qualities that are being looked for. You can then apply the mark scheme. 5

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2023
3.5 Errors carried forward
An error can be carried forward from one question part to the next and is shown by the
abbreviation ‘ecf’.
Within an individual question part, an incorrect value in one step of a calculation does not prevent
all of the subsequent marks being awarded.
3.6 Phonetic spelling
Marks should be awarded if spelling is not correct but the intention is clear, unless there is a
possible confusion with another technical term.
3.7 Brackets
(…..) are used to indicate information which is not essential for the mark to be awarded but is
included to help the examiner identify the sense of the answer required.
3.8 Allow
In the mark scheme additional information, ‘allow’ is used to indicate creditworthy
alternative answers.
3.9 Ignore
Ignore is used when the information given is irrelevant to the question or not enough to gain the
marking point. Any further correct amplification could gain the marking point.
3.10 Do not accept
Do not accept means that this is a wrong answer which, even if the correct answer is given as
well, will still mean that the mark is not awarded.
3.11 Numbered answer lines
Numbered lines on the question paper are intended to support the student to give the correct
number of responses. The answer should still be marked as a whole.
4. Level of response marking instructions
Extended response questions are marked on level of response mark schemes.
• Level of response mark schemes are broken down into levels, each of which has a descriptor.
• The descriptor for the level shows the average performance for the level.
• There are two marks in each level.
Before you apply the mark scheme to a student’s answer, read through the answer and, if
necessary, annotate it (as instructed) to show the qualities that are being looked for. You can then
apply the mark scheme.
5

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2023 Step 1: Determine a level Start at the lowest level of the mark scheme and use it as a ladder to see whether the answer meets the descriptor for that level. The descriptor for the level indicates the different qualities that might be seen in the student’s answer for that level. If it meets the lowest level then go to the next one and decide if it meets this level, and so on, until you have a match between the level descriptor and the answer. With practice and familiarity you will find that for better answers you will be able to quickly skip through the lower levels of the mark scheme. When assigning a level you should look at the overall quality of the answer. Do not look to penalise small and specific parts of the answer where the student has not performed quite as well as the rest. If the answer covers different aspects of different levels of the mark scheme you should use a best fit approach for defining the level. Use the variability of the response to help decide the mark within the level, ie if the response is predominantly level 2 with a small amount of level 3 material it would be placed in level 2 but be awarded a mark near the top of the level because of the level 3 content. Step 2: Determine a mark Once you have assigned a level you need to decide on the mark. The descriptors on how to allocate marks can help with this. The exemplar materials used during standardisation will help. There will be an answer in the standardising materials which will correspond with each level of the mark scheme. This answer will have been awarded a mark by the Lead Examiner. You can compare the student’s answer with the example to determine if it is the same standard, better or worse than the example. You can then use this to allocate a mark for the answer based on the Lead Examiner’s mark on the example. You may well need to read back through the answer as you apply the mark scheme to clarify points and assure yourself that the level and the mark are appropriate. Indicative content in the mark scheme is provided as a guide for examiners. It is not intended to be exhaustive and you must credit other valid points. Students do not have to cover all of the points mentioned in the indicative content to reach the highest level of the mark scheme. You should ignore any irrelevant points made. However, full marks can be awarded only if there are no incorrect statements that contradict a correct response. An answer which contains nothing of relevance to the question must be awarded no marks. 6

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2023
Step 1: Determine a level
Start at the lowest level of the mark scheme and use it as a ladder to see whether the answer meets
the descriptor for that level.
The descriptor for the level indicates the different qualities that might be seen in the student’s
answer for that level. If it meets the lowest level then go to the next one and decide if it meets this
level, and so on, until you have a match between the level descriptor and the answer. With practice
and familiarity you will find that for better answers you will be able to quickly skip through the lower
levels of the mark scheme.
When assigning a level you should look at the overall quality of the answer. Do not look to penalise
small and specific parts of the answer where the student has not performed quite as well as the rest.
If the answer covers different aspects of different levels of the mark scheme you should use a best
fit approach for defining the level.
Use the variability of the response to help decide the mark within the level, ie if the response is
predominantly level 2 with a small amount of level 3 material it would be placed in level 2 but be
awarded a mark near the top of the level because of the level 3 content.
Step 2: Determine a mark
Once you have assigned a level you need to decide on the mark. The descriptors on how to
allocate marks can help with this. The exemplar materials used during standardisation will help.
There will be an answer in the standardising materials which will correspond with each level of the
mark scheme. This answer will have been awarded a mark by the Lead Examiner. You can
compare the student’s answer with the example to determine if it is the same standard, better or
worse than the example. You can then use this to allocate a mark for the answer based on the Lead
Examiner’s mark on the example.
You may well need to read back through the answer as you apply the mark scheme to clarify points
and assure yourself that the level and the mark are appropriate.
Indicative content in the mark scheme is provided as a guide for examiners. It is not intended to be
exhaustive and you must credit other valid points. Students do not have to cover all of the points
mentioned in the indicative content to reach the highest level of the mark scheme.
You should ignore any irrelevant points made. However, full marks can be awarded only if there are
no incorrect statements that contradict a correct response.
An answer which contains nothing of relevance to the question must be awarded no marks.
6

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2023 Question 1 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 01.1 the endocrine system 1 AO1 4.5.3.1 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 01.2 by the blood 1 AO1 4.5.3.1 AO / Question Answers Mark Spec Ref. 01.3 AO1 4.5.3.1 1 1 1 do not accept more than one line from a box on the left AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 01.4 D 1 AO1 4.5.3.1 4.5.3.2 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 01.5 the liver 1 AO1 4.5.3.2 7

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2023
Question 1
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
01.1 the endocrine system 1 AO1
4.5.3.1
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
01.2 by the blood 1 AO1
4.5.3.1
AO /
Question Answers Mark
Spec Ref.
01.3 AO1
4.5.3.1
1
1
1
do not accept more than one line from a box on the left
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
01.4 D 1 AO1
4.5.3.1
4.5.3.2
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
01.5 the liver 1 AO1
4.5.3.2
7

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2023 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 01.6 allow sugar for glucose AO1 4.5.3.2 any one from: 1 • lowers (blood) glucose allow controls (blood) glucose • (makes) cells / liver / muscles take in glucose • (changes) glucose to allow makes glycogen glycogen AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 01.7 follicle stimulating hormone 1 AO1 4.5.3.4 (FSH) AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 01.8 oestrogen 1 AO1 4.5.3.4 progesterone 1 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 01.9 any two from: 2 AO1 4.5.3.5 • oral contraceptive allow the pill • injection • implant allow contraceptive rod • (skin) patch • (some) IUDs allow IUS allow named methods allow coil with hormone Total Question 1 13 8

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2023
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
01.6 allow sugar for glucose AO1
4.5.3.2
any one from: 1
• lowers (blood) glucose allow controls (blood) glucose
• (makes) cells / liver / muscles
take in glucose
• (changes) glucose to allow makes glycogen
glycogen
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
01.7 follicle stimulating hormone 1 AO1
4.5.3.4
(FSH)
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
01.8 oestrogen 1 AO1
4.5.3.4
progesterone 1
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
01.9 any two from: 2 AO1
4.5.3.5
• oral contraceptive allow the pill
• injection
• implant allow contraceptive rod
• (skin) patch
• (some) IUDs allow IUS
allow named methods
allow coil with hormone
Total Question 1 13
8

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2023 Question 2 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 02.1 must be in this order AO1 4.7.2.1 (30 m) tape measure 1 RPA9 quadrat 1 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 02.2 choose locations at random 1 AO1 4.7.2.1 RPA9 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 02.3 must be in this order AO1 4.7.2.1 area 1 RPA9 mean 1 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 02.4 multiply mean by area allow multiply 2 by 150 1 AO1 4.7.2.1 allow multiply total (of five RPA9 quadrats) by a fifth of the area allow multiply 10 by 30 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 02.5 count and record more samples 1 AO3 4.7.2.1 RPA9 9

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2023
Question 2
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
02.1 must be in this order AO1
4.7.2.1
(30 m) tape measure 1 RPA9
quadrat
1
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
02.2 choose locations at random 1 AO1
4.7.2.1
RPA9
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
02.3 must be in this order AO1
4.7.2.1
area 1 RPA9
mean
1
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
02.4 multiply mean by area allow multiply 2 by 150 1 AO1
4.7.2.1
allow multiply total (of five RPA9
quadrats) by a fifth of the area
allow multiply 10 by 30
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
02.5 count and record more samples 1 AO3
4.7.2.1
RPA9
9

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2023 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 02.6 any one from: 1 AO2 4.7.1.2 • water / moisture allow humidity allow rain allow drought • light ignore sun unqualified allow shade (by eg building) • temperature • oxygen in the soil ignore oxygen unqualified • wind • minerals / ions allow named ions allow fertiliser / salts ignore carbon dioxide ignore nutrients ignore (soil) pH Total Question 2 8 10

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2023
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
02.6 any one from: 1 AO2
4.7.1.2
• water / moisture allow humidity
allow rain
allow drought
• light ignore sun unqualified
allow shade (by eg building)
• temperature
• oxygen in the soil ignore oxygen unqualified
• wind
• minerals / ions allow named ions
allow fertiliser / salts
ignore carbon dioxide
ignore nutrients
ignore (soil) pH
Total Question 2 8
10

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2023 Question 3 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 03.1 any one from: ignore photosynthesis 1 AO1 4.7.2.1 • sun 4.7.4.3 • light AO / Question Answers Mark Spec Ref. 03.2 AO3 Feeding relationship Organism 4.7.2.1 4.7.4.1 Secondary consumer lynx Primary consumer (snowshoe) hare 1 Producer grass Herbivore (snowshoe) hare 1 Carnivore lynx Prey (snowshoe) hare 1 Predator lynx if no other mark awarded allow 1 mark for 3 correct answers AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 03.3 camouflaged / hidden allow description eg blends in 1 AO3 or not (easily) seen with surroundings from lynx / predator / carnivore 1 AO2 not killed / eaten allow less likely to be killed / 1 AO2 eaten 4.7.1.2 4.7.1.3 4.7.1.4 4.7.2.1 11

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2023
Question 3
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
03.1 any one from: ignore photosynthesis 1 AO1
4.7.2.1
• sun 4.7.4.3
• light
AO /
Question Answers Mark
Spec Ref.
03.2 AO3
Feeding relationship Organism 4.7.2.1
4.7.4.1
Secondary consumer lynx
Primary consumer (snowshoe) hare
1
Producer grass
Herbivore (snowshoe) hare
1
Carnivore lynx
Prey (snowshoe) hare
Predator lynx 1
if no other mark awarded allow 1 mark for 3 correct answers
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
03.3 camouflaged / hidden allow description eg blends in 1 AO3
or not (easily) seen with surroundings
from lynx / predator / carnivore 1 AO2
not killed / eaten allow less likely to be killed / 1 AO2
eaten
4.7.1.2
4.7.1.3
4.7.1.4
4.7.2.1
11

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2023 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 03.4 any two from: 2 AO2 4.7.1.3 • fewer lynx (to eat them) allow not many predators / lynx 4.7.2.1 do not accept no lynx / predators • more food / grass (available) allow a lot of food / grass • hares reproduce / breed / multiply AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 03.5 (number of lynx) increases 1 AO3 4.7.1.3 4.7.2.1 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 03.6 less food or fewer (snowshoe) ignore the lynx were hunted 1 AO2 4.7.1.3 hares (to eat) or fewer prey 4.7.2.1 do not accept no food AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 03.7 any two from: 2 AO1 4.7.2.1 • (lost in) respiration (of allow as carbon dioxide 4.7.4.3 snowshoe hare) • egestion / faeces allow not all digested • excretion / urea / urine • not all eaten allow not all (named) parts eaten if no other mark awarded, allow 1 mark for waste Total Question 3 13 12

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2023
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
03.4 any two from: 2 AO2
4.7.1.3
• fewer lynx (to eat them) allow not many predators / lynx
4.7.2.1
do not accept no lynx /
predators
• more food / grass (available) allow a lot of food / grass
• hares reproduce / breed /
multiply
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
03.5 (number of lynx) increases 1 AO3
4.7.1.3
4.7.2.1
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
03.6 less food or fewer (snowshoe) ignore the lynx were hunted 1 AO2
4.7.1.3
hares (to eat) or fewer prey
4.7.2.1
do not accept no food
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
03.7 any two from: 2 AO1
4.7.2.1
• (lost in) respiration (of allow as carbon dioxide
4.7.4.3
snowshoe hare)
• egestion / faeces allow not all digested
• excretion / urea / urine
• not all eaten allow not all (named) parts
eaten
if no other mark awarded, allow
1 mark for waste
Total Question 3 13
12

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2023 Question 4 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 04.1 6000 (kJ/m 2 /year) 1 AO2 4.7.5.2 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 40 04.2 1 AO2 × 100 4.7.5.2 16 000 0.25 (%) 1 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 04.3 cows move less indoors 1 AO1 4.7.5.2 it is warmer indoors 1 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 04.4 cows are close(r) together allow cows are in an enclosed 1 AO2 4.7.5.2 space 4.3.1.1 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 04.5 any one from: 1 AO3 4.6.3.7 • D 4.1.1.6 • G 4.3.1.8 • H AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 04.6 DNA 1 AO1 4.6.3.7 13

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2023
Question 4
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
04.1 6000 (kJ/m 2 /year) 1 AO2
4.7.5.2
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
04.2 40 1 AO2
× 100
16 000 4.7.5.2
0.25 (%)
1
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
04.3 cows move less indoors 1 AO1
4.7.5.2
it is warmer indoors
1
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
04.4 cows are close(r) together allow cows are in an enclosed 1 AO2
4.7.5.2
space
4.3.1.1
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
04.5 any one from: 1 AO3
4.6.3.7
• D
4.1.1.6
• G
4.3.1.8
• H
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
04.6 DNA 1 AO1
4.6.3.7
13

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2023 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 04.7 reproduction 1 AO2 4.6.3.7 4.3.1.1 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. ignore reference to crops 04.8 any two from: 2 AO2 4.3.1.1 • many animals will become ill allow many animals may die 4.6.3.7 4.7.5.2 • resistant bacteria passed from allow disease passed from animal to animal animal to animal or other animals infected • animals cannot be cured (by allow antibiotic will not work the antibiotic) • animals may be less allow less meat / milk produced productive / efficient allow less growth • farmer may lose profit / allow cannot sell infected money produce / animals Total Question 4 11 14

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2023
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
04.7 reproduction 1 AO2
4.6.3.7
4.3.1.1
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
ignore reference to crops
04.8 any two from: 2 AO2
4.3.1.1
• many animals will become ill allow many animals may die 4.6.3.7
4.7.5.2
• resistant bacteria passed from allow disease passed from
animal to animal animal to animal or other
animals infected
• animals cannot be cured (by allow antibiotic will not work
the antibiotic)
• animals may be less allow less meat / milk produced
productive / efficient allow less growth
• farmer may lose profit / allow cannot sell infected
money produce / animals
Total Question 4 11
14

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2023 Question 5 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 05.1 fungi 1 AO1 4.7.2.3 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 05.2 the pH of the milk 1 AO2 4.7.2.3 RPA10 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 05.3 put the beaker in a water bath 1 AO2 4.7.2.3 RPA10 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 05.4 fatty acid 1 AO1 4.2.2.1 4.7.2.3 RPA10 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 05.5 all the fat had been digested 1 AO2 4.7.2.3 4.2.2.1 RPA10 15

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2023
Question 5
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
05.1 fungi 1 AO1
4.7.2.3
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
05.2 the pH of the milk 1 AO2
4.7.2.3
RPA10
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
05.3 put the beaker in a water bath 1 AO2
4.7.2.3
RPA10
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
05.4 fatty acid 1 AO1
4.2.2.1
4.7.2.3
RPA10
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
05.5 all the fat had been digested 1 AO2
4.7.2.3
4.2.2.1
RPA10
15

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2023 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 05.6 any one from: allow converse if clearly 1 AO2 4.7.2.3 describing 5 ° C 4.1.1.6 • (there is) more (kinetic) allow particles move faster 4.2.2.1 energy allow more collisions between RPA10 particles • enzyme activity is higher allow enzymes work faster ignore enzymes work better • bacteria / microorganisms are allow number of bacteria / dividing / reproducing faster microorganisms increasing faster allow more bacteria / microorganisms ignore bacteria / microorganisms grow faster ignore it is warmer AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 05.7 (30 ° C, 2 days) 6(.0) allow a tolerance of ±½ small 1 AO2 and square 4.7.2.3 (30 ° C, 3 days) 4.7 4.2.2.1 RPA10 (fall) 1.3 (pH units/day) allow −1.3 (pH units/day) 1 allow correct answer using student’s incorrect readings in the range of 5.95 to 6.05 and / or 4.65 to 4.75 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 1.3 05.8 allow ecf from answer in 1 AO2 question 05.7 0.1 4.7.2.3 4.2.2.1 13 do not accept if a unit is given RPA10 1 Total Question 5 10 16

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2023
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
05.6 any one from: allow converse if clearly 1 AO2
describing 5 ° C 4.7.2.3
4.1.1.6
• (there is) more (kinetic) allow particles move faster
4.2.2.1
energy allow more collisions between
RPA10
particles
• enzyme activity is higher allow enzymes work faster
ignore enzymes work better
• bacteria / microorganisms are allow number of bacteria /
dividing / reproducing faster microorganisms increasing
faster
allow more bacteria /
microorganisms
ignore bacteria /
microorganisms grow faster
ignore it is warmer
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
05.7 (30 ° C, 2 days) 6(.0) allow a tolerance of ±½ small 1 AO2
and square 4.7.2.3
(30 ° C, 3 days) 4.7 4.2.2.1
RPA10
(fall) 1.3 (pH units/day) allow −1.3 (pH units/day) 1
allow correct answer using
student’s incorrect readings in
the range of 5.95 to 6.05 and /
or 4.65 to 4.75
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
05.8 1.3 allow ecf from answer in 1 AO2
0.1 question 05.7 4.7.2.3
4.2.2.1
13 do not accept if a unit is given 1 RPA10
Total Question 5 10
16

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2023 Question 6 AO / Question Answers Mark Spec Ref. 06.1 AO3 4.5.3.3 1 1 do not accept more than one line from a box on the left AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 06.2 158.1 (dm 3 ) 1 AO2 4.5.3.3 17

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2023
Question 6
AO /
Question Answers Mark
Spec Ref.
06.1 AO3
4.5.3.3
1
1
do not accept more than one line from a box on the left
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
06.2 158.1 (dm 3 ) 1 AO2
4.5.3.3
17

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2023 AO / Question Answers Mark Spec Ref. 06.3 Level 3: A judgement, strongly linked and logically supported by a AO3 5–6 sufficient range of correct reasons, is given. Level 2: Some logically linked reasons are given. There may also 3–4 AO3 be a simple judgement. Level 1: Relevant points are made. They are not logically linked. 1–2 AO2 No relevant content 0 4.5.3.3 Indicative content points for transplant: • transplant is cheaper • numerical comparison, eg £18 000 cheaper in first year and £30 000 cheaper in subsequent years • less / no inconvenience, eg time or cost for hospital visits • less / no restriction on lifestyle • less / no restriction on diet or fluid intake • no danger of infection from eg puncturing skin or blood in contact with machine • less / no possibility of blood clots • no need to take anti-clotting drugs • transplanted kidney keeps water / urea / ions in blood at correct level at all times • feel well all the time points against transplant: • danger of rejection • need tissue match for transplant • donors in short supply • possibility of organ damage due to anaesthetic • possibility of infection in surgery • possibility of damage due to surgery • need to take immunosuppressant drugs • may suffer other infections due to suppressed immune system • may need repeat operation (after about 10 years) For Level 3 students should refer to both points for and points against. 18

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2023
AO /
Question Answers Mark
Spec Ref.
06.3 Level 3: A judgement, strongly linked and logically supported by a AO3
5–6
sufficient range of correct reasons, is given.
Level 2: Some logically linked reasons are given. There may also 3–4 AO3
be a simple judgement.
Level 1: Relevant points are made. They are not logically linked. 1–2 AO2
No relevant content 0
4.5.3.3
Indicative content
points for transplant:
• transplant is cheaper
• numerical comparison, eg £18 000 cheaper in first year and
£30 000 cheaper in subsequent years
• less / no inconvenience, eg time or cost for hospital visits
• less / no restriction on lifestyle
• less / no restriction on diet or fluid intake
• no danger of infection from eg puncturing skin or blood in
contact with machine
• less / no possibility of blood clots
• no need to take anti-clotting drugs
• transplanted kidney keeps water / urea / ions in blood at correct
level at all times
• feel well all the time
points against transplant:
• danger of rejection
• need tissue match for transplant
• donors in short supply
• possibility of organ damage due to anaesthetic
• possibility of infection in surgery
• possibility of damage due to surgery
• need to take immunosuppressant drugs
• may suffer other infections due to suppressed immune system
• may need repeat operation (after about 10 years)
For Level 3 students should refer to both points for and points
against.
18

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2023 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 06.4 4 × 5 000 = 20 000 1 AO2 20 000 + 17 000 allow 25 000 + 17 000 1 4.5.3.3 allow 1 (£) 37 000 (25 000 + 17 000) = (£) 42 000 Total Question 6 12 19

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2023
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
06.4 4 × 5 000 = 20 000 1
AO2
20 000 + 17 000 allow 25 000 + 17 000 1 4.5.3.3
(£) 37 000 allow 1
(25 000 + 17 000) = (£) 42 000
Total Question 6 12
19

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2023 Question 7 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 07.1 a community 1 AO1 4.7.1.1 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 07.2 brambling and chaffinch 1 AO2 4.6.4 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 07.3 the brambling and the bullfinch 1 AO1 4.6.2.2 cannot breed together to give fertile offspring AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 07.4 allow answers in terms of month AO3 4.7.1.1 numbers ignore seasons constant (from Jan) to Mar / ignore straight 1 (mid-)Apr increases (from mid-)Apr to / 1 and May 1 decreases from May / Jun to Dec if no other marks awarded allow for 1 mark constant, then increase then decrease AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 07.5 B 1 AO3 4.7.1.1 4.7.1.4 20

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2023
Question 7
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
07.1 a community 1 AO1
4.7.1.1
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
07.2 brambling and chaffinch 1 AO2
4.6.4
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
07.3 the brambling and the bullfinch 1 AO1
4.6.2.2
cannot breed together to give
fertile offspring
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
07.4 allow answers in terms of month AO3
4.7.1.1
numbers
ignore seasons
constant (from Jan) to Mar / ignore straight 1
(mid-)Apr
increases (from mid-)Apr to / 1
and May
1
decreases from May / Jun to
Dec
if no other marks awarded allow
for 1 mark constant, then
increase then decrease
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
07.5 B 1 AO3
4.7.1.1
4.7.1.4
20

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2023 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 07.6 D (because) present only May to allow D (because) present only 1 AO3 Sep May to Oct 4.7.1.1 4.7.1.4 allow D (because) not present Oct to Apr / May allow D (because) present only in summer allow D (because) not present in winter allow D (because) not present for all the year allow D (because) only present for some of the year Total Question 7 8 21

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2023
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
07.6 D (because) present only May to allow D (because) present only 1 AO3
Sep May to Oct 4.7.1.1
4.7.1.4
allow D (because) not present
Oct to Apr / May
allow D (because) present only
in summer
allow D (because) not present
in winter
allow D (because) not present
for all the year
allow D (because) only present
for some of the year
Total Question 7 8
21

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2023 Question 8 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 08.1 accommodation 1 AO1 4.5.2.3 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 08.2 B 1 AO1 4.5.2.3 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 08.3 E 1 AO1 4.5.2.3 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 08.4 becomes fatter / thicker / wider allow more convex / curved / 1 AO1 4.5.2.3 rounded ignore larger / smaller AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 08.5 any two from: 2 AO1 4.5.2.3 • (muscles in the iris) contract allow (muscles in the iris) shorten ignore circular / radial muscles ignore (muscles in the iris) relax do not accept ciliary muscles contract • reduce size of pupil allow constrict pupil allow reduce size of aperture / gap / hole • reduces (amount of) light allow reduces (amount of) light entering reaching retina 22

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2023
Question 8
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
08.1 accommodation 1 AO1
4.5.2.3
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
08.2 B 1 AO1
4.5.2.3
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
08.3 E 1 AO1
4.5.2.3
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
08.4 becomes fatter / thicker / wider allow more convex / curved / 1 AO1
4.5.2.3
rounded
ignore larger / smaller
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
08.5 any two from: 2 AO1
4.5.2.3
• (muscles in the iris) contract allow (muscles in the iris)
shorten
ignore circular / radial muscles
ignore (muscles in the iris) relax
do not accept ciliary muscles
contract
• reduce size of pupil allow constrict pupil
allow reduce size of aperture /
gap / hole
• reduces (amount of) light allow reduces (amount of) light
entering reaching retina
22

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2023 AO / Question Answers Mark Spec Ref. 08.6 Level 2: The method would lead to the production of a valid 3–4 AO2 outcome. The key steps are identified and logically sequenced. Level 1: The method would not necessarily lead to a valid 1–2 AO1 outcome. Most steps are identified, but the method is not fully logically sequenced. No relevant content 0 Indicative content 4.5.2.1 RPA7 • identification of method eg ruler drop • correct details of method chosen eg hold ruler above thumb • repetitions – at least two more times • repeat with (at least 2 more) other students • tested without coffee and with coffee or with different amounts of coffee • calculate mean value with coffee and without coffee • compare results with and without coffee • correct control variables for method chosen, eg: o same age o sex o BMI o amount of sleep o volume / concentration / type of coffee o time interval between drinking and testing o control variable within method described For level 2 reference to collecting results with and without coffee along with how the investigation is designed to create valid results is required Total Question 8 10 23

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2023
AO /
Question Answers Mark
Spec Ref.
08.6 Level 2: The method would lead to the production of a valid 3–4 AO2
outcome. The key steps are identified and logically sequenced.
Level 1: The method would not necessarily lead to a valid 1–2 AO1
outcome. Most steps are identified, but the method is not fully
logically sequenced.
No relevant content 0
Indicative content
4.5.2.1
RPA7
• identification of method eg ruler drop
• correct details of method chosen eg hold ruler above thumb
• repetitions – at least two more times
• repeat with (at least 2 more) other students
• tested without coffee and with coffee or with different amounts of
coffee
• calculate mean value with coffee and without coffee
• compare results with and without coffee
• correct control variables for method chosen, eg:
o same age
o sex
o BMI
o amount of sleep
o volume / concentration / type of coffee
o time interval between drinking and testing
o control variable within method described
For level 2 reference to collecting results with and without coffee
along with how the investigation is designed to create valid results
is required
Total Question 8 10
23

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2023 Question 9 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 09.1 any one from: 1 AO2 4.6.1.3 • variation of a named / allow eg different flavour / colour described (desirable) characteristic • not all susceptible to the same disease / pathogen • maintain / increase gene pool allow different customer preferences AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 09.2 any one from: 1 AO2 4.6.1.3 • they have the same named allow eg all high yield or all /(desirable) characteristic(s) disease-resistant or same (desirable) flavour • they grow at the same rate • they ready to harvest at same time AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 09.3 (a group of) cells are grown (into ignore clones 1 AO1 a new organism) 4.6.2.5 24

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2023
Question 9
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
09.1 any one from: 1 AO2
4.6.1.3
• variation of a named / allow eg different flavour / colour
described (desirable)
characteristic
• not all susceptible to the
same disease / pathogen
• maintain / increase gene pool
allow different customer
preferences
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
09.2 any one from: 1 AO2
4.6.1.3
• they have the same named allow eg all high yield or all
/(desirable) characteristic(s) disease-resistant or same
(desirable) flavour
• they grow at the same rate
• they ready to harvest at same
time
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
09.3 (a group of) cells are grown (into ignore clones 1 AO1
a new organism) 4.6.2.5
24

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2023 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 09.4 any one from: 1 AO2 4.6.2.1 different 4.7.1.2 • water allow rain • minerals / ions allow named example ignore nutrients • light ignore sun unqualified • herbivores allow named example • disease allow named example • plant density • soil pH allow different temperature allow different environmental conditions AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 09.5 male gametes = X + Y if neither mark awarded, allow 1 AO1 1 mark for male = X + X and female gametes = X + X female = X + Y 1 AO1 offspring genotypes correctly allow correct for chromosome 1 AO2 derived from gametes assignment in mp1 & mp2 4.6.1.8 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 09.6 any one from: 1 AO2 4.6.1.8 • half are XX and half are XY • equal probability of X or Y sperm fertilising an egg • (the Punnett square shows) 50% (chance of) male / female 25

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2023
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
09.4 any one from: 1 AO2
4.6.2.1
different 4.7.1.2
• water allow rain
• minerals / ions allow named example
ignore nutrients
• light ignore sun unqualified
• herbivores allow named example
• disease allow named example
• plant density
• soil pH
allow different temperature
allow different environmental
conditions
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
09.5 male gametes = X + Y if neither mark awarded, allow 1 AO1
1 mark for male = X + X and
female gametes = X + X female = X + Y 1 AO1
offspring genotypes correctly allow correct for chromosome 1 AO2
derived from gametes assignment in mp1 & mp2
4.6.1.8
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
09.6 any one from: 1 AO2
4.6.1.8
• half are XX and half are XY
• equal probability of X or Y
sperm fertilising an egg
• (the Punnett square shows)
50% (chance of) male /
female
25

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2023 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 09.7 any two from: 2 AO2 4.6.2.3 • temperature • type / amount of food allow (volume / amount of) water • light • whether chickens are kept indoors or outdoors • amount of movement / space allow same stocking density (allowed) allow same number of each type ignore same number unqualified • time of year allow mass at start allow age of chicken(s) allow same medication or all healthy AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 09.8 any one from: 1 AO2 4.6.2.3 • (more) valid / representative allow can calculate a valid mean or reduce the effect of anomalies • (more) accurate mean allow (more) accurate results allow (more) reliable mean / results 26

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2023
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
09.7 any two from: 2 AO2
4.6.2.3
• temperature
• type / amount of food allow (volume / amount of) water
• light
• whether chickens are kept
indoors or outdoors
• amount of movement / space allow same stocking density
(allowed) allow same number of each type
ignore same number unqualified
• time of year
allow mass at start
allow age of chicken(s)
allow same medication or all
healthy
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
09.8 any one from: 1 AO2
4.6.2.3
• (more) valid / representative allow can calculate a valid mean
or
reduce the effect of
anomalies
• (more) accurate mean allow (more) accurate results
allow (more) reliable mean /
results
26

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2023 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 09.9 breed best of A and B (together) allow cross / mate best of A and 1 AO2 B select offspring with highest egg allow select the best offspring 1 AO1 numbers and heaviest / fastest for both desired characteristics growing breed (these) offspring together 1 AO1 repeat over many / several do not accept reference to 1 AO1 generations repeated breeding of the original parents 4.6.2.3 Total Question 9 15 27

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/2F – JUNE 2023
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
09.9 breed best of A and B (together) allow cross / mate best of A and 1 AO2
B
select offspring with highest egg allow select the best offspring 1 AO1
numbers and heaviest / fastest for both desired characteristics
growing
breed (these) offspring together 1 AO1
repeat over many / several do not accept reference to 1 AO1
generations repeated breeding of the original
parents 4.6.2.3
Total Question 9 15
27

June 2023 MS