PMT GCSE BIOLOGY 8461/1 H Paper 1 Higher Tier Mark scheme June 2019 Version : 1. 0 Final * 196G84611H /MS *

PMT
GCSE
BIOLOGY
8461/1 H
Paper 1 Higher Tier
Mark scheme
June 2019
Version : 1. 0 Final
* 196G84611H /MS *

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2019 Mark schemes are prepared by the Lead Assessment Writer and considered, together with the relevant questions, by a panel of subject teachers. This mark scheme includes any amendments made at the standardisation events which all associates participate in and is the scheme which was used by them in this examination. The standardisation process ensures that the mark scheme covers the students’ responses to questions and that every associate understands and applies it in the same correct way. As preparation for standardisation each associate analyses a number of students’ scripts. Alternative answers not already covered by the mark scheme are discussed and legislated for. If, after the standardisation process, associates encounter unusual answers which have not been raised they are required to refer these to the Lead Examiner. It must be stressed that a mark scheme is a working document, in many cases further developed and expanded on the basis of students’ reactions to a particular paper. Assumptions about future mark schemes on the basis of one year’s document should be avoided; whilst the guiding principles of assessment remain constant, details will change, depending on the content of a particular examination paper. Further copies of this mark scheme are available from aqa.org.uk Copyright © 2019 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved. AQA retains the copyright on all its publications. However, registered schools/colleges for AQA are permitted to copy material from this booklet for their own internal use, with the following important exception: AQA cannot give permission to schools/colleges to photocopy any material that is acknowledged to a third party even for internal use within the centre. 2

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2019
Mark schemes are prepared by the Lead Assessment Writer and considered, together with the relevant
questions, by a panel of subject teachers. This mark scheme includes any amendments made at the
standardisation events which all associates participate in and is the scheme which was used by them in
this examination. The standardisation process ensures that the mark scheme covers the students’
responses to questions and that every associate understands and applies it in the same correct way.
As preparation for standardisation each associate analyses a number of students’ scripts. Alternative
answers not already covered by the mark scheme are discussed and legislated for. If, after the
standardisation process, associates encounter unusual answers which have not been raised they are
required to refer these to the Lead Examiner.
It must be stressed that a mark scheme is a working document, in many cases further developed and
expanded on the basis of students’ reactions to a particular paper. Assumptions about future mark
schemes on the basis of one year’s document should be avoided; whilst the guiding principles of
assessment remain constant, details will change, depending on the content of a particular examination
paper.
Further copies of this mark scheme are available from aqa.org.uk
Copyright © 2019 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved.
AQA retains the copyright on all its publications. However, registered schools/colleges for AQA are permitted to copy material from this booklet
for their own internal use, with the following important exception: AQA cannot give permission to schools/colleges to photocopy any material that
is acknowledged to a third party even for internal use within the centre.
2

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2019 Information to Examiners 1. General The mark scheme for each question shows: • the marks available for each part of the question • the total marks available for the question • the typical answer or answers which are expected • extra information to help the Examiner make his or her judgement • the Assessment Objectives, level of demand and specification content that each question is intended to cover. The extra information is aligned to the appropriate answer in the left-hand part of the mark scheme and should only be applied to that item in the mark scheme. At the beginning of a part of a question a reminder may be given, for example: where consequential marking needs to be considered in a calculation; or the answer may be on the diagram or at a different place on the script. In general the right-hand side of the mark scheme is there to provide those extra details which confuse the main part of the mark scheme yet may be helpful in ensuring that marking is straightforward and consistent. 2. Emboldening and underlining 2.1 In a list of acceptable answers where more than one mark is available ‘any two from’ is used, with the number of marks emboldened. Each of the following bullet points is a potential mark. 2.2 A bold and is used to indicate that both parts of the answer are required to award the mark. 2.3 Alternative answers acceptable for a mark are indicated by the use of or . Different terms in the mark scheme are shown by a / ; e.g. allow smooth / free movement. 2.4 Any wording that is underlined is essential for the marking point to be awarded. 3

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2019
Information to Examiners
1. General
The mark scheme for each question shows:
• the marks available for each part of the question
• the total marks available for the question
• the typical answer or answers which are expected
• extra information to help the Examiner make his or her judgement
• the Assessment Objectives, level of demand and specification content that each question is intended
to cover.
The extra information is aligned to the appropriate answer in the left-hand part of the mark scheme and
should only be applied to that item in the mark scheme.
At the beginning of a part of a question a reminder may be given, for example: where consequential
marking needs to be considered in a calculation; or the answer may be on the diagram or at a different
place on the script.
In general the right-hand side of the mark scheme is there to provide those extra details which confuse
the main part of the mark scheme yet may be helpful in ensuring that marking is straightforward and
consistent.
2. Emboldening and underlining
2.1 In a list of acceptable answers where more than one mark is available ‘any two from’ is used, with
the number of marks emboldened. Each of the following bullet points is a
potential mark.
2.2 A bold and is used to indicate that both parts of the answer are required to award the mark.
2.3 Alternative answers acceptable for a mark are indicated by the use of or . Different terms in the
mark scheme are shown by a / ; e.g. allow smooth / free movement.
2.4 Any wording that is underlined is essential for the marking point to be awarded.
3

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2019 3. Marking points 3.1 Marking of lists This applies to questions requiring a set number of responses, but for which students have provided extra responses. The general principle to be followed in such a situation is that ‘right + wrong = wrong’. Each error / contradiction negates each correct response. So, if the number of error / contradictions equals or exceeds the number of marks available for the question, no marks can be awarded. However, responses considered to be neutral (indicated as * in example 1) are not penalised. Example 1: What is the pH of an acidic solution? [1 mark] Student Response Marks awarded 1 green, 5 0 2 red*, 5 1 3 red*, 8 0 Example 2: Name two planets in the solar system. [2 marks] Student Response Marks awarded 1 Neptune, Mars, Moon 1 2 Neptune, Sun, Mars, 0 Moon 3.2 Use of chemical symbols / formulae If a student writes a chemical symbol / formula instead of a required chemical name, full credit can be given if the symbol / formula is correct and if, in the context of the question, such action is appropriate. 3.3 Marking procedure for calculations Marks should be awarded for each stage of the calculation completed correctly, as students are instructed to show their working. Full marks can, however, be given for a correct numerical answer, without any working shown. 3.4 Interpretation of ‘it’ Answers using the word ‘it’ should be given credit only if it is clear that the ‘it’ refers to the correct subject. 4

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2019
3. Marking points
3.1 Marking of lists
This applies to questions requiring a set number of responses, but for which students have
provided extra responses. The general principle to be followed in such a situation is that ‘right +
wrong = wrong’.
Each error / contradiction negates each correct response. So, if the number of error /
contradictions equals or exceeds the number of marks available for the question, no marks can be
awarded.
However, responses considered to be neutral (indicated as * in example 1) are not penalised.
Example 1: What is the pH of an acidic solution?
[1 mark]
Student Response Marks
awarded
1 green, 5 0
2 red*, 5 1
3 red*, 8 0
Example 2: Name two planets in the solar system.
[2 marks]
Student Response Marks awarded
1 Neptune, Mars, Moon 1
2 Neptune, Sun, Mars, 0
Moon
3.2 Use of chemical symbols / formulae
If a student writes a chemical symbol / formula instead of a required chemical name, full credit can
be given if the symbol / formula is correct and if, in the context of the question, such action is
appropriate.
3.3 Marking procedure for calculations
Marks should be awarded for each stage of the calculation completed correctly, as students are
instructed to show their working. Full marks can, however, be given for a correct numerical
answer, without any working shown.
3.4 Interpretation of ‘it’
Answers using the word ‘it’ should be given credit only if it is clear that the ‘it’ refers to the correct
subject.
4

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2019 3.5 Errors carried forward Any error in the answers to a structured question should be penalised once only. Papers should be constructed in such a way that the number of times errors can be carried forward is kept to a minimum. Allowances for errors carried forward are most likely to be restricted to calculation questions and should be shown by the abbreviation ecf in the marking scheme. 3.6 Phonetic spelling The phonetic spelling of correct scientific terminology should be credited unless there is a possible confusion with another technical term. 3.7 Brackets (…..) are used to indicate information which is not essential for the mark to be awarded but is included to help the examiner identify the sense of the answer required. 3.8 Allow In the mark scheme additional information, ‘allow’ is used to indicate creditworthy alternative answers. 3.9 Ignore Ignore is used when the information given is irrelevant to the question or not enough to gain the marking point. Any further correct amplification could gain the marking point. 3.10 Do not accept Do not accept means that this is a wrong answer which, even if the correct answer is given as well, will still mean that the mark is not awarded. 4. Level of response marking instructions Extended response questions are marked on level of response mark schemes. • Level of response mark schemes are broken down into levels, each of which has a descriptor. • The descriptor for the level shows the average performance for the level. • There are two marks in each level. Before you apply the mark scheme to a student’s answer, read through the answer and annotate it (as instructed) to show the qualities that are being looked for. You can then apply the mark scheme. 5

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2019
3.5 Errors carried forward
Any error in the answers to a structured question should be penalised once only.
Papers should be constructed in such a way that the number of times errors can be carried forward
is kept to a minimum. Allowances for errors carried forward are most likely to be restricted to
calculation questions and should be shown by the abbreviation ecf in the marking scheme.
3.6 Phonetic spelling
The phonetic spelling of correct scientific terminology should be credited unless there is a possible
confusion with another technical term.
3.7 Brackets
(…..) are used to indicate information which is not essential for the mark to be awarded but is
included to help the examiner identify the sense of the answer required.
3.8 Allow
In the mark scheme additional information, ‘allow’ is used to indicate creditworthy
alternative answers.
3.9 Ignore
Ignore is used when the information given is irrelevant to the question or not enough to gain the
marking point. Any further correct amplification could gain the marking point.
3.10 Do not accept
Do not accept means that this is a wrong answer which, even if the correct answer is given as
well, will still mean that the mark is not awarded.
4. Level of response marking instructions
Extended response questions are marked on level of response mark schemes.
• Level of response mark schemes are broken down into levels, each of which has a descriptor.
• The descriptor for the level shows the average performance for the level.
• There are two marks in each level.
Before you apply the mark scheme to a student’s answer, read through the answer and annotate it
(as instructed) to show the qualities that are being looked for. You can then apply the mark scheme.
5

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2019 Step 1: Determine a level Start at the lowest level of the mark scheme and use it as a ladder to see whether the answer meets the descriptor for that level. The descriptor for the level indicates the different qualities that might be seen in the student’s answer for that level. If it meets the lowest level then go to the next one and decide if it meets this level, and so on, until you have a match between the level descriptor and the answer. When assigning a level you should look at the overall quality of the answer. Do not look to penalise small and specific parts of the answer where the student has not performed quite as well as the rest. If the answer covers different aspects of different levels of the mark scheme you should use a best fit approach for defining the level. Use the variability of the response to help decide the mark within the level, i.e. if the response is predominantly level 2 with a small amount of level 3 material it would be placed in level 2 but be awarded a mark near the top of the level because of the level 3 content. Step 2: Determine a mark Once you have assigned a level you need to decide on the mark. The descriptors on how to allocate marks can help with this. The exemplar materials used during standardisation will help. There will be an answer in the standardising materials which will correspond with each level of the mark scheme. This answer will have been awarded a mark by the Lead Examiner. You can compare the student’s answer with the example to determine if it is the same standard, better or worse than the example. You can then use this to allocate a mark for the answer based on the Lead Examiner’s mark on the example. You may well need to read back through the answer as you apply the mark scheme to clarify points and assure yourself that the level and the mark are appropriate. Indicative content in the mark scheme is provided as a guide for examiners. It is not intended to be exhaustive and you must credit other valid points. Students do not have to cover all of the points mentioned in the indicative content to reach the highest level of the mark scheme. You should ignore any irrelevant points made. However, full marks can be awarded only if there are no incorrect statements that contradict a correct response. An answer which contains nothing of relevance to the question must be awarded no marks. 6

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2019
Step 1: Determine a level
Start at the lowest level of the mark scheme and use it as a ladder to see whether the answer meets
the descriptor for that level. The descriptor for the level indicates the different qualities that might be
seen in the student’s answer for that level. If it meets the lowest level then go to the next one and
decide if it meets this level, and so on, until you have a match between the level descriptor and the
answer.
When assigning a level you should look at the overall quality of the answer. Do not look to penalise
small and specific parts of the answer where the student has not performed quite as well as the rest.
If the answer covers different aspects of different levels of the mark scheme you should use a best
fit approach for defining the level.
Use the variability of the response to help decide the mark within the level, i.e. if the response is
predominantly level 2 with a small amount of level 3 material it would be placed in level 2 but be
awarded a mark near the top of the level because of the level 3 content.
Step 2: Determine a mark
Once you have assigned a level you need to decide on the mark. The descriptors on how to
allocate marks can help with this.
The exemplar materials used during standardisation will help. There will be an answer in the
standardising materials which will correspond with each level of the mark scheme. This answer will
have been awarded a mark by the Lead Examiner. You can compare the student’s answer with the
example to determine if it is the same standard, better or worse than the example. You can then
use this to allocate a mark for the answer based on the Lead Examiner’s mark on the example.
You may well need to read back through the answer as you apply the mark scheme to clarify points
and assure yourself that the level and the mark are appropriate.
Indicative content in the mark scheme is provided as a guide for examiners. It is not intended to be
exhaustive and you must credit other valid points. Students do not have to cover all of the points
mentioned in the indicative content to reach the highest level of the mark scheme.
You should ignore any irrelevant points made. However, full marks can be awarded only if there are
no incorrect statements that contradict a correct response.
An answer which contains nothing of relevance to the question must be awarded no marks.
6

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2019 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 01.1 controls the (activities of the) allow contains genetic 1 4.1.1.2 cell information / genes / DNA / AO1 chromosomes do not accept brain do not accept controls substances entering / leaving the cell 01.2 red blood cell / RBC allow erythrocyte 1 4.2.2.3 4.1.1.1 ignore blood cell unqualified AO1 ignore platelets or allow named examples of bacteria / prokaryote bacteria do not accept virus or xylem (cell) 01.3 cell shape is similar to cell in ignore shading 1 4.1.1.2 Figure 1 and nucleus present AO2 do not accept a cell wall drawn 8.2.1 AO1 any two features correctly 1 identified and labelled: • nucleus allow cell wall if drawn and • (cell) membrane correctly labelled • cytoplasm do not accept other plant sub- • mitochondria / mitochondrion cellular structures • ribosome(s) 01.4 any one from: 1 4.1.1.2 • (cellulose cell) wall AO1 • chloroplast ignore chlorophyll • (permanent) vacuole allow starch grain 7

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2019
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
01.1 controls the (activities of the) allow contains genetic 1 4.1.1.2
cell information / genes / DNA / AO1
chromosomes
do not accept brain
do not accept controls
substances entering / leaving
the cell
01.2 red blood cell / RBC allow erythrocyte 1 4.2.2.3
4.1.1.1
ignore blood cell unqualified AO1
ignore platelets
or
allow named examples of
bacteria / prokaryote
bacteria
do not accept virus
or
xylem (cell)
01.3 cell shape is similar to cell in ignore shading 1 4.1.1.2
Figure 1 and nucleus present AO2
do not accept a cell wall drawn 8.2.1
AO1
any two features correctly 1
identified and labelled:
• nucleus allow cell wall if drawn and
• (cell) membrane correctly labelled
• cytoplasm
• mitochondria / mitochondrion do not accept other plant sub-
• ribosome(s) cellular structures
01.4 any one from: 1 4.1.1.2
• (cellulose cell) wall AO1
• chloroplast ignore chlorophyll
• (permanent) vacuole
allow starch grain
7

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2019 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 01.5 an answer of (×) 400 scores 3 4.1.1.5 marks AO2 an answer of (×) 40 scores 2 marks allow in range 23 to 25 (mm) 24 (mm) or 2.4 (cm) 1 or in range 2.3 to 2.5 (cm) allow correct calculation from 24 1 their measurement of X to Y in 0.06 the range 2.3 cm to 3.5 cm or 23 mm to 35 mm or 2.4 0.06 allow correct magnification 1 (×) 400 derived from their measurement in mm ignore rounding errors 01.6 high(er) magnification ignore bigger / zoom 1 4.1.1.5 AO1 high(er) resolution or high(er) allow see more detail 1 resolving power if neither mark awarded allow 1 mark for see smaller objects or see smaller sub-cellular structures allow 3D image Total 10 8

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2019
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
01.5 an answer of (×) 400 scores 3 4.1.1.5
marks AO2
an answer of (×) 40 scores 2
marks
allow in range 23 to 25 (mm)
24 (mm) or 2.4 (cm) 1
or in range 2.3 to 2.5 (cm)
24 allow correct calculation from 1
their measurement of X to Y in
0.06
the range 2.3 cm to 3.5 cm or
23 mm to 35 mm
or
2.4
0.06
allow correct magnification 1
(×) 400
derived from their measurement
in mm
ignore rounding errors
01.6 high(er) magnification ignore bigger / zoom 1 4.1.1.5
AO1
high(er) resolution or high(er) allow see more detail 1
resolving power
if neither mark awarded allow 1
mark for see smaller objects
or see smaller sub-cellular
structures
allow 3D image
Total 10
8

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2019 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 02.1 a protist 1 4.3.1.5 AO1 02.2 allow converse if clearly 4.3.1.5 describing people who do not AO3 use (mosquito) nets 1 lower percentage of people with allow fewer people with malaria malaria when using (mosquito) when using (mosquito) nets nets allow only 1.2% of people with malaria when using (mosquito) nets ignore reference to data from table unqualified do not accept incorrectly calculated figures 02.3 any one from: 1 4.3.1.5 • some people who use allow people can get malaria AO3 (mosquito) nets have when they are not sleeping malaria • data from only one area / part of Africa allow correlation does not imply • size of group too small or causation sample size too small or only 476 people • only 50 people did not use (mosquito) nets or uneven group sizes (nets vs. no nets) • no other information about allow examples of information people considered not considered e.g. age, other medical issues such as sickle cell, whether taking anti-malarial medication, vaccination ignore ref to other factors unqualified • people may have lied about using (mosquito) nets 02.4 any value between 88 ‒ 91 allow decimal values 1 4.3.1.5 AO2 9

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2019
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
02.1 a protist 1 4.3.1.5
AO1
02.2 allow converse if clearly 4.3.1.5
describing people who do not AO3
use (mosquito) nets
lower percentage of people with allow fewer people with malaria 1
malaria when using (mosquito) when using (mosquito) nets
nets allow only 1.2% of people with
malaria when using (mosquito)
nets
ignore reference to data from
table unqualified
do not accept incorrectly
calculated figures
02.3 any one from: 1 4.3.1.5
• some people who use allow people can get malaria AO3
(mosquito) nets have when they are not sleeping
malaria
• data from only one area /
part of Africa
• size of group too small or allow correlation does not imply
sample size too small causation
or
only 476 people
• only 50 people did not use
(mosquito) nets
or
uneven group sizes (nets vs.
no nets)
• no other information about allow examples of information
people considered not considered e.g. age, other
medical issues such as sickle
cell, whether taking anti-malarial
medication, vaccination
ignore ref to other factors
unqualified
• people may have lied about
using (mosquito) nets
02.4 any value between 88 ‒ 91 allow decimal values 1 4.3.1.5
AO2
9

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2019 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec . . Ref 02.5 any one from: 1 4.2.2.5 • improved health care allow examples of improved 4.3.1.5 health care such as AO2 more / cheaper / new treatments / vaccinations / antibiotics • use of mosquito control allow descriptions such as methods spraying of insecticides / repellent or draining water holes or preventing mosquitoes from breeding allow descriptions such as wear • changing behaviour to avoid long clothing or avoid going out being bitten (by mosquitoes) at dusk 10

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2019
Question Answers Extra information Mark AO /
Spec . . Ref
02.5 any one from: 1 4.2.2.5
• improved health care allow examples of improved 4.3.1.5
health care such as AO2
more / cheaper / new
treatments / vaccinations /
antibiotics
• use of mosquito control allow descriptions such as
methods spraying of insecticides /
repellent or draining water holes
or preventing mosquitoes from
breeding
• changing behaviour to avoid allow descriptions such as wear
being bitten (by mosquitoes) long clothing or avoid going out
at dusk
10

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2019 AO / Question Answers Mark Spec. Ref. 02.6 Level 2: Scientifically relevant facts, events or processes are 4 – 6 4.3.1.6 identified and given in detail to form an accurate account. 4.3.1.7 AO1 Level 1: Facts, events or processes are identified and simply 1–3 stated but their relevance is not clear. No relevant content 0 Indicative content prevents pathogens from entering skin • tough / dry / dead outer layer • skin acts as a barrier • sebum / oil on (surface of) skin • sebum / oil repels pathogens • scabs form over cuts or scabs form a barrier • platelets are involved in forming clots / scab stomach • contains (hydrochloric) acid • (HCl) kills bacteria • in food or in swallowed mucus eyes • produce tears • contains enzymes to kill bacteria • tears are antiseptic breathing system • trachea / bronchi / nose produce mucus • mucus is sticky • (mucus) traps bacteria • (mucus) carried away by cilia defends itself against pathogens inside the body • immune system / white blood cells (WBCs) • WBCs engulf pathogens • antitoxins are produced • (antitoxins) neutralise toxins / poisons (produced by pathogen) • antibodies are produced • (antibodies) help destroy pathogens • memory cells (are formed) • (memory cells give a) more rapid response if pathogen re-enters a level 2 response should refer to body defence and the immune system Total 11 11

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2019
AO /
Question Answers Mark
Spec. Ref.
02.6 Level 2: Scientifically relevant facts, events or processes are 4 – 6 4.3.1.6
identified and given in detail to form an accurate account. 4.3.1.7
AO1
Level 1: Facts, events or processes are identified and simply 1–3
stated but their relevance is not clear.
No relevant content 0
Indicative content
prevents pathogens from entering
skin
• tough / dry / dead outer layer
• skin acts as a barrier
• sebum / oil on (surface of) skin
• sebum / oil repels pathogens
• scabs form over cuts or scabs form a barrier
• platelets are involved in forming clots / scab
stomach
• contains (hydrochloric) acid
• (HCl) kills bacteria
• in food or in swallowed mucus
eyes
• produce tears
• contains enzymes to kill bacteria
• tears are antiseptic
breathing system
• trachea / bronchi / nose produce mucus
• mucus is sticky
• (mucus) traps bacteria
• (mucus) carried away by cilia
defends itself against pathogens inside the body
• immune system / white blood cells (WBCs)
• WBCs engulf pathogens
• antitoxins are produced
• (antitoxins) neutralise toxins / poisons (produced by pathogen)
• antibodies are produced
• (antibodies) help destroy pathogens
• memory cells (are formed)
• (memory cells give a) more rapid response if pathogen re-enters
a level 2 response should refer to body defence and the immune
system
Total 11
11

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2019 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 03.1 words take precedence over 4.4.1.1 symbols AO1 LHS: 1 carbon dioxide and water allow correct symbols (ignore balancing) RHS: 1 glucose in any order do not accept starch ignore carbohydrates / sugar 03.2 power output of bulb 1 4.4.1.2 AO2 03.3 any two from: ignore do a control experiment 2 4.4.1.2 • repeat and calculate a mean unqualified AO3 or repeat and to eliminate anomalies • control the (water) allow a method of controlling temperature (water) temperature allow a method of controlling • control the concentration of carbon dioxide concentration carbon dioxide • control the distance of the bulb from the pondweed • control the mass / length / allow use the same piece of species / age of the pondweed pondweed • give pondweed time to equilibrate allow do experiment with the bulb off / in the dark 03.4 3.3 (cm 3 /hour) 1 4.4.1.2 AO2 12

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2019
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
03.1 words take precedence over 4.4.1.1
symbols AO1
LHS: 1
carbon dioxide and water allow correct symbols (ignore
balancing)
RHS: 1
glucose in any order
do not accept starch
ignore carbohydrates / sugar
03.2 power output of bulb 1 4.4.1.2
AO2
03.3 any two from: ignore do a control experiment 2 4.4.1.2
• repeat and calculate a mean unqualified AO3
or
repeat and to eliminate
anomalies
• control the (water) allow a method of controlling
temperature (water) temperature
• control the concentration of allow a method of controlling
carbon dioxide carbon dioxide concentration
• control the distance of the
bulb from the pondweed
• control the mass / length / allow use the same piece of
species / age of the pondweed
pondweed
• give pondweed time to
equilibrate
allow do experiment with the
bulb off / in the dark
03.4 3.3 (cm 3 /hour) 1 4.4.1.2
AO2
12

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2019 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 03.5 max 3 marks for bar chart 4.4.1.2 correct scale and axis labelled 1 AO2 all points plotted correctly allow points plotted to within 2 ± ½ small square allow 3 or 4 correct plots for 1 mark allow correct plot from incorrect value calculated in question 03.4 correct curved line of best fit ignore line extended beyond 1 60 / 250 (W) ignore line joined point to point with straight lines 03.6 1 4.4.1.2 correct answer from their line allow ± ½ small square AO2 drawn on Figure 4 tolerance allow 1.8 / 1.9 if no line of best fit or incorrect graph is drawn 03.7 1 4.4.1.2 AO2 Total 12 13

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2019
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
03.5 max 3 marks for bar chart 4.4.1.2
correct scale and axis labelled 1 AO2
all points plotted correctly allow points plotted to within 2
± ½ small square
allow 3 or 4 correct plots for 1
mark
allow correct plot from incorrect
value calculated in question
03.4
correct curved line of best fit ignore line extended beyond 1
60 / 250 (W)
ignore line joined point to point
with straight lines
03.6 correct answer from their line allow ± ½ small square 1 4.4.1.2
drawn on Figure 4 tolerance AO2
allow 1.8 / 1.9 if no line of best
fit or incorrect graph is drawn
03.7 1 4.4.1.2
AO2
Total 12
13

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2019 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 04.1 (by the guard cells) opening and ignore ref to guard cells being 1 4.2.3.2 closing the stomata plasmolysed / turgid AO1 04.2 (water is) transported in xylem ignore mechanism of water 1 4.2.3.2 entering the roots AO1 do not accept translocation water evaporates (from leaves) allow loss of water vapour 1 through the stomata allow between the guard cells 1 if no other marks awarded allow 1 mark for reference to transpiration 04.3 any one from: allow converse for plant B 1 4.2.3.2 AO2 • plant A has more stomata allow (the plants) have different numbers of stomata • plant A has more leaves allow (the plants) have different numbers of leaves allow (the plants) have different • plant A has bigger leaves sized leaves allow (the plants) have different • plant A has a greater total total surface area of leaves surface area of leaves allow plant A has less (waxy) cuticle or (the plants) have different amounts of (waxy) cuticle allow plant A has fewer hairs on leaves or (the plants) have different number of hairs on the leaves 14

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2019
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
04.1 (by the guard cells) opening and ignore ref to guard cells being 1 4.2.3.2
closing the stomata plasmolysed / turgid AO1
04.2 (water is) transported in xylem ignore mechanism of water 1 4.2.3.2
entering the roots AO1
do not accept translocation
water evaporates (from leaves) allow loss of water vapour 1
through the stomata allow between the guard cells 1
if no other marks awarded allow
1 mark for reference to
transpiration
04.3 any one from: allow converse for plant B 1 4.2.3.2
AO2
• plant A has more stomata allow (the plants) have different
numbers of stomata
• plant A has more leaves allow (the plants) have different
numbers of leaves
• plant A has bigger leaves allow (the plants) have different
sized leaves
• plant A has a greater total allow (the plants) have different
surface area of leaves total surface area of leaves
allow plant A has less (waxy)
cuticle
or
(the plants) have different
amounts of (waxy) cuticle
allow plant A has fewer hairs on
leaves
or
(the plants) have different
number of hairs on the leaves
14

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2019 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 04.4 an answer of 10 scores 3 marks 4.2.3.2 AO2 5.2 allow in range 4.8 to 5.6 1 (5.2 × 2 =) 10.4 allow their calculated value in 1 the range 8.8 to 12.0 or 5.2 � = � 10.4 0.5 10 (cm 3 /hour) allow their calculated value in 1 the range 8.8 to 12.0 correct to 2 significant figures 04.5 (rate increased because) 2 4.2.3.2 any two from: answers must be comparative AO3 • (it was) warmer • light intensity was higher • (it was) less humid allow greater water vapour gradient between leaves and environment • (it was) windier Total 10 15

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2019
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
04.4 an answer of 10 scores 3 marks 4.2.3.2
AO2
5.2 allow in range 4.8 to 5.6 1
(5.2 × 2 =) 10.4 allow their calculated value in 1
the range 8.8 to 12.0
or
5.2
� = � 10.4
0.5
10 (cm 3 /hour) allow their calculated value in 1
the range 8.8 to 12.0 correct to
2 significant figures
04.5 (rate increased because) 2 4.2.3.2
any two from: answers must be comparative AO3
• (it was) warmer
• light intensity was higher
• (it was) less humid allow greater water vapour
gradient between leaves and
environment
• (it was) windier
Total 10
15

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2019 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 05.1 Level 2: Relevant points (reasons/causes) are identified, given in 3–4 4.2.2.4 detail and logically linked to form a clear account. 4.2.2.2 4.1.3.1 Level 1: Relevant points (reasons/causes) are identified, and there 1–2 AO2 are attempts at logical linking. The resulting account is not fully clear. No relevant content 0 Indicative content: • backflow can occur or some blood flows backwards • less blood leaves the heart or less blood is pumped around the body or some blood stays in the heart (instead of being pumped out) or reduced blood pressure or reduced flow rate • less oxygen supplied to muscles / cells • (so) less aerobic respiration • (so) less energy released • (so) less (efficient) muscle contraction • anaerobic respiration takes place • less (efficient) removal of lactic acid or lactic acid builds up or oxygen debt occurs • (lactic acid building up) causes muscle fatigue • less (efficient) removal of carbon dioxide (from blood) a level 2 response should refer to both respiration and the effects on exercise 16

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2019
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
05.1 Level 2: Relevant points (reasons/causes) are identified, given in 3–4 4.2.2.4
detail and logically linked to form a clear account. 4.2.2.2
4.1.3.1
Level 1: Relevant points (reasons/causes) are identified, and there 1–2 AO2
are attempts at logical linking. The resulting account is not fully
clear.
No relevant content 0
Indicative content:
• backflow can occur or some blood flows backwards
• less blood leaves the heart or less blood is pumped around the
body or some blood stays in the heart (instead of being
pumped out) or reduced blood pressure or reduced flow rate
• less oxygen supplied to muscles / cells
• (so) less aerobic respiration
• (so) less energy released
• (so) less (efficient) muscle contraction
• anaerobic respiration takes place
• less (efficient) removal of lactic acid or lactic acid builds up or
oxygen debt occurs
• (lactic acid building up) causes muscle fatigue
• less (efficient) removal of carbon dioxide (from blood)
a level 2 response should refer to both respiration and the effects
on exercise
16

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2019 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 05.2 ignore raw numbers from 4.2.2.4 Table 4 AO3 (deaths mechanical valve =) allow correctly rounded value 1 6% / 6.31136% (deaths biological valve =) allow correctly rounded value 1 10% / 10.14823% (therefore a) higher proportion / do not accept more patients die 1 AO2 percentage of patients die with with a biological valve biological valve or patients are more likely to die with biological valve allow 2 marks for ratio mechanical : biological = 1:1.6 or 1:1.7 or correctly calculated value allow 3 marks for deaths with biological valves = 4% / 3.83687% higher or correctly rounded value or patients are 1.6 / 1.7 times more likely to die with biological valves if no other marks awarded, allow for 1 mark chance of death after a valve replacement is 8% / 7.77247% or correctly rounded value 17

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2019
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
05.2 ignore raw numbers from 4.2.2.4
Table 4 AO3
(deaths mechanical valve =) allow correctly rounded value 1
6% / 6.31136%
(deaths biological valve =) allow correctly rounded value 1
10% / 10.14823%
(therefore a) higher proportion / do not accept more patients die 1 AO2
percentage of patients die with with a biological valve
biological valve
or
patients are more likely to die
with biological valve
allow 2 marks for
ratio mechanical : biological =
1:1.6 or 1:1.7
or correctly calculated value
allow 3 marks for
deaths with biological valves =
4% / 3.83687% higher or
correctly rounded value
or
patients are 1.6 / 1.7 times
more likely to die with biological
valves
if no other marks awarded,
allow for 1 mark
chance of death after a valve
replacement is 8% / 7.77247%
or correctly rounded value
17

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2019 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 05.3 platelets allow thrombocytes 1 4.2.2.3 AO1 05.4 Level 3: A judgement, strongly linked and logically supported by a 5 – 6 4.2.2.4 sufficient range of correct reasons, is given. AO2 AO3 Level 2: Some logically linked reasons are given. There may also 3–4 be a simple judgement. Level 1: Relevant points are made. They are not logically linked. 1–2 No relevant content 0 Indicative content: mechanical valves • longer lasting or more durable or don’t wear out as easily or less likely to need replacing (within 6 years) • blood clots (on the brain) are more likely (after surgery) • patient has to take anti-clotting medication (for the rest of their lives) • if medication not taken (correctly), clots can lead to blood clots on brain / heart attack • medication can lead to excessive bleeding (after injury) • some patients say they can hear the valves opening and closing • survival rate at 5 years is slightly higher for mechanical valve • lower percentage of deaths due to heart-related problems biological valves • no additional medication required • ethical issues surrounding use of animal tissue • valve may harden • more likely to need further operation or another new valve • more likely to be rejected • more likely to need (immuno-suppressant) medication both valves • both are readily available • little wait time a level 2 response should contain comparisons of both valves and some reference to own knowledge Total 14 18

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2019
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
05.3 platelets allow thrombocytes 1 4.2.2.3
AO1
05.4 Level 3: A judgement, strongly linked and logically supported by a 5 – 6 4.2.2.4
sufficient range of correct reasons, is given. AO2
AO3
Level 2: Some logically linked reasons are given. There may also 3–4
be a simple judgement.
Level 1: Relevant points are made. They are not logically linked. 1–2
No relevant content 0
Indicative content:
mechanical valves
• longer lasting or more durable or don’t wear out as easily or
less likely to need replacing (within 6 years)
• blood clots (on the brain) are more likely (after surgery)
• patient has to take anti-clotting medication (for the rest of their
lives)
• if medication not taken (correctly), clots can lead to blood clots
on brain / heart attack
• medication can lead to excessive bleeding (after injury)
• some patients say they can hear the valves opening and
closing
• survival rate at 5 years is slightly higher for mechanical valve
• lower percentage of deaths due to heart-related problems
biological valves
• no additional medication required
• ethical issues surrounding use of animal tissue
• valve may harden
• more likely to need further operation or another new valve
• more likely to be rejected
• more likely to need (immuno-suppressant) medication
both valves
• both are readily available
• little wait time
a level 2 response should contain comparisons of both valves and
some reference to own knowledge
Total 14
18

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2019 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 06.1 plasma 1 4.2.2.3 AO1 06.2 Benedict’s (reagent / solution) allow Fehling’s (reagent / 1 4.2.2.1 solution) AO1 06.3 add chemical / Benedict’s allow ecf from question 06.2 1 4.2.2.1 (reagent to urine) AO1 and boil / heat allow any temperature above 65 °C ignore water bath unqualified positive result – (colour changes allow orange / yellow / green / 1 from blue to brick) red brown if no other mark awarded, allow 1 mark for reference to glucose testing stick / strip 06.4 the blood is more concentrated allow the solution in the cells is 1 4.1.3.2 or less dilute (than the solution less concentrated or more dilute AO2 in the cells) than the blood allow correct references to water concentration or water potential or hypotonic / hypertonic ignore reference to amount of water or glucose (so) water moves out of cells by allow (so) water moves into the 1 osmosis blood by osmosis water moves through a partially allow semi-permeable / 1 permeable membrane selectively permeable membrane 19

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2019
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
06.1 plasma 1 4.2.2.3
AO1
06.2 Benedict’s (reagent / solution) allow Fehling’s (reagent / 1 4.2.2.1
solution) AO1
06.3 add chemical / Benedict’s allow ecf from question 06.2 1 4.2.2.1
(reagent to urine) AO1
and
boil / heat allow any temperature above
65 °C
ignore water bath unqualified
positive result – (colour changes allow orange / yellow / green / 1
from blue to brick) red brown
if no other mark awarded, allow
1 mark for reference to glucose
testing stick / strip
06.4 the blood is more concentrated allow the solution in the cells is 1 4.1.3.2
or less dilute (than the solution less concentrated or more dilute AO2
in the cells) than the blood
allow correct references to water
concentration or water potential
or hypotonic / hypertonic
ignore reference to amount of
water or glucose
(so) water moves out of cells by allow (so) water moves into the 1
osmosis blood by osmosis
water moves through a partially allow semi-permeable / 1
permeable membrane selectively permeable
membrane
19

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2019 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 06.5 projections / folds / villi provide a ignore small intestine has a 1 4.1.3.1 large surface area large surface area 4.1.3.3 4.2.2.1 do not allow cilia 4.1.1.2 AO1 walls of projections / folds / villi / 1 capillaries are thin / one cell thick for shorter absorption / AO2 diffusion distance (small intestine is) very long, 1 AO1 increasing time (for absorption) good / efficient blood supply to allow many capillaries to 1 AO2 maintain concentration gradient maintain concentration gradient cells have many mitochondria do not accept anaerobic 1 for (aerobic) respiration for active transport or cells have many mitochondria do not accept producing energy for energy release for active transport Total 12 20

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2019
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
06.5 projections / folds / villi provide a ignore small intestine has a 1 4.1.3.1
large surface area large surface area 4.1.3.3
4.2.2.1
do not allow cilia 4.1.1.2
AO1
walls of projections / folds / villi / 1
capillaries are thin / one cell
thick for shorter absorption / AO2
diffusion distance
(small intestine is) very long, 1 AO1
increasing time (for absorption)
good / efficient blood supply to allow many capillaries to 1 AO2
maintain concentration gradient maintain concentration gradient
cells have many mitochondria do not accept anaerobic 1
for (aerobic) respiration for
active transport
or
cells have many mitochondria do not accept producing energy
for energy release for active
transport
Total 12
20

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2019 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 07.1 blood is pumped to the lungs by allow blood enters the heart 1 4.2.2.2 one / right side of the heart twice for every (one) circuit AO1 and around the body blood is pumped to the body by the other / left side of the heart 07.2 ventricle correctly identified as 1 4.2.2.2 any part of grey area below: AO2 07.3 oxygenated and deoxygenated allow some deoxygenated blood 1 4.2.2.2 blood mixes is sent to the body / tissues / AO3 cells (so) less oxygen reaches the allow named tissues / organs 1 body / tissues / cells 21

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2019
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
07.1 blood is pumped to the lungs by allow blood enters the heart 1 4.2.2.2
one / right side of the heart twice for every (one) circuit AO1
and around the body
blood is pumped to the body by
the other / left side of the heart
07.2 ventricle correctly identified as 1 4.2.2.2
any part of grey area below: AO2
07.3 oxygenated and deoxygenated allow some deoxygenated blood 1 4.2.2.2
blood mixes is sent to the body / tissues / AO3
cells
(so) less oxygen reaches the allow named tissues / organs 1
body / tissues / cells
21

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2019 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 07.4 concentration gradient (of allow idea that concentration 1 4.4.2.3 oxygen) is shallow(er) / less gradient is negative (i.e. out 4.4.2.1 steep of axolotl) (1) 4.1.3.1 AO2 so oxygen diffuses out of (therefore) less oxygen diffuses 1 axolotl’s blood / cells / gills (1) into blood / cells / gills (so) less (aerobic) respiration do not accept no respiration 1 occurs so less energy is occurs released / available do not accept energy production or (so more) anaerobic respiration occurs so less energy is released / available (so) less metabolism ignore reduced living processes 1 unqualified allow reduction of building larger molecules or movement / muscle contraction or keeping warm or urea formation or chemical reactions or (so when) anaerobic respiration occurs, lactic acid is produced (and is toxic) 07.5 stem (cells) do not accept embryonic stem 1 4.1.2.3 cell AO2 07.6 any one from: allow other examples such as 1 4.1.2.3 • paralysis Parkinson’s / heart disease / AO1 • diabetes stroke / cystic fibrosis / cancer / burns do not accept infectious diseases 07.7 any one from: 1 4.1.2.3 • easy to breed allow reproduce quickly AO3 • easy / cheap to keep / rear (as are small) • don’t take up much space allow reference to not being dangerous (to the scientist) allow they are not endangered allow removal of gill will not kill the axolotl 22

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2019
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
07.4 concentration gradient (of allow idea that concentration 1 4.4.2.3
oxygen) is shallow(er) / less gradient is negative (i.e. out 4.4.2.1
steep of axolotl) (1) 4.1.3.1
so oxygen diffuses out of AO2
(therefore) less oxygen diffuses axolotl’s blood / cells / gills (1) 1
into blood / cells / gills
(so) less (aerobic) respiration do not accept no respiration 1
occurs so less energy is occurs
released / available do not accept energy production
or
(so more) anaerobic respiration
occurs so less energy is
released / available
(so) less metabolism ignore reduced living processes 1
unqualified
allow reduction of building larger
molecules or movement /
muscle contraction or keeping
warm or urea formation or
chemical reactions
or
(so when) anaerobic respiration
occurs, lactic acid is produced
(and is toxic)
07.5 stem (cells) do not accept embryonic stem 1 4.1.2.3
cell AO2
07.6 any one from: allow other examples such as 1 4.1.2.3
• paralysis Parkinson’s / heart disease / AO1
• diabetes stroke / cystic fibrosis / cancer /
burns
do not accept infectious
diseases
07.7 any one from: 1 4.1.2.3
• easy to breed allow reproduce quickly AO3
• easy / cheap to keep / rear
(as are small)
• don’t take up much space
allow reference to not being
dangerous (to the scientist)
allow they are not endangered
allow removal of gill will not kill
the axolotl
22

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2019 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 07.8 any one from: 1 4.1.2.3 • it’s not a mammal or it is an AO3 amphibian • regeneration in gills may be different to that in other organs allow humans do not have gills • metabolism / body processes are too different to humans allow it’s an endangered species or species need to be protected from extinction ignore reference to genetic differences or ethics Total 12 23

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2019
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
07.8 any one from: 1 4.1.2.3
• it’s not a mammal or it is an AO3
amphibian
• regeneration in gills may be
different to that in other
organs
• metabolism / body allow humans do not have gills
processes are too different
to humans
allow it’s an endangered species
or species need to be protected
from extinction
ignore reference to genetic
differences or ethics
Total 12
23

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2019 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 08.1 any one from: 1 4.2.2.1 • (chemical which) catalyses / allow biological catalyst AO1 speeds up reactions in living allow reduces activation energy organisms (of reactions) in living organisms • (chemical which) catalyses / speeds up biological reactions idea of specificity 1 or (is a) protein allow made of amino acids 08.2 salivary gland ignore mouth 1 4.2.2.1 AO1 ignore liver 1 small intestine allow duodenum / ileum ignore intestine unqualified do not accept large intestine 24

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2019
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
08.1 any one from: 1 4.2.2.1
• (chemical which) catalyses / allow biological catalyst AO1
speeds up reactions in living allow reduces activation energy
organisms (of reactions) in living organisms
• (chemical which) catalyses /
speeds up biological
reactions
idea of specificity 1
or
(is a) protein
allow made of amino acids
08.2 salivary gland ignore mouth 1 4.2.2.1
ignore liver AO1
small intestine allow duodenum / ileum 1
ignore intestine unqualified
do not accept large intestine
24

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2019 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 08.3 reduced / no enzyme production allow named example of 1 4.2.2.1 / release (from pancreas) enzymes 4.4.2.3 4.4.2.1 ignore reference to hormones AO2 food is not broken down fully or allow no food is broken down / 1 food is not digested fully digested allow example plus any one of the following mark as pairs routes for max 2 marks: less glucose / sugar absorbed 1 or less glucose / sugar passes into the blood(stream) (so) less glucose available for 1 respiration so more (body / stored) fat used up in metabolism / respiration or fewer amino acids absorbed or fewer amino acids pass into the blood(stream) (1) (so) fewer amino acids are available for making new protein for repair / replacement (1) or fewer fatty acids absorbed or ignore glycerol fewer fatty acids pass into the blood(stream) (1) (so) fewer fatty acids available ignore glycerol so less fat is stored in the body (1) or chemotherapy / radiotherapy causes nausea / loss of appetite (1) (so) less intake of food (1) 25

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2019
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
08.3 reduced / no enzyme production allow named example of 1 4.2.2.1
/ release (from pancreas) enzymes 4.4.2.3
4.4.2.1
ignore reference to hormones AO2
food is not broken down fully or allow no food is broken down / 1
food is not digested fully digested
allow example
plus any one of the following mark as pairs
routes for max 2 marks:
less glucose / sugar absorbed 1
or less glucose / sugar passes
into the blood(stream)
(so) less glucose available for 1
respiration so more (body /
stored) fat used up in
metabolism / respiration
or
fewer amino acids absorbed or
fewer amino acids pass into the
blood(stream) (1)
(so) fewer amino acids are
available for making new protein
for repair / replacement (1)
or
fewer fatty acids absorbed or ignore glycerol
fewer fatty acids pass into the
blood(stream) (1)
(so) fewer fatty acids available ignore glycerol
so less fat is stored in the body
(1)
or
chemotherapy / radiotherapy
causes nausea / loss of appetite
(1)
(so) less intake of food (1)
25

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2019 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 08.4 (cancer) cells cannot divide 1 4.2.2.7 or AO3 (cancer) cells are destroyed / do not accept reference to the killed drug killing (cancer) cells (so) tumour doesn’t grow / get allow cancer cells less likely to 1 bigger or tumour less likely to spread / metastasise spread or tumour less likely to form secondary tumours (because) enzymes A and B are allow reference to both enzymes 1 not working / active / effective / present ignore enzymes unqualified or (because) enzymes A and B are inhibited 08.5 (functional) enzyme B would still allow enzyme B is not inhibited 1 4.2.2.7 be made / present AO3 (therefore cancer) cells would 1 still divide uncontrollably or (therefore cancer) cells would not be destroyed or (therefore) the tumour will (continue to) grow / get bigger / spread or the tumour will form secondary tumours 08.6 ignore to make it more valid unqualified 4.3.1.9 any two from: 2 AO2 • to avoid the patients thinking they feel better with the drug or to take into account a psychological effect • as a control / comparison ignore to provide an independent variable • to avoid bias(ed results) 08.7 testing on volunteers with the 1 4.3.1.9 disease AO1 26

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2019
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
08.4 (cancer) cells cannot divide 1 4.2.2.7
or AO3
(cancer) cells are destroyed / do not accept reference to the
killed drug killing (cancer) cells
(so) tumour doesn’t grow / get allow cancer cells less likely to 1
bigger or tumour less likely to spread / metastasise
spread or tumour less likely to
form secondary tumours
(because) enzymes A and B are allow reference to both enzymes 1
not working / active / effective /
present ignore enzymes unqualified
or
(because) enzymes A and B are
inhibited
08.5 (functional) enzyme B would still allow enzyme B is not inhibited 1 4.2.2.7
be made / present AO3
(therefore cancer) cells would 1
still divide uncontrollably
or
(therefore cancer) cells would
not be destroyed
or
(therefore) the tumour will
(continue to) grow / get bigger /
spread or the tumour will form
secondary tumours
08.6 ignore to make it more valid
unqualified 4.3.1.9
any two from: 2 AO2
• to avoid the patients thinking
they feel better with the drug
or
to take into account a
psychological effect
• as a control / comparison ignore to provide an
independent variable
• to avoid bias(ed results)
08.7 testing on volunteers with the 1 4.3.1.9
disease AO1
26

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2019 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 08.8 monoclonal antibody is attached 1 4.3.2.2 to radioactive substance / toxin / AO1 drug / chemical monoclonal antibody will (only) 1 AO1 attach to / target (antigen on) cancer cells / tumour (so) radioactive substance / allow radioactive substance / 1 AO1 toxin / drug / chemical will (bind toxin / drug / chemical will kill / to cancer cells and) stop them destroy the cancer cells growing / dividing OR monoclonal antibody interrupts the cell cycle or monoclonal antibody aids immune response (1) monoclonal antibody will (only) target cancer cells / tumour (1) (so) action of monoclonal antibody stops cancer cells growing / dividing or (so) action of monoclonal antibodies helps immune system kill / destroy cancer cells (1) Total 19 27

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2019
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
08.8 monoclonal antibody is attached 1 4.3.2.2
to radioactive substance / toxin / AO1
drug / chemical
monoclonal antibody will (only) 1 AO1
attach to / target (antigen on)
cancer cells / tumour
(so) radioactive substance / allow radioactive substance / 1 AO1
toxin / drug / chemical will (bind toxin / drug / chemical will kill /
to cancer cells and) stop them destroy the cancer cells
growing / dividing
OR
monoclonal antibody interrupts
the cell cycle or monoclonal
antibody aids immune response
(1)
monoclonal antibody will (only)
target cancer cells / tumour (1)
(so) action of monoclonal
antibody stops cancer cells
growing / dividing or (so) action
of monoclonal antibodies helps
immune system kill / destroy
cancer cells (1)
Total 19
27

June 2019 MS_2