GCSE BIOLOGY 8461/1H Paper 1 Higher Tier Mark scheme June 2022 Version: 1.0 Final Mark Scheme * 226G 84611H /MS *

GCSE
BIOLOGY
8461/1H
Paper 1 Higher Tier
Mark scheme
June 2022
Version: 1.0 Final Mark Scheme
* 226G 84611H /MS *

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2022 Mark schemes are prepared by the Lead Assessment Writer and considered, together with the relevant questions, by a panel of subject teachers. This mark scheme includes any amendments made at the standardisation events which all associates participate in and is the scheme which was used by them in this examination. The standardisation process ensures that the mark scheme covers the students’ responses to questions and that every associate understands and applies it in the same correct way. As preparation for standardisation each associate analyses a number of students’ scripts. Alternative answers not already covered by the mark scheme are discussed and legislated for. If, after the standardisation process, associates encounter unusual answers which have not been raised they are required to refer these to the Lead Examiner. It must be stressed that a mark scheme is a working document, in many cases further developed and expanded on the basis of students’ reactions to a particular paper. Assumptions about future mark schemes on the basis of one year’s document should be avoided; whilst the guiding principles of assessment remain constant, details will change, depending on the content of a particular examination paper. Further copies of this mark scheme are available from aqa.org.uk Copyright information AQA retains the copyright on all its publications. However, registered schools/colleges for AQA are permitted to copy material from this booklet for their own internal use, with the following important exception: AQA cannot give permission to schools/colleges to photocopy any material that is acknowledged to a third party even for internal use within the centre.. Copyright © 2022 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved. 2

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2022
Mark schemes are prepared by the Lead Assessment Writer and considered, together with the relevant
questions, by a panel of subject teachers. This mark scheme includes any amendments made at the
standardisation events which all associates participate in and is the scheme which was used by them in
this examination. The standardisation process ensures that the mark scheme covers the students’
responses to questions and that every associate understands and applies it in the same correct way.
As preparation for standardisation each associate analyses a number of students’ scripts. Alternative
answers not already covered by the mark scheme are discussed and legislated for. If, after the
standardisation process, associates encounter unusual answers which have not been raised they are
required to refer these to the Lead Examiner.
It must be stressed that a mark scheme is a working document, in many cases further developed and
expanded on the basis of students’ reactions to a particular paper. Assumptions about future mark
schemes on the basis of one year’s document should be avoided; whilst the guiding principles of
assessment remain constant, details will change, depending on the content of a particular examination
paper.
Further copies of this mark scheme are available from aqa.org.uk
Copyright information
AQA retains the copyright on all its publications. However, registered schools/colleges for AQA are permitted to copy material from this booklet for their own
internal use, with the following important exception: AQA cannot give permission to schools/colleges to photocopy any material that is acknowledged to a third
party even for internal use within the centre..
Copyright © 2022 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved.
2

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2022 Information to Examiners 1. General The mark scheme for each question shows: • the marks available for each part of the question • the total marks available for the question • the typical answer or answers which are expected • extra information to help the examiner make their judgement • the Assessment Objectives and specification content that each question is intended to cover. The extra information is aligned to the appropriate answer in the left-hand part of the mark scheme and should only be applied to that item in the mark scheme. At the beginning of a part of a question a reminder may be given, for example: where consequential marking needs to be considered in a calculation; or the answer may be on the diagram or at a different place on the script. In general the right-hand side of the mark scheme is there to provide those extra details which confuse the main part of the mark scheme yet may be helpful in ensuring that marking is straightforward and consistent (for example, a scientifically correct answer that could not reasonably be expected from a student’s knowledge of the specification).. 2. Emboldening and underlining 2.1 In a list of acceptable answers where more than one mark is available ‘any two from’ is used, with the number of marks emboldened. Each of the following bullet points is a potential mark. 2.2 A bold and is used to indicate that both parts of the answer are required to award the mark. 2.3 Alternative answers acceptable for a mark are indicated by the use of or . Alternative words in the mark scheme are shown by a solidus eg allow smooth / free movement. 2.4 Any wording that is underlined is essential for the marking point to be awarded. 3

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2022
Information to Examiners
1. General
The mark scheme for each question shows:
• the marks available for each part of the question
• the total marks available for the question
• the typical answer or answers which are expected
• extra information to help the examiner make their judgement
• the Assessment Objectives and specification content that each question is intended to cover.
The extra information is aligned to the appropriate answer in the left-hand part of the mark scheme and
should only be applied to that item in the mark scheme.
At the beginning of a part of a question a reminder may be given, for example: where consequential
marking needs to be considered in a calculation; or the answer may be on the diagram or at a different
place on the script.
In general the right-hand side of the mark scheme is there to provide those extra details which confuse
the main part of the mark scheme yet may be helpful in ensuring that marking is straightforward and
consistent (for example, a scientifically correct answer that could not reasonably be expected from a
student’s knowledge of the specification)..
2. Emboldening and underlining
2.1 In a list of acceptable answers where more than one mark is available ‘any two from’ is used, with
the number of marks emboldened. Each of the following bullet points is a potential mark.
2.2 A bold and is used to indicate that both parts of the answer are required to award the mark.
2.3 Alternative answers acceptable for a mark are indicated by the use of or .
Alternative words in the mark scheme are shown by a solidus eg allow smooth / free movement.
2.4 Any wording that is underlined is essential for the marking point to be awarded.
3

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2022 3. Marking points 3.1 Marking of lists This applies to questions requiring a set number of responses, but for which students have provided extra responses. The general principle to be followed in such a situation is that ‘right + wrong = wrong’. Each error / contradiction negates each correct response. So, if the number of errors / contradictions equals or exceeds the number of marks available for the question, no marks can be awarded. However, responses considered to be neutral (indicated as * in example 1) are not penalised. Example 1: What is the pH of an acidic solution? [1 mark] Student Response Marks awarded 1 green, 5 0 2 red*, 5 1 3 red*, 8 0 Example 2: Name two magnetic materials. [2 marks] Student Response Marks aw arded 1 iron, steel, tin 1 2 cobalt, nickel, nail* 2 3.2 Use of symbols / formulae If a student writes a chemical symbol / formula instead of a required chemical name, or uses symbols to denote quantities in a physics equation, full credit can be given if the symbol / formula is correct and if, in the context of the question, such action is appropriate. 3.3 Marking procedure for calculations Marks should be awarded for each stage of the calculation completed correctly, as students are instructed to show their working. At any point in a calculation students may omit steps from their working. If a subsequent step is given correctly, the relevant marks may be awarded. Full marks are not awarded for a correct final answer from incorrect working. 3.4 Interpretation of ‘it’ Answers using the word ‘it’ should be given credit only if it is clear that the ‘it’ refers to the correct subject. 4

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2022
3. Marking points
3.1 Marking of lists
This applies to questions requiring a set number of responses, but for which students have
provided extra responses. The general principle to be followed in such a situation is that
‘right + wrong = wrong’.
Each error / contradiction negates each correct response. So, if the number of errors /
contradictions equals or exceeds the number of marks available for the question, no marks can be
awarded.
However, responses considered to be neutral (indicated as * in example 1) are not penalised.
Example 1: What is the pH of an acidic solution?
[1 mark]
Student Response Marks
awarded
1 green, 5 0
2 red*, 5 1
3 red*, 8 0
Example 2: Name two magnetic materials.
[2 marks]
Student Response Marks aw arded
1 iron, steel, tin 1
2 cobalt, nickel, nail* 2
3.2 Use of symbols / formulae
If a student writes a chemical symbol / formula instead of a required chemical name, or uses
symbols to denote quantities in a physics equation, full credit can be given if the symbol / formula
is correct and if, in the context of the question, such action is appropriate.
3.3 Marking procedure for calculations
Marks should be awarded for each stage of the calculation completed correctly, as students are
instructed to show their working. At any point in a calculation students may omit steps from their
working. If a subsequent step is given correctly, the relevant marks may be awarded.
Full marks are not awarded for a correct final answer from incorrect working.
3.4 Interpretation of ‘it’
Answers using the word ‘it’ should be given credit only if it is clear that the ‘it’ refers to the correct
subject.
4

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2022 3.5 Errors carried forward An error can be carried forward from one question part to the next and is shown by the abbreviation ‘ecf’. Within an individual question part, an incorrect value in one step of a calculation does not prevent all of the subsequent marks being awarded. 3.6 Phonetic spelling Marks should be awarded if spelling is not correct but the intention is clear, unless there is a possible confusion with another technical term. 3.7 Brackets (…..) are used to indicate information which is not essential for the mark to be awarded but is included to help the examiner identify the sense of the answer required. 3.8 Allow In the mark scheme additional information, ‘allow’ is used to indicate creditworthy alternative answers. 3.9 Ignore Ignore is used when the information given is irrelevant to the question or not enough to gain the marking point. Any further correct amplification could gain the marking point. 3.10 Do not accept Do not accept means that this is a wrong answer which, even if the correct answer is given as well, will still mean that the mark is not awarded. 3.11 Numbered answer lines Numbered lines on the question paper are intended to support the student to give the correct number of responses. The answer should still be marked as a whole. 4. Level of response marking instructions Extended response questions are marked on level of response mark schemes. • Level of response mark schemes are broken down into levels, each of which has a descriptor. • The descriptor for the level shows the average performance for the level. • There are two marks in each level. Before you apply the mark scheme to a student’s answer, read through the answer and, if necessary, annotate it (as instructed) to show the qualities that are being looked for. You can then apply the mark scheme. 5

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2022
3.5 Errors carried forward
An error can be carried forward from one question part to the next and is shown by the
abbreviation ‘ecf’.
Within an individual question part, an incorrect value in one step of a calculation does not prevent
all of the subsequent marks being awarded.
3.6 Phonetic spelling
Marks should be awarded if spelling is not correct but the intention is clear, unless there is a
possible confusion with another technical term.
3.7 Brackets
(…..) are used to indicate information which is not essential for the mark to be awarded but is
included to help the examiner identify the sense of the answer required.
3.8 Allow
In the mark scheme additional information, ‘allow’ is used to indicate creditworthy
alternative answers.
3.9 Ignore
Ignore is used when the information given is irrelevant to the question or not enough to gain the
marking point. Any further correct amplification could gain the marking point.
3.10 Do not accept
Do not accept means that this is a wrong answer which, even if the correct answer is given as
well, will still mean that the mark is not awarded.
3.11 Numbered answer lines
Numbered lines on the question paper are intended to support the student to give the correct
number of responses. The answer should still be marked as a whole.
4. Level of response marking instructions
Extended response questions are marked on level of response mark schemes.
• Level of response mark schemes are broken down into levels, each of which has a descriptor.
• The descriptor for the level shows the average performance for the level.
• There are two marks in each level.
Before you apply the mark scheme to a student’s answer, read through the answer and, if
necessary, annotate it (as instructed) to show the qualities that are being looked for. You can then
apply the mark scheme.
5

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2022 Step 1: Determine a level Start at the lowest level of the mark scheme and use it as a ladder to see whether the answer meets the descriptor for that level. The descriptor for the level indicates the different qualities that might be seen in the student’s answer for that level. If it meets the lowest level then go to the next one and decide if it meets this level, and so on, until you have a match between the level descriptor and the answer. With practice and familiarity you will find that for better answers you will be able to quickly skip through the lower levels of the mark scheme. When assigning a level you should look at the overall quality of the answer. Do not look to penalise small and specific parts of the answer where the student has not performed quite as well as the rest. If the answer covers different aspects of different levels of the mark scheme you should use a best fit approach for defining the level. Use the variability of the response to help decide the mark within the level, ie if the response is predominantly level 2 with a small amount of level 3 material it would be placed in level 2 but be awarded a mark near the top of the level because of the level 3 content. Step 2: Determine a mark Once you have assigned a level you need to decide on the mark. The descriptors on how to allocate marks can help with this. The exemplar materials used during standardisation will help. There will be an answer in the standardising materials which will correspond with each level of the mark scheme. This answer will have been awarded a mark by the Lead Examiner. You can compare the student’s answer with the example to determine if it is the same standard, better or worse than the example. You can then use this to allocate a mark for the answer based on the Lead Examiner’s mark on the example. You may well need to read back through the answer as you apply the mark scheme to clarify points and assure yourself that the level and the mark are appropriate. Indicative content in the mark scheme is provided as a guide for examiners. It is not intended to be exhaustive and you must credit other valid points. Students do not have to cover all of the points mentioned in the indicative content to reach the highest level of the mark scheme. You should ignore any irrelevant points made. However, full marks can be awarded only if there are no incorrect statements that contradict a correct response. An answer which contains nothing of relevance to the question must be awarded no marks. 6

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2022
Step 1: Determine a level
Start at the lowest level of the mark scheme and use it as a ladder to see whether the answer meets
the descriptor for that level.
The descriptor for the level indicates the different qualities that might be seen in the student’s
answer for that level. If it meets the lowest level then go to the next one and decide if it meets this
level, and so on, until you have a match between the level descriptor and the answer. With practice
and familiarity you will find that for better answers you will be able to quickly skip through the lower
levels of the mark scheme.
When assigning a level you should look at the overall quality of the answer. Do not look to penalise
small and specific parts of the answer where the student has not performed quite as well as the rest.
If the answer covers different aspects of different levels of the mark scheme you should use a best
fit approach for defining the level.
Use the variability of the response to help decide the mark within the level, ie if the response is
predominantly level 2 with a small amount of level 3 material it would be placed in level 2 but be
awarded a mark near the top of the level because of the level 3 content.
Step 2: Determine a mark
Once you have assigned a level you need to decide on the mark. The descriptors on how to
allocate marks can help with this. The exemplar materials used during standardisation will help.
There will be an answer in the standardising materials which will correspond with each level of the
mark scheme. This answer will have been awarded a mark by the Lead Examiner. You can
compare the student’s answer with the example to determine if it is the same standard, better or
worse than the example. You can then use this to allocate a mark for the answer based on the Lead
Examiner’s mark on the example.
You may well need to read back through the answer as you apply the mark scheme to clarify points
and assure yourself that the level and the mark are appropriate.
Indicative content in the mark scheme is provided as a guide for examiners. It is not intended to be
exhaustive and you must credit other valid points. Students do not have to cover all of the points
mentioned in the indicative content to reach the highest level of the mark scheme.
You should ignore any irrelevant points made. However, full marks can be awarded only if there are
no incorrect statements that contradict a correct response.
An answer which contains nothing of relevance to the question must be awarded no marks.
6

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2022 Question 1 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 01.1 must be in this order AO1 4.1.1.1 nucleus allow chromosomes 1 4.1.1.2 allow plasmid (site of aerobic) respiration allow makes ATP 1 or releases energy do not accept produces / makes / creates energy do not accept anaerobic respiration 1 (cell) membrane AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 01.2 photosynthesis allow produce glucose / sugar 1 AO1 allow to absorb (sun) light 4.1.1.2 4.4.1.1 ignore contains chlorophyll AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 01.3 root (hair) allow xylem / phloem / epidermis 1 AO1 / meristem 4.1.1.3 4.2.3.1 4.2.3.2 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 01.4 concentration of salt solution 1 AO1 4.1.3.2 RPA3 7

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2022
Question 1
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
01.1 must be in this order AO1
4.1.1.1
nucleus allow chromosomes 1 4.1.1.2
allow plasmid
(site of aerobic) respiration allow makes ATP 1
or releases energy
do not accept produces / makes
/ creates energy
do not accept anaerobic
respiration
1
(cell) membrane
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
01.2 photosynthesis allow produce glucose / sugar 1 AO1
allow to absorb (sun) light 4.1.1.2
4.4.1.1
ignore contains chlorophyll
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
01.3 root (hair) allow xylem / phloem / epidermis 1 AO1
/ meristem 4.1.1.3
4.2.3.1
4.2.3.2
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
01.4 concentration of salt solution 1 AO1
4.1.3.2
RPA3
7

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2022 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 01.5 to make sure only the potato allow (to) remove excess water 1 AO2 mass was measured / solution / liquid 4.1.3.2 or RPA3 if water / solution / liquid was left do not accept if water / solution on (the potato), the mass would / liquid was left on (potato) the be higher / affected mass would be lower ignore to remove water / solution / liquid on the outside / surface (of potato) AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 01.6 0.2 2.7 − 2.5 1 AO2 ×100 allow ×100 4.1.3.2 2.5 2.5 RPA3 8(%) 1 if no other mark awarded allow 1 mark for 2.5 − 2.7 ×100 = − 8 (%) 2.5 8

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2022
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
01.5 to make sure only the potato allow (to) remove excess water 1 AO2
mass was measured / solution / liquid 4.1.3.2
or RPA3
if water / solution / liquid was left do not accept if water / solution
on (the potato), the mass would / liquid was left on (potato) the
be higher / affected mass would be lower
ignore to remove water /
solution / liquid on the outside /
surface (of potato)
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
01.6 0.2 2.7 − 2.5 1 AO2
×100 allow ×100
2.5 2.5 4.1.3.2
RPA3
8(%) 1
if no other mark awarded allow 1
mark for
2.5 − 2.7
×100 = − 8 (%)
2.5
8

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2022 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 01.7 max 3 marks for bar chart AO2 Mark with 4.1.3.2 01.8 correct scale and axis labelled scale must take up at least 50% 1 RPA3 (concentration (of salt solution) of grid in mol/dm 3 ) all points plotted correctly allow a tolerance of ± ½ small 2 square allow 3 or 4 correct plots for 1 mark curved line of best fit ignore line extended beyond 1 0.4 mol/dm 3 ignore line joined point to point with straight lines AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 01.8 1 AO2 correct answer from their line allow a tolerance of ± ½ small Mark with 4.1.3.2 drawn on Figure 1 square 01.7 RPA3 ignore line joined point to point with straight lines if a line of best fit is drawn if no line of best fit is drawn, allow an answer in the range 0.31 – 0.33 (mol/dm 3 ) 9

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2022
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
01.7 max 3 marks for bar chart AO2
Mark with 4.1.3.2
01.8 correct scale and axis labelled scale must take up at least 50% 1 RPA3
(concentration (of salt solution) of grid
in mol/dm 3 )
all points plotted correctly allow a tolerance of ± ½ small 2
square
allow 3 or 4 correct plots for 1
mark
curved line of best fit ignore line extended beyond 1
0.4 mol/dm 3
ignore line joined point to point
with straight lines
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
01.8 correct answer from their line allow a tolerance of ± ½ small 1 AO2
Mark with drawn on Figure 1 square 4.1.3.2
01.7 RPA3
ignore line joined point to point
with straight lines if a line of best
fit is drawn
if no line of best fit is drawn,
allow an answer in the range
0.31 – 0.33 (mol/dm 3 )
9

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2022 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 01.9 allow ‘pieces’ for potato AO2 throughout 4.1.3.2 RPA3 water moves out of cells / potato 1 by osmosis allow by diffusion through a 1 partially / selectively / semi permeable membrane (because) the solution in the allow (because) the solution 1 cells / potato is less outside the cells / potato is more concentrated than outside concentrated than inside or (because) the solution in the allow (because) the solution cells / potato is more dilute than outside the cells / potato is less outside dilute than inside allow correct references to water concentration / potential ignore reference to amount of water or salt do not accept water moves from an area of high (solute) concentration to an area of low (solute) concentration Total Question 1 17 10

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2022
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
01.9 allow ‘pieces’ for potato AO2
throughout 4.1.3.2
RPA3
water moves out of cells / potato 1
by osmosis allow by diffusion through a 1
partially / selectively / semi
permeable membrane
(because) the solution in the allow (because) the solution 1
cells / potato is less outside the cells / potato is more
concentrated than outside concentrated than inside
or
(because) the solution in the allow (because) the solution
cells / potato is more dilute than outside the cells / potato is less
outside dilute than inside
allow correct references to water
concentration / potential
ignore reference to amount of
water or salt
do not accept water moves from
an area of high (solute)
concentration to an area of low
(solute) concentration
Total Question 1 17
10

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2022 Question 2 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 02.1 (cell) wall ignore cellulose 1 AO3 4.1.1.1 or 4.1.1.2 (large / permanent) vacuole AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 02.2 rose black spot 1 AO1 4.3.1.4 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 02.3 24 × 60 1440 1 AO2 allow 4.1.1.6 90 90 4.1.1.1 or 24 1.5 16 1 do not accept if a unit is given AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 02.4 stomach 1 AO1 4.2.2.1 11

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2022
Question 2
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
02.1 (cell) wall ignore cellulose 1 AO3
4.1.1.1
or 4.1.1.2
(large / permanent) vacuole
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
02.2 rose black spot 1 AO1
4.3.1.4
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
02.3 24 × 60 1440 1 AO2
90 allow 4.1.1.6
90
4.1.1.1
or
24
1.5
16 do not accept if a unit is given 1
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
02.4 stomach 1 AO1
4.2.2.1
11

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2022 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 02.5 biuret reagent 1 AO1 4.2.2.1 RPA4 12

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2022
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
02.5 biuret reagent 1 AO1
4.2.2.1
RPA4
12

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2022 AO / Question Answers Mark Spec. Ref. 02.6 Level 3: A judgement, strongly linked and logically supported by a 5 - 6 AO3 sufficient range of correct reasons, is given. Level 2: Some logically linked reasons are given. There may also 3-4 AO2 be a simple judgement. Level 1: Relevant points are made. They are not logically linked. 1-2 AO1 No relevant content. 0 4.2.2.1 4.2.2.4 Indicative content 4.2.2.5 4.2.2.6 • meat-free burgers contain more fibre • aids digestion or prevents constipation • meat burgers contain more protein • for growth • meat burgers contain more fat • can cause CHD or heart attack or narrowing of arteries • may lead to needing a stent • may lead to obesity • obesity is a risk factor for (type 2) diabetes • meat burgers contain more cholesterol • can cause narrowing of arteries or CHD or heart attack • may lead to needing a stent • may need to take statins • both burgers have similar amounts of carbohydrate • good for providing energy • no information on vitamins / minerals provided for either burger • meat burgers require animals to be farmed • increase in methane in atmosphere • (methane) contributes to global warming • meat burgers require animals to be slaughtered • ethical issues • some people won’t eat meat-free burgers • (because) some people don’t like the idea of eating fungus • (because) some people prefer the taste of meat For Level 2 , comparisons and linked reasons using own knowledge are required. Total Question 2 12 13

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2022
AO /
Question Answers Mark
Spec. Ref.
02.6 Level 3: A judgement, strongly linked and logically supported by a 5 - 6 AO3
sufficient range of correct reasons, is given.
Level 2: Some logically linked reasons are given. There may also 3-4 AO2
be a simple judgement.
Level 1: Relevant points are made. They are not logically linked. 1-2 AO1
No relevant content. 0 4.2.2.1
4.2.2.4
Indicative content 4.2.2.5
4.2.2.6
• meat-free burgers contain more fibre
• aids digestion or prevents constipation
• meat burgers contain more protein
• for growth
• meat burgers contain more fat
• can cause CHD or heart attack or narrowing of arteries
• may lead to needing a stent
• may lead to obesity
• obesity is a risk factor for (type 2) diabetes
• meat burgers contain more cholesterol
• can cause narrowing of arteries or CHD or heart attack
• may lead to needing a stent
• may need to take statins
• both burgers have similar amounts of carbohydrate
• good for providing energy
• no information on vitamins / minerals provided for either burger
• meat burgers require animals to be farmed
• increase in methane in atmosphere
• (methane) contributes to global warming
• meat burgers require animals to be slaughtered
• ethical issues
• some people won’t eat meat-free burgers
• (because) some people don’t like the idea of eating fungus
• (because) some people prefer the taste of meat
For Level 2 , comparisons and linked reasons using own knowledge
are required.
Total Question 2 12
13

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2022 Question 3 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 03.1 AO3 Hazard Risk Plan to minimise risk 4.1.1.5 RPA1 wash skin immediately (after contact) or wear gloves or 1 clean up spills Iodine May cause allergic solution is reaction or skin rash an irritant allow method to prevent spills e.g. use a dropper bottle ignore do not spill cut away from the body may cut you / or 1 someone / skin cut on a chopping board or keep fingers away from Sharp blade (when cutting) knife allow description of how to carry knife safely ignore use a blunt knife 1 mark for each correct row 14

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2022
Question 3
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
03.1
AO3
Hazard Risk Plan to minimise risk
4.1.1.5
RPA1
wash skin immediately
(after contact)
or
wear gloves
or 1
Iodine clean up spills
May cause allergic
solution is
reaction or skin rash
an irritant
allow method to prevent
spills e.g. use a dropper
bottle
ignore do not spill
cut away from the body
may cut you / or 1
someone / skin cut on a chopping board
or
keep fingers away from
Sharp
knife blade (when cutting)
allow description of how to
carry knife safely
ignore use a blunt knife
1 mark for each correct row
14

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2022 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 03.2 thin layer AO2 (to) help see individual cells allow so light can penetrate 1 4.1.1.5 RPA1 iodine solution (to) stain / see the parts of the allow visible named sub-cellular 1 cell structures e.g. nucleus, cytoplasm, cell wall, starch grains ignore chloroplast ignore (to) stain the cell at an angle (to) prevent / reduce air bubbles 1 15

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2022
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
03.2 thin layer AO2
(to) help see individual cells allow so light can penetrate 1 4.1.1.5
RPA1
iodine solution
(to) stain / see the parts of the allow visible named sub-cellular 1
cell structures e.g. nucleus,
cytoplasm, cell wall,
starch grains
ignore chloroplast
ignore (to) stain the cell
at an angle
(to) prevent / reduce air bubbles 1
15

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2022 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 03.3 recall of equation magnification = allow 1 AO1 size of image magnification = length of image size of real object length of real object ignore use of equation triangle 1 AO2 rearrangement of equation allow size of real object = length of real object = size of image length of image magnification magnification allow recall and rearrangement of equation implied at any stage AO2 substitution allow substitution of incorrectly 1 4 . 8 converted value 400 allow answer using incorrectly 1 AO2 0.012 (cm) converted value AO2 conversion allow conversion to μm at any 1 120 (μm) stage 4.1.1.5 RPA1 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. ignore make it neater 03.4 any two from: 2 AO3 • include magnification / scale 4.1.1.2 • use continuous lines RPA1 or ensure no gaps in lines • do not draw overlapping cells • draw (wider) cell walls • do not shade allow do not colour • draw all the cells present • draw correct cell shapes • do not have gaps between cells • draw nuclei in correct location • label cell part(s) allow label named cell part(s) 16

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2022
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
03.3 recall of equation
magnification = allow 1 AO1
size of image magnification =
size of real object length of image
length of real object
ignore use of equation triangle
rearrangement of equation allow 1 AO2
size of real object = length of real object =
size of image length of image
magnification magnification
allow recall and rearrangement
of equation implied at any stage
AO2
substitution allow substitution of incorrectly 1
4 . 8 converted value
400
allow answer using incorrectly 1
AO2
0.012 (cm) converted value
AO2
conversion allow conversion to μm at any 1
120 (μm) stage
4.1.1.5
RPA1
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
ignore make it neater
03.4 any two from: 2 AO3
• include magnification / scale 4.1.1.2
• use continuous lines RPA1
or ensure no gaps in lines
• do not draw overlapping cells
• draw (wider) cell walls
• do not shade allow do not colour
• draw all the cells present
• draw correct cell shapes
• do not have gaps between
cells
• draw nuclei in correct location
• label cell part(s) allow label named cell part(s)
16

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2022 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 03.5 (would) look more magnified / ignore reference to zoom 1 AO1 bigger 4.1.1.5 (cell would) have more detail 1 or (would) be at a higher resolution or (could) see more sub-cellular allow correct examples of sub- structures cellular structures such as or ribosomes, mitochondria, cell sub-cellular structures seen in membrane detail ignore chloroplast allow (could) be in 3D allow would be in black and white Total Question 3 14 17

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2022
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
03.5 (would) look more magnified / ignore reference to zoom 1 AO1
bigger 4.1.1.5
(cell would) have more detail 1
or
(would) be at a higher resolution
or
(could) see more sub-cellular allow correct examples of sub-
structures cellular structures such as
or ribosomes, mitochondria, cell
sub-cellular structures seen in membrane
detail ignore chloroplast
allow (could) be in 3D
allow would be in black and
white
Total Question 3 14
17

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2022 Question 4 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 04.1 2 AO1 Thick, waxy layer on leaf surface  4.3.3.2 Berries that are poisonous  Bark on trees that falls off  all three rows correct = 2 marks two rows correct = 1 mark one row correct = 0 marks AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 04.2 (it looks like the hornet so) allow (it looks like the hornet so) 1 AO2 predators / animals are tricked / predators / animals are warned 4.3.3.2 deceived (by the colouring) and off and so avoid eating it so avoid eating it allow correctly named predators eg birds 18

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2022
Question 4
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
04.1 2 AO1
Thick, waxy layer on leaf surface 
4.3.3.2
Berries that are poisonous 
Bark on trees that falls off 
all three rows correct = 2 marks
two rows correct = 1 mark
one row correct = 0 marks
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
04.2 (it looks like the hornet so) allow (it looks like the hornet so) 1 AO2
predators / animals are tricked / predators / animals are warned 4.3.3.2
deceived (by the colouring) and off and so avoid eating it
so avoid eating it
allow correctly named predators
eg birds
18

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2022 AO / Question Answers Mark Spec. Ref. 04.3 Level 3: Relevant points (reasons / causes) are identified, given in 5 − 6 AO2 detail and logically linked to form a clear account. 4.2.3.1 4.2.3.2 Level 2: Relevant points (reasons / causes) are identified, and 3 − 4 4.4.1.1 there are attempts at logical linking. The resulting account is not 4.4.1.3 fully clear. 4.3.3.1 Level 1: Points are identified and stated simply, but their relevance 1 − 2 is not clear and there is no attempt at logical linking. No relevant content 0 Indicative content • less absorption of water o less water so lower rate of photosynthesis o so less glucose produced o for respiration / energy release o so less cellulose produced so fewer cells walls / cells made o so fewer amino acids produced to make new proteins o cells lose turgidity • less absorption of (named) ions / minerals o fewer nitrates so fewer proteins made for growth o fewer magnesium ions so less chlorophyll produced o so lower rate of photosynthesis • damage to phloem o less transport of sugars to root cells o for respiration / energy release • damage to xylem o less water transported (to cells) o fewer nitrates reach cells o so fewer proteins made for growth o fewer magnesium ions reach cells o so less chlorophyll produced o less magnesium / chlorophyll so lower rate of photosynthesis • less anchorage 19

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2022
AO /
Question Answers Mark
Spec. Ref.
04.3 Level 3: Relevant points (reasons / causes) are identified, given in 5 − 6 AO2
detail and logically linked to form a clear account. 4.2.3.1
4.2.3.2
Level 2: Relevant points (reasons / causes) are identified, and 3 − 4 4.4.1.1
there are attempts at logical linking. The resulting account is not 4.4.1.3
fully clear. 4.3.3.1
Level 1: Points are identified and stated simply, but their relevance 1 − 2
is not clear and there is no attempt at logical linking.
No relevant content 0
Indicative content
• less absorption of water
o less water so lower rate of photosynthesis
o so less glucose produced
o for respiration / energy release
o so less cellulose produced so fewer cells walls /
cells made
o so fewer amino acids produced to make new
proteins
o cells lose turgidity
• less absorption of (named) ions / minerals
o fewer nitrates so fewer proteins made for growth
o fewer magnesium ions so less chlorophyll produced
o so lower rate of photosynthesis
• damage to phloem
o less transport of sugars to root cells
o for respiration / energy release
• damage to xylem
o less water transported (to cells)
o fewer nitrates reach cells
o so fewer proteins made for growth
o fewer magnesium ions reach cells
o so less chlorophyll produced
o less magnesium / chlorophyll so lower rate of
photosynthesis
• less anchorage
19

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2022 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 04.4 genetic material / DNA / 1 AO1 chromosomes is doubled / 4.1.2.2 replicated / copied / duplicated the (replicated) chromosomes the (replicated) chromosomes 1 are pulled / moved apart are separated cytoplasm divides into two allow two new nuclei form 1 (cells) allow the nucleus divides (into or two) cell membrane divides to form two cells the set of chromosomes in each allow each new cell has the 1 new cell are identical (to one same set of DNA / alleles / another) genes (as the other) AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 04.5 differentiation ignore specialisation 1 AO1 4.1.2.3 4.1.1.4 Total Question 4 14 20

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2022
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
04.4 genetic material / DNA / 1 AO1
chromosomes is doubled / 4.1.2.2
replicated / copied / duplicated
the (replicated) chromosomes the (replicated) chromosomes 1
are pulled / moved apart are separated
cytoplasm divides into two allow two new nuclei form 1
(cells) allow the nucleus divides (into
or two)
cell membrane divides to form
two cells
the set of chromosomes in each allow each new cell has the 1
new cell are identical (to one same set of DNA / alleles /
another) genes (as the other)
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
04.5 differentiation ignore specialisation 1 AO1
4.1.2.3
4.1.1.4
Total Question 4 14
20

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2022 Question 5 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 05.1 guard (cells) 1 AO1 4.2.3.2 4.2.3.1 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 05.2 any two from: 2 AO1 4.2.3.1 • transpiration (stream) allow transpiration (stream) 4.2.3.2 involves xylem and involves dead cells and translocation involves translocation involves living cells phloem allow transpiration (stream) • transpiration (stream) transports water (and minerals / transports water (and ions) and translocation minerals / ions) and transports (dissolved) sucrose translocation transports (dissolved) sugars ignore glucose / ions / minerals in translocation allow transpiration (stream) • transpiration (stream) moves substances moves substances upwards unidirectionally and and translocation moves translocation moves substances substances upwards and bidirectionally downwards allow transpiration (stream) does not require energy (to move substances) and translocation does (require energy to move substances) AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 05.3 warm with low humidity 1 AO1 4.2.3.2 21

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2022
Question 5
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
05.1 guard (cells) 1 AO1
4.2.3.2
4.2.3.1
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
05.2 any two from: 2 AO1
4.2.3.1
• transpiration (stream) allow transpiration (stream) 4.2.3.2
involves xylem and involves dead cells and
translocation involves translocation involves living cells
phloem
• transpiration (stream) allow transpiration (stream)
transports water (and transports water (and minerals /
minerals / ions) and ions) and translocation
translocation transports transports (dissolved) sucrose
(dissolved) sugars
ignore glucose / ions / minerals
in translocation
• transpiration (stream) allow transpiration (stream)
moves substances upwards moves substances
and translocation moves unidirectionally and
substances upwards and translocation moves substances
downwards bidirectionally
allow transpiration (stream)
does not require energy (to
move substances) and
translocation does (require
energy to move substances)
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
05.3 warm with low humidity 1 AO1
4.2.3.2
21

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2022 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. ignore values for time and width 05.4 stomata (almost) closed at ignore dark for no / less light 1 AO3 (mid)night because there is no / 4.2.3.2 less light for photosynthesis 4.4.1.1 4.4.1.2 (closing stomata) reduces / 1 prevents water loss stomata open wide(st) at midday allow stomata open wider as 1 as maximum light intensity for light intensity increases photosynthesis throughout the morning for photosynthesis 1 (stomata open wide) to take in ignore (stomata open) to take in most / more carbon dioxide for carbon dioxide unqualified photosynthesis AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 05.5 allow descriptions of the area of open stomata for width AO3 stomata are open wider and for 1 4.2.3.2 more time 4.4.1.1 4.4.1.2 (so allows plant) to take in more allow (so allows) plant to take in 1 carbon dioxide for as much carbon dioxide as in photosynthesis normal conditions for photosynthesis Total Question 5 10 22

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2022
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
ignore values for time and width
05.4
stomata (almost) closed at ignore dark for no / less light 1 AO3
(mid)night because there is no / 4.2.3.2
less light for photosynthesis 4.4.1.1
4.4.1.2
(closing stomata) reduces / 1
prevents water loss
stomata open wide(st) at midday allow stomata open wider as 1
as maximum light intensity for light intensity increases
photosynthesis throughout the morning for
photosynthesis
1
(stomata open wide) to take in ignore (stomata open) to take in
most / more carbon dioxide for carbon dioxide unqualified
photosynthesis
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
05.5 allow descriptions of the area of
open stomata for width AO3
stomata are open wider and for 1 4.2.3.2
more time 4.4.1.1
4.4.1.2
(so allows plant) to take in more allow (so allows) plant to take in 1
carbon dioxide for as much carbon dioxide as in
photosynthesis normal conditions for
photosynthesis
Total Question 5 10
22

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2022 Question 6 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. if no answer in answer space 06.1 allow answer in Table 6 AO2 4.1.3.1 -3 0.00996 1 9.96 ×10 allow -4 0.000135 1.35 ×10 1 73.77… 74 (:1) allow a correctly derived whole 1 number from an incorrect calculation do not accept if unit is given AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 06.2 as size increases, (surface area allow they are inversely 1 AO2 to volume) ratio decreases proportional or they are 4.1.3.1 negatively correlated allow as one increases, the other decreases allow as size decreases, (surface area to volume) ratio increases AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 06.3 allow converse for B throughout D has a smaller surface area to 1 AO3 volume ratio (than B ) (so) diffusion distance is too allow (so) diffusion takes too 1 AO2 large (to meet demands of cells long (to meet demands of cells / / organism) organism) 4.1.3.1 23

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2022
Question 6
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
if no answer in answer space
06.1 allow answer in Table 6 AO2
4.1.3.1
9.96 ×10 -3 0.00996 1
allow
1.35 ×10 -4 0.000135
1
73.77…
74 (:1) allow a correctly derived whole
1
number from an incorrect
calculation
do not accept if unit is given
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
06.2 as size increases, (surface area allow they are inversely 1 AO2
to volume) ratio decreases proportional or they are 4.1.3.1
negatively correlated
allow as one increases, the
other decreases
allow as size decreases,
(surface area to volume) ratio
increases
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
06.3 allow converse for B throughout
D has a smaller surface area to 1 AO3
volume ratio (than B )
(so) diffusion distance is too allow (so) diffusion takes too 1 AO2
large (to meet demands of cells long (to meet demands of cells /
/ organism) organism) 4.1.3.1
23

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2022 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 06.4 allow converse for E throughout AO3 D has a larger surface area to allow D has a larger surface 1 volume ratio and so will lose area to volume ratio and so heat more quickly (per unit temperature of D will drop more volume than E ) quickly AO2 ignore E loses more heat (overall) ( D ) requires greater rate of 1 AO2 respiration (as) respiration is a (large) part 1 AO2 of metabolism (so) need to generate more heat 1 4.1.3.1 (to keep itself warm) 4.4.2.1 4.4.2.3 allow (so) needs to release more heat (to keep itself warm) do not accept energy produced / made / created 24

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2022
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
06.4 allow converse for E throughout
AO3
D has a larger surface area to allow D has a larger surface 1
volume ratio and so will lose area to volume ratio and so
heat more quickly (per unit temperature of D will drop more
volume than E ) quickly AO2
ignore E loses more heat
(overall)
( D ) requires greater rate of 1 AO2
respiration
(as) respiration is a (large) part 1 AO2
of metabolism
(so) need to generate more heat 1 4.1.3.1
(to keep itself warm) 4.4.2.1
4.4.2.3
allow (so) needs to release
more heat (to keep itself warm)
do not accept energy produced
/ made / created
24

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2022 AO / Question Answers Mark Spec. Ref. 06.5 Level 2: Scientifically relevant facts, events or processes are 3 − 4 AO1 identified and given in d etail to form an accurate account. 4.1.3.1 4.1.3.3 Level 1: Facts, events or processes are identified and simply 1 − 2 4.2.2.2 stated but their relevance is not clear. No relevant content 0 Indicative content • both have a large surface area o to maximise diffusion • both have thin walls or have walls that are one cell thick o to reduce diffusion distance / time • both are in close proximity to blood supply o to reduce diffusion distance / time • both have a good blood supply or both have a capillary network o to maintain concentration gradient • villi have microvilli o to (further) increase surface area • cells of villi contain many mitochondria o for active transport For Level 2 reference to functions of structural details of both alveoli and villi is required. Total Question 6 14 25

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2022
AO /
Question Answers Mark
Spec. Ref.
06.5 Level 2: Scientifically relevant facts, events or processes are 3 − 4 AO1
identified and given in d etail to form an accurate account. 4.1.3.1
4.1.3.3
Level 1: Facts, events or processes are identified and simply 1 − 2 4.2.2.2
stated but their relevance is not clear.
No relevant content 0
Indicative content
• both have a large surface area
o to maximise diffusion
• both have thin walls or have walls that are one cell thick
o to reduce diffusion distance / time
• both are in close proximity to blood supply
o to reduce diffusion distance / time
• both have a good blood supply or both have a capillary network
o to maintain concentration gradient
• villi have microvilli
o to (further) increase surface area
• cells of villi contain many mitochondria
o for active transport
For Level 2 reference to functions of structural details of both
alveoli and villi is required.
Total Question 6 14
25

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2022 Question 7 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 07.1 any one from: 1 AO1 4.3.1.1 • sexual contact / intercourse allow intercourse unqualified 4.3.1.2 ignore kissing • exchange of body fluids allow example of exchange such as (drug) users sharing needles or blood transfusion or passage from mother to foetus in uterus AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 07.2 ignore use of figures AO3 (number of cases) in women 1 4.3.1.1 decreases then increases, then 4.3.1.2 decreases (number of cases) in men 1 increases then decreases allow total numbers (of men and women together) increase then decrease ignore reference to differences between men and women if no other marks awarded allow overall trend decreases in both for 1 mark 26

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2022
Question 7
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
07.1 any one from: 1 AO1
4.3.1.1
• sexual contact / intercourse allow intercourse unqualified 4.3.1.2
ignore kissing
• exchange of body fluids allow example of exchange such
as (drug) users sharing needles
or blood transfusion or passage
from mother to foetus in uterus
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
07.2 ignore use of figures AO3
(number of cases) in women 1 4.3.1.1
decreases then increases, then 4.3.1.2
decreases
(number of cases) in men 1
increases then decreases
allow total numbers (of men and
women together) increase then
decrease
ignore reference to differences
between men and women
if no other marks awarded allow
overall trend decreases in both
for 1 mark
26

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2022 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 07.3 any one from: 1 AO3 • better education (into allow increased awareness 4.3.1.2 prevention of spread of HIV) about HIV • condoms more widely ignore contraception / protection unqualified available or condoms easier to source or condoms cheaper allow PrEP / anti-retrovirals stop • new / better drugs (to prevent the virus being passed on HIV infection / spread) ignore new treatments do not accept antibiotics • better / more testing / identification (of people with HIV) allow less promiscuity ignore vaccination AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 07.4 242 1 AO2 4.3.1.2 1288 0.1878… allow a rounded answer 1 0.188 (:1) allow a correctly rounded 1 answer from student’s incorrect division using numbers from Table 8 do not accept if a unit is given 27

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2022
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
07.3 any one from: 1 AO3
• better education (into allow increased awareness 4.3.1.2
prevention of spread of HIV) about HIV
• condoms more widely ignore contraception / protection
available or condoms easier unqualified
to source or condoms
cheaper
• new / better drugs (to prevent allow PrEP / anti-retrovirals stop
HIV infection / spread) the virus being passed on
ignore new treatments
do not accept antibiotics
• better / more testing /
identification (of people with
HIV)
allow less promiscuity
ignore vaccination
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
07.4 242 1 AO2
1288 4.3.1.2
0.1878… allow a rounded answer 1
0.188 (:1) allow a correctly rounded 1
answer from student’s incorrect
division using numbers from
Table 8
do not accept if a unit is given
27

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2022 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 07.5 any one from: 1 AO3 • calculate as a percentage ignore calculate as a proportion 4.3.1.2 • give the numbers per allow any standard number eg 100 000 people 10 000 / 1000 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. ignore reference to WBC 07.6 unqualified AO1 4.3.1.7 inactive HIV / virus is injected allow dead HIV / virus is injected 1 4.3.1.6 (into bloodstream / muscle / (into bloodstream / muscle / 4.3.1.2 body) body) allow (named) part of HIV / virus is injected (into bloodstream / muscle / body) white bloods cells produce allow lymphocytes produce 1 antibodies (against inactive antibodies (against inactive virus) virus) do not accept phagocytes produce antibodies (against inactive virus) (if infected with HIV) correct / 1 specific antibodies are produced quickly antibodies destroy the (active) allow antibodies ‘kill’ the (active) 1 virus / HIV virus / HIV 28

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2022
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
07.5 any one from: 1 AO3
• calculate as a percentage ignore calculate as a proportion 4.3.1.2
• give the numbers per allow any standard number eg
100 000 people 10 000 / 1000
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
ignore reference to WBC
07.6 unqualified AO1
4.3.1.7
inactive HIV / virus is injected allow dead HIV / virus is injected 1 4.3.1.6
(into bloodstream / muscle / (into bloodstream / muscle / 4.3.1.2
body) body)
allow (named) part of HIV / virus
is injected (into bloodstream /
muscle / body)
white bloods cells produce allow lymphocytes produce 1
antibodies (against inactive antibodies (against inactive
virus) virus)
do not accept phagocytes
produce antibodies (against
inactive virus)
(if infected with HIV) correct / 1
specific antibodies are produced
quickly
antibodies destroy the (active) allow antibodies ‘kill’ the (active) 1
virus / HIV virus / HIV
28

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2022 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 07.7 HIV / antigen / protein injected allow other correct small 1 AO1 into mouse mammals eg rat 4.3.2.1 extract / collect (mouse) allow extract specific 1 lymphocytes that make a lymphocytes from someone specific antibody to HIV / with HIV for 2 marks antigen / protein lymphocytes are combined with allow lymphocytes are combined 1 a tumour cell to create a with a myeloma / cancer cell to hybridoma create a hybridoma (hybridoma) cloned to create 1 many cells that produce the antibody alternative route HIV / antigen / protein injected into mouse (1) lymphocytes from mouse are combined with a tumour cell to create a hybridoma (1) the hybridoma that makes the specific / correct antibody is isolated (1) (hybridoma) cloned to create many cells that produce the antibody (1) 29

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2022
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
07.7 HIV / antigen / protein injected allow other correct small 1 AO1
into mouse mammals eg rat 4.3.2.1
extract / collect (mouse) allow extract specific 1
lymphocytes that make a lymphocytes from someone
specific antibody to HIV / with HIV for 2 marks
antigen / protein
lymphocytes are combined with allow lymphocytes are combined 1
a tumour cell to create a with a myeloma / cancer cell to
hybridoma create a hybridoma
(hybridoma) cloned to create 1
many cells that produce the
antibody
alternative route
HIV / antigen / protein injected
into mouse (1)
lymphocytes from mouse are
combined with a tumour cell to
create a hybridoma (1)
the hybridoma that makes the
specific / correct antibody is
isolated (1)
(hybridoma) cloned to create
many cells that produce the
antibody (1)
29

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2022 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 07.8 allow ‘the virus’ for HIV AO3 throughout 4.3.2.1 4.3.2.2 monoclonal antibody is allow correct description of 1 complementary / specific to HIV complementarity antigen monoclonal antibodies attach to 1 (all the) HIV antigens (so) HIV cannot bind to (human) allow white blood cells or 1 cell phagocytes identify or (monoclonal) antibodies and (so) HIV genetic material cannot engulf / destroy (antibody enter (human) cell bound) HIV alternative route monoclonal antibody is complementary / specific to HIV antigen (1) monoclonal antibody with (anti- retroviral) drug attached attaches to the HIV antigens (1) drug destroys the virus or drug destroys genetic material (1) Total Question 7 1 9 30

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2022
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
07.8 allow ‘the virus’ for HIV AO3
throughout 4.3.2.1
4.3.2.2
monoclonal antibody is allow correct description of 1
complementary / specific to HIV complementarity
antigen
monoclonal antibodies attach to 1
(all the) HIV antigens
(so) HIV cannot bind to (human) allow white blood cells or 1
cell phagocytes identify
or (monoclonal) antibodies and
(so) HIV genetic material cannot engulf / destroy (antibody
enter (human) cell bound) HIV
alternative route
monoclonal antibody is
complementary / specific to HIV
antigen (1)
monoclonal antibody with (anti-
retroviral) drug attached
attaches to the HIV antigens (1)
drug destroys the virus or drug
destroys genetic material (1)
Total Question 7 1 9
30

June 2022 MS_2