PMT GCSE BIOLOGY 8461/1H Paper 1 Higher Tier Mark scheme June 2023 Version: 1.0 Final * 236G 84611H/MS *

PMT
GCSE
BIOLOGY
8461/1H
Paper 1 Higher Tier
Mark scheme
June 2023
Version: 1.0 Final
* 236G 84611H/MS *

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2023 Mark schemes are prepared by the Lead Assessment Writer and considered, together with the relevant questions, by a panel of subject teachers. This mark scheme includes any amendments made at the standardisation events which all associates participate in and is the scheme which was used by them in this examination. The standardisation process ensures that the mark scheme covers the students’ responses to questions and that every associate understands and applies it in the same correct way. As preparation for standardisation each associate analyses a number of students’ scripts. Alternative answers not already covered by the mark scheme are discussed and legislated for. If, after the standardisation process, associates encounter unusual answers which have not been raised they are required to refer these to the Lead Examiner. It must be stressed that a mark scheme is a working document, in many cases further developed and expanded on the basis of students’ reactions to a particular paper. Assumptions about future mark schemes on the basis of one year’s document should be avoided; whilst the guiding principles of assessment remain constant, details will change, depending on the content of a particular examination paper. Further copies of this mark scheme are available from aqa.org.uk Copyrig ht information AQA retains the copyright on all its publications. However, registered schools/colleges for AQA are permitted to copy material from this booklet for their own internal use, with the following important exception: AQA cannot give permission to schools/colleges to photocopy any material that is acknowledged to a third party even for internal use within the centre. Copyright © 2023 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved. 2

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2023
Mark schemes are prepared by the Lead Assessment Writer and considered, together with the relevant
questions, by a panel of subject teachers. This mark scheme includes any amendments made at the
standardisation events which all associates participate in and is the scheme which was used by them in
this examination. The standardisation process ensures that the mark scheme covers the students’
responses to questions and that every associate understands and applies it in the same correct way.
As preparation for standardisation each associate analyses a number of students’ scripts. Alternative
answers not already covered by the mark scheme are discussed and legislated for. If, after the
standardisation process, associates encounter unusual answers which have not been raised they are
required to refer these to the Lead Examiner.
It must be stressed that a mark scheme is a working document, in many cases further developed and
expanded on the basis of students’ reactions to a particular paper. Assumptions about future mark
schemes on the basis of one year’s document should be avoided; whilst the guiding principles of
assessment remain constant, details will change, depending on the content of a particular examination
paper.
Further copies of this mark scheme are available from aqa.org.uk
Copyrig ht information
AQA retains the copyright on all its publications. However, registered schools/colleges for AQA are permitted to copy material from this booklet for their own
internal use, with the following important exception: AQA cannot give permission to schools/colleges to photocopy any material that is acknowledged to a third
party even for internal use within the centre.
Copyright © 2023 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved.
2

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2023 Information to Examiners 1. General The mark scheme for each question shows: • the marks available for each part of the question • the total marks available for the question • the typical answer or answers which are expected • extra information to help the examiner make their judgement • the Assessment Objectives and specification content that each question is intended to cover. The extra information is aligned to the appropriate answer in the left-hand part of the mark scheme and should only be applied to that item in the mark scheme. At the beginning of a part of a question a reminder may be given, for example: where consequential marking needs to be considered in a calculation; or the answer may be on the diagram or at a different place on the script. In general the right-hand side of the mark scheme is there to provide those extra details which confuse the main part of the mark scheme yet may be helpful in ensuring that marking is straightforward and consistent (for example, a scientifically correct answer that could not reasonably be expected from a student’s knowledge of the specification). 2. Emboldening and underlining 2.1 In a list of acceptable answers where more than one mark is available ‘any two from’ is used, with the number of marks emboldened. Each of the following bullet points is a potential mark. 2.2 A bold and is used to indicate that both parts of the answer are required to award the mark. 2.3 Alternative answers acceptable for a mark are indicated by the use of or . Alternative words in the mark scheme are shown by a solidus eg allow smooth / free movement. 2.4 Any wording that is underlined is essential for the marking point to be awarded. 3

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2023
Information to Examiners
1. General
The mark scheme for each question shows:
• the marks available for each part of the question
• the total marks available for the question
• the typical answer or answers which are expected
• extra information to help the examiner make their judgement
• the Assessment Objectives and specification content that each question is intended to cover.
The extra information is aligned to the appropriate answer in the left-hand part of the mark scheme and
should only be applied to that item in the mark scheme.
At the beginning of a part of a question a reminder may be given, for example: where consequential
marking needs to be considered in a calculation; or the answer may be on the diagram or at a different
place on the script.
In general the right-hand side of the mark scheme is there to provide those extra details which confuse
the main part of the mark scheme yet may be helpful in ensuring that marking is straightforward and
consistent (for example, a scientifically correct answer that could not reasonably be expected from a
student’s knowledge of the specification).
2. Emboldening and underlining
2.1 In a list of acceptable answers where more than one mark is available ‘any two from’ is used, with
the number of marks emboldened. Each of the following bullet points is a potential mark.
2.2 A bold and is used to indicate that both parts of the answer are required to award the mark.
2.3 Alternative answers acceptable for a mark are indicated by the use of or .
Alternative words in the mark scheme are shown by a solidus eg allow smooth / free movement.
2.4 Any wording that is underlined is essential for the marking point to be awarded.
3

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2023 3. Marking points 3.1 Marking of lists This applies to questions requiring a set number of responses, but for which students have provided extra responses. The general principle to be followed in such a situation is that ‘right + wrong = wrong’. Each error / contradiction negates each correct response. So, if the number of errors / contradictions equals or exceeds the number of marks available for the question, no marks can be awarded. However, responses considered to be neutral (indicated as * in example 1) are not penalised. Example 1: What is the pH of an acidic solution? [1 mark] Student Response Marks awarded 1 green, 5 0 2 red*, 5 1 3 red*, 8 0 Example 2: Name two magnetic materials. [2 marks] Student Response Marks awarded 1 iron, steel, tin 1 2 cobalt, nickel, nail* 2 3.2 Use of symbols / formulae If a student writes a chemical symbol / formula instead of a required chemical name, or uses symbols to denote quantities in a physics equation, full credit can be given if the symbol / formula is correct and if, in the context of the question, such action is appropriate. 3.3 Marking procedure for calculations Marks should be awarded for each stage of the calculation completed correctly, as students are instructed to show their working. At any point in a calculation students may omit steps from their working. If a subsequent step is given correctly, the relevant marks may be awarded. Full marks are not awarded for a correct final answer from incorrect working. 3.4 Interpretation of ‘it’ Answers using the word ‘it’ should be given credit only if it is clear that the ‘it’ refers to the correct subject. 4

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2023
3. Marking points
3.1 Marking of lists
This applies to questions requiring a set number of responses, but for which students have
provided extra responses. The general principle to be followed in such a situation is that
‘right + wrong = wrong’.
Each error / contradiction negates each correct response. So, if the number of errors /
contradictions equals or exceeds the number of marks available for the question, no marks can be
awarded.
However, responses considered to be neutral (indicated as * in example 1) are not penalised.
Example 1: What is the pH of an acidic solution?
[1 mark]
Student Response Marks
awarded
1 green, 5 0
2 red*, 5 1
3 red*, 8 0
Example 2: Name two magnetic materials.
[2 marks]
Student Response Marks awarded
1 iron, steel, tin 1
2 cobalt, nickel, nail* 2
3.2 Use of symbols / formulae
If a student writes a chemical symbol / formula instead of a required chemical name, or uses
symbols to denote quantities in a physics equation, full credit can be given if the symbol / formula
is correct and if, in the context of the question, such action is appropriate.
3.3 Marking procedure for calculations
Marks should be awarded for each stage of the calculation completed correctly, as students are
instructed to show their working. At any point in a calculation students may omit steps from their
working. If a subsequent step is given correctly, the relevant marks may be awarded.
Full marks are not awarded for a correct final answer from incorrect working.
3.4 Interpretation of ‘it’
Answers using the word ‘it’ should be given credit only if it is clear that the ‘it’ refers to the correct
subject.
4

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2023 3.5 Errors carried forward An error can be carried forward from one question part to the next and is shown by the abbreviation ‘ecf’. Within an individual question part, an incorrect value in one step of a calculation does not prevent all of the subsequent marks being awarded. 3.6 Phonetic spelling Marks should be awarded if spelling is not correct but the intention is clear, unless there is a possible confusion with another technical term. 3.7 Brackets (…...) are used to indicate information which is not essential for the mark to be awarded but is included to help the examiner identify the sense of the answer required. 3.8 Allow In the mark scheme additional information, ‘allow’ is used to indicate creditworthy alternative answers. 3.9 Ignore Ignore is used when the information given is irrelevant to the question or not enough to gain the marking point. Any further correct amplification could gain the marking point. 3.10 Do not accept Do not accept means that this is a wrong answer which, even if the correct answer is given as well, will still mean that the mark is not awarded. 3.11 Numbered answer lines Numbered lines on the question paper are intended to support the student to give the correct number of responses. The answer should still be marked as a whole. 4. Level of response marking instructions Extended response questions are marked on level of response mark schemes. • Level of response mark schemes are broken down into levels, each of which has a descriptor. • The descriptor for the level shows the average performance for the level. • There are two marks in each level. Before you apply the mark scheme to a student’s answer, read through the answer and, if necessary, annotate it (as instructed) to show the qualities that are being looked for. You can then apply the mark scheme. 5

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2023
3.5 Errors carried forward
An error can be carried forward from one question part to the next and is shown by the
abbreviation ‘ecf’.
Within an individual question part, an incorrect value in one step of a calculation does not prevent
all of the subsequent marks being awarded.
3.6 Phonetic spelling
Marks should be awarded if spelling is not correct but the intention is clear, unless there is a
possible confusion with another technical term.
3.7 Brackets
(…...) are used to indicate information which is not essential for the mark to be awarded but is
included to help the examiner identify the sense of the answer required.
3.8 Allow
In the mark scheme additional information, ‘allow’ is used to indicate creditworthy
alternative answers.
3.9 Ignore
Ignore is used when the information given is irrelevant to the question or not enough to gain the
marking point. Any further correct amplification could gain the marking point.
3.10 Do not accept
Do not accept means that this is a wrong answer which, even if the correct answer is given as
well, will still mean that the mark is not awarded.
3.11 Numbered answer lines
Numbered lines on the question paper are intended to support the student to give the correct
number of responses. The answer should still be marked as a whole.
4. Level of response marking instructions
Extended response questions are marked on level of response mark schemes.
• Level of response mark schemes are broken down into levels, each of which has a descriptor.
• The descriptor for the level shows the average performance for the level.
• There are two marks in each level.
Before you apply the mark scheme to a student’s answer, read through the answer and, if
necessary, annotate it (as instructed) to show the qualities that are being looked for. You can then
apply the mark scheme.
5

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2023 Step 1: Determine a level Start at the lowest level of the mark scheme and use it as a ladder to see whether the answer meets the descriptor for that level. The descriptor for the level indicates the different qualities that might be seen in the student’s answer for that level. If it meets the lowest level then go to the next one and decide if it meets this level, and so on, until you have a match between the level descriptor and the answer. With practice and familiarity you will find that for better answers you will be able to quickly skip through the lower levels of the mark scheme. When assigning a level you should look at the overall quality of the answer. Do not look to penalise small and specific parts of the answer where the student has not performed quite as well as the rest. If the answer covers different aspects of different levels of the mark scheme you should use a best fit approach for defining the level. Use the variability of the response to help decide the mark within the level, ie if the response is predominantly level 2 with a small amount of level 3 material it would be placed in level 2 but be awarded a mark near the top of the level because of the level 3 content. Step 2: Determine a mark Once you have assigned a level you need to decide on the mark. The descriptors on how to allocate marks can help with this. The exemplar materials used during standardisation will help. There will be an answer in the standardising materials which will correspond with each level of the mark scheme. This answer will have been awarded a mark by the Lead Examiner. You can compare the student’s answer with the example to determine if it is the same standard, better or worse than the example. You can then use this to allocate a mark for the answer based on the Lead Examiner’s mark on the example. You may well need to read back through the answer as you apply the mark scheme to clarify points and assure yourself that the level and the mark are appropriate. Indicative content in the mark scheme is provided as a guide for examiners. It is not intended to be exhaustive and you must credit other valid points. Students do not have to cover all of the points mentioned in the indicative content to reach the highest level of the mark scheme. You should ignore any irrelevant points made. However, full marks can be awarded only if there are no incorrect statements that contradict a correct response. An answer which contains nothing of relevance to the question must be awarded no marks. 6

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2023
Step 1: Determine a level
Start at the lowest level of the mark scheme and use it as a ladder to see whether the answer meets
the descriptor for that level.
The descriptor for the level indicates the different qualities that might be seen in the student’s
answer for that level. If it meets the lowest level then go to the next one and decide if it meets this
level, and so on, until you have a match between the level descriptor and the answer. With practice
and familiarity you will find that for better answers you will be able to quickly skip through the lower
levels of the mark scheme.
When assigning a level you should look at the overall quality of the answer. Do not look to penalise
small and specific parts of the answer where the student has not performed quite as well as the rest.
If the answer covers different aspects of different levels of the mark scheme you should use a best
fit approach for defining the level.
Use the variability of the response to help decide the mark within the level, ie if the response is
predominantly level 2 with a small amount of level 3 material it would be placed in level 2 but be
awarded a mark near the top of the level because of the level 3 content.
Step 2: Determine a mark
Once you have assigned a level you need to decide on the mark. The descriptors on how to
allocate marks can help with this. The exemplar materials used during standardisation will help.
There will be an answer in the standardising materials which will correspond with each level of the
mark scheme. This answer will have been awarded a mark by the Lead Examiner. You can
compare the student’s answer with the example to determine if it is the same standard, better or
worse than the example. You can then use this to allocate a mark for the answer based on the Lead
Examiner’s mark on the example.
You may well need to read back through the answer as you apply the mark scheme to clarify points
and assure yourself that the level and the mark are appropriate.
Indicative content in the mark scheme is provided as a guide for examiners. It is not intended to be
exhaustive and you must credit other valid points. Students do not have to cover all of the points
mentioned in the indicative content to reach the highest level of the mark scheme.
You should ignore any irrelevant points made. However, full marks can be awarded only if there are
no incorrect statements that contradict a correct response.
An answer which contains nothing of relevance to the question must be awarded no marks.
6

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2023 Question 1 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 01.1 a group of the same / similar ignore a group of cells 1 AO1 cells unqualified 4.2.1 or a group of cells with a (similar / ignore examples of tissue specific) function functions AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 01.2 meristem (tissue) 1 AO1 4.1.1.4 4.1.2.3 4.2.3.1 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 01.3 willow ignore named parts of willow 1 AO1 4.3.1.9 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 01.4 any one from: 1 AO3 4.2.3.1 • (berries are) easy to access / ignore berries are not pick underground • easier to extract chemical • taking berries will not harm allow taking leaves / roots might the plant damage / kill the plant (so it cannot produce more chemical) allow idea that the lower mass / amount (of chemical) will be less toxic / harmful allow greater mass of berries than of leaves / roots 7

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2023
Question 1
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
01.1 a group of the same / similar ignore a group of cells 1 AO1
cells unqualified 4.2.1
or
a group of cells with a (similar / ignore examples of tissue
specific) function functions
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
01.2 meristem (tissue) 1 AO1
4.1.1.4
4.1.2.3
4.2.3.1
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
01.3 willow ignore named parts of willow 1 AO1
4.3.1.9
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
01.4 any one from: 1 AO3
4.2.3.1
• (berries are) easy to access / ignore berries are not
pick underground
• easier to extract chemical
• taking berries will not harm allow taking leaves / roots might
the plant damage / kill the plant (so it
cannot produce more chemical)
allow idea that the lower mass /
amount (of chemical) will be less
toxic / harmful
allow greater mass of berries
than of leaves / roots
7

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2023 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. allow conversion to mg at any 01.5 AO2 point in calculation 4.3.3.1 (0.6 × 1.2 =) 0.72 1 (0.72 × 2 =) 1.44 1 1.44 × 1000 allow conversion of a correct 1 mass calculated for berries / roots allow a correct answer using an 1 1440 (mg) incorrect conversion factor of a multiple of 10 alternative route (2 × 1.2 =) 2.4 (1) (2.4 × 0.6 =) 1.44 (1) 1.44 × 1000 (1) 1440 (mg) (1) AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 01.6 any one from: 1 AO1 4.3.3.1 • lack of chlorophyll allow lack of chloroplasts 4.3.1.2 4.3.1.4 • lack of magnesium (ions) allow lack of mineral (ions) or named example such as iron / nitrate / potassium / zinc (ions) ignore lack of nutrients / nitrogen allow lack of water allow incorrect pH of soil allow acidic / alkaline soil allow (named) infection allow lack of light allow other correct suggestions 8

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2023
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
allow conversion to mg at any
01.5 AO2
point in calculation
4.3.3.1
(0.6 × 1.2 =) 0.72 1
(0.72 × 2 =) 1.44 1
1.44 × 1000 allow conversion of a correct 1
mass calculated for berries /
roots
allow a correct answer using an 1
1440 (mg)
incorrect conversion factor of a
multiple of 10
alternative route
(2 × 1.2 =) 2.4 (1)
(2.4 × 0.6 =) 1.44 (1)
1.44 × 1000 (1)
1440 (mg) (1)
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
01.6 any one from: 1 AO1
4.3.3.1
• lack of chlorophyll allow lack of chloroplasts
4.3.1.2
4.3.1.4
• lack of magnesium (ions) allow lack of mineral (ions) or
named example such as iron /
nitrate / potassium / zinc (ions)
ignore lack of nutrients /
nitrogen
allow lack of water
allow incorrect pH of soil
allow acidic / alkaline soil
allow (named) infection
allow lack of light
allow other correct suggestions
8

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2023 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 01.7 any two from: 2 AO1 4.3.1.9 • to check toxicity allow to check it is safe allow to check for side effects allow to check it is not poisonous / dangerous / harmful allow to check how much is • to check dosage needed allow to check it works • to check its efficacy allow to check it does not interact with other drugs AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 01.8 (writers / companies may get) 1 AO3 financial gain 4.3.1.9 or (competitor may suffer) financial loss ignore because the report has not been peer reviewed ignore have not used a double- blind trial AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 01.9 have the claims peer reviewed 1 AO1 4.3.1.9 Total Question 1 13 9

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2023
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
01.7 any two from: 2 AO1
4.3.1.9
• to check toxicity allow to check it is safe
allow to check for side effects
allow to check it is not
poisonous / dangerous / harmful
• to check dosage allow to check how much is
needed
• to check its efficacy allow to check it works
allow to check it does not
interact with other drugs
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
01.8 (writers / companies may get) 1 AO3
financial gain 4.3.1.9
or
(competitor may suffer) financial
loss
ignore because the report has
not been peer reviewed
ignore have not used a double-
blind trial
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
01.9 have the claims peer reviewed 1 AO1
4.3.1.9
Total Question 1 13
9

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2023 Question 2 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 02.1 A 1 AO1 4.2.2.2 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 02.2 C 1 AO1 4.2.2.2 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 02.3 right atrium 1 AO1 4.2.2.2 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. allow converse if clearly 02.4 AO1 referring to a vein 4.2.2.2 any two from: 2 • (artery) has a thick er muscle (tissue) if neither mark awarded • (artery) has a thick er elastic allow 1 mark for artery (tissue) has a thick er wall • (artery) has a narrow er lumen allow description of lumen • (artery) does not contain valves 10

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2023
Question 2
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
02.1 A 1 AO1
4.2.2.2
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
02.2 C 1 AO1
4.2.2.2
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
02.3 right atrium 1 AO1
4.2.2.2
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
allow converse if clearly
02.4 AO1
referring to a vein
4.2.2.2
any two from: 2
• (artery) has a thick er muscle
(tissue) if neither mark awarded
• (artery) has a thick er elastic allow 1 mark for artery
(tissue) has a thick er wall
• (artery) has a narrow er lumen allow description of lumen
• (artery) does not contain
valves
10

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2023 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 02.5 as the percentage of the allow converse 1 AO2 (coronary) artery that is blocked 4.2.2.2 allow the greater the blockage, increases, blood flow decreases the less blood flows allow negative correlation or inversely proportional allow as one increases, the other decreases AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 02.6 scale on y-axis must take up at least 50% of 1 AO2 axis 4.2.2.2 all points plotted allow 3 or 4 correct plots for 1 2 mark allow a tolerance of ± ½ small square correct curved line of best fit ignore line joined point to point 1 with straight lines ignore extrapolation AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 02.7 correct answer from student's allow a tolerance of ± ½ small 1 AO3 square line in Figure 3 4.2.2.2 if no line drawn on Figure 3 , allow a value from 18 to 24 (cm 3 /minute) 11

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2023
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
02.5 as the percentage of the allow converse 1 AO2
(coronary) artery that is blocked 4.2.2.2
allow the greater the blockage,
increases, blood flow decreases
the less blood flows
allow negative correlation or
inversely proportional
allow as one increases, the
other decreases
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
02.6 scale on y-axis must take up at least 50% of 1 AO2
axis
4.2.2.2
all points plotted allow 3 or 4 correct plots for 1 2
mark
allow a tolerance of ± ½ small
square
correct curved line of best fit ignore line joined point to point 1
with straight lines
ignore extrapolation
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
02.7 correct answer from student's allow a tolerance of ± ½ small 1 AO3
line in Figure 3 square 4.2.2.2
if no line drawn on Figure 3 ,
allow a value from 18 to 24
(cm 3 /minute)
11

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2023 AO / Question Answers Mark Spec Ref. 02.8 Level 3 : Relevant points (reasons / causes) are identified, given in 5-6 AO1 detail and logically linked to form a clear account. AO2 4.2.2.2 Level 2 : Relevant points (reasons / causes) are identified, and 3-4 4.2.2.4 there are attempts at logical linking. The resulting account is not 4.4.2.1 fully clear. 4.4.2.2 Level 1 : Points are identified and stated simply, but their relevance 1-2 is not clear and there is no attempt at logical linking. No relevant content. 0 Indicative content: • reduced blood flow to heart (muscle / tissue / cells) • (so) less oxygen to heart (muscle / tissue / cells) • (so) less glucose to heart (muscle / tissue / cells) • (so) less (aerobic) respiration (in heart / body cells) • (more) anaerobic respiration • (so) less energy (released) • (so) less muscle contraction • (so) less blood / oxygen / glucose around the body (from heart) or slower flow of blood / oxygen / glucose to body (from heart) • less carbon dioxide removed from body (muscle / tissue / cells) • (resulting in) breathlessness • (resulting in) tiredness • (anaerobic respiration causes) production of lactic acid • (build-up of lactic acid) causes muscle fatigue / pain or chest pain For Level 3 , students must explain the effect of reduced oxygen / glucose on respiration or energy release and its consequence 12

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2023
AO /
Question Answers Mark
Spec Ref.
02.8 Level 3 : Relevant points (reasons / causes) are identified, given in 5-6 AO1
detail and logically linked to form a clear account.
AO2
4.2.2.2
Level 2 : Relevant points (reasons / causes) are identified, and 3-4 4.2.2.4
there are attempts at logical linking. The resulting account is not
4.4.2.1
fully clear.
4.4.2.2
Level 1 : Points are identified and stated simply, but their relevance 1-2
is not clear and there is no attempt at logical linking.
No relevant content. 0
Indicative content:
• reduced blood flow to heart (muscle / tissue / cells)
• (so) less oxygen to heart (muscle / tissue / cells)
• (so) less glucose to heart (muscle / tissue / cells)
• (so) less (aerobic) respiration (in heart / body cells)
• (more) anaerobic respiration
• (so) less energy (released)
• (so) less muscle contraction
• (so) less blood / oxygen / glucose around the body (from heart)
or slower flow of blood / oxygen / glucose to body (from heart)
• less carbon dioxide removed from body (muscle / tissue / cells)
• (resulting in) breathlessness
• (resulting in) tiredness
• (anaerobic respiration causes) production of lactic acid
• (build-up of lactic acid) causes muscle fatigue / pain or chest
pain
For Level 3 , students must explain the effect of reduced oxygen /
glucose on respiration or energy release and its consequence
12

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2023 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 02.9 any one pair from: mark as a pair AO1 4.2.2.4 • (insert) stent(s) allow description 1 (to) open (coronary) artery ignore unblock (coronary) artery 1 • (prescribe) statins (1) (to) reduce (blood) allow to slow down the rate of cholesterol (1) fatty material deposit • heart (and lung) transplant (1) (to) replace the diseased heart with a healthy heart (1) • use an artificial heart (1) (to) keep the patient alive allow (artificial heart) while waiting for a transplant pumps blood around the (1) body in place of the heart • (artery / heart) bypass (1) allow description (to) divert blood around the blockage (1) Total Question 2 19 13

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2023
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
02.9 any one pair from: mark as a pair AO1
4.2.2.4
• (insert) stent(s) allow description 1
(to) open (coronary) artery ignore unblock (coronary) artery 1
• (prescribe) statins (1)
(to) reduce (blood) allow to slow down the rate of
cholesterol (1) fatty material deposit
• heart (and lung) transplant (1)
(to) replace the diseased
heart with a healthy heart (1)
• use an artificial heart (1)
(to) keep the patient alive allow (artificial heart)
while waiting for a transplant pumps blood around the
(1) body in place of the heart
• (artery / heart) bypass (1) allow description
(to) divert blood around the
blockage (1)
Total Question 2 19
13

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2023 Question 3 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 03.1 (bacteria) release / produce allow (bacteria) release / 1 AO1 toxins produce poisons 4.3.1.3 4.3.1.1 ignore toxins unqualified AO / Question Answers Mark Spec Ref. 03.2 Level 2 : Relevant points (reasons / causes) are identified, given in 3-4 AO2 detail and logically linked to form a clear account. Level 1 : Relevant points (reasons / causes) are identified, and 1-2 AO1 there are attempts at logical linking. The resulting account is not fully clear. 4.3.1.3 0 No relevant content 4.3.1.7 Indicative content: Vaccination of animal • (animal’s) white blood cells / lymphocytes produce antibodies (against Salmonella / vaccine / antigens) • antibodies are specific / complementary / correct to Salmonella / antigens • (specific) antibodies bind to Salmonella / antigens Secondary response in animal • if infected (specific) antibodies are produced quickly or in large numbers • (so) white blood cells or antibodies would kill (live) Salmonella • (so) fewer / no bacteria / pathogens / Salmonella in animals or in animal products (meat / milk / eggs) Prevention of food poisoning in humans • (so) fewer / no bacteria / pathogens / Salmonella eaten or in (named) food • (so) number of bacteria never reaches a high enough level for infection to develop • (so) fewer toxins produced (in humans). For Level 2 students must link immune response in animals to prevention of an outbreak in humans. 14

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2023
Question 3
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
03.1 (bacteria) release / produce allow (bacteria) release / 1 AO1
toxins produce poisons 4.3.1.3
4.3.1.1
ignore toxins unqualified
AO /
Question Answers Mark
Spec Ref.
03.2 Level 2 : Relevant points (reasons / causes) are identified, given in 3-4 AO2
detail and logically linked to form a clear account.
Level 1 : Relevant points (reasons / causes) are identified, and 1-2
AO1
there are attempts at logical linking. The resulting account is not
fully clear.
4.3.1.3
0
No relevant content 4.3.1.7
Indicative content:
Vaccination of animal
• (animal’s) white blood cells / lymphocytes produce antibodies
(against Salmonella / vaccine / antigens)
• antibodies are specific / complementary / correct to Salmonella
/ antigens
• (specific) antibodies bind to Salmonella / antigens
Secondary response in animal
• if infected (specific) antibodies are produced quickly or in large
numbers
• (so) white blood cells or antibodies would kill (live) Salmonella
• (so) fewer / no bacteria / pathogens / Salmonella in animals or
in animal products (meat / milk / eggs)
Prevention of food poisoning in humans
• (so) fewer / no bacteria / pathogens / Salmonella eaten or in
(named) food
• (so) number of bacteria never reaches a high enough level for
infection to develop
• (so) fewer toxins produced (in humans).
For Level 2 students must link immune response in animals to
prevention of an outbreak in humans.
14

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2023 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 03.3 any two from: allow alternative descriptions of 2 AO1 sterilising equipment such as 4.1.1.6 UV light RPA2 ignore clean / wash surfaces / hands / equipment • disinfect hands / work surface • sterilise Petri dish or culture allow sterilise agar (before use) medium (before use) ignore sterilise equipment • pass inoculating loop / forceps through a flame (before use) • work near a flame or work in a fume cupboard • tilt lid (of Petri dish) when allow example of other method placing discs on agar (to to minimise contact with air / minimise contact with air / breath breath) • secure lid of Petri dish with adhesive tape ignore store dish upside-down AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 03.4 (37 °C) AO2 4.1.1.6 37 °C is human / body 1 4.3.1.3 temperature RPA2 Salmonella / bacteria grows best allow (so) bacteria grow best / 1 / better at 37 °C better at human body temperature (25 °C) 25 °C reduces / prevents the allow because it is too low for 1 growth of bacteria that are growth of human pathogens harmful to humans / students 15

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2023
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
03.3 any two from: allow alternative descriptions of 2 AO1
sterilising equipment such as 4.1.1.6
UV light RPA2
ignore clean / wash
surfaces / hands / equipment
• disinfect hands / work
surface
• sterilise Petri dish or culture allow sterilise agar (before use)
medium (before use)
ignore sterilise equipment
• pass inoculating loop /
forceps through a flame
(before use)
• work near a flame
or
work in a fume cupboard
• tilt lid (of Petri dish) when allow example of other method
placing discs on agar (to to minimise contact with air /
minimise contact with air / breath
breath)
• secure lid of Petri dish with
adhesive tape
ignore store dish upside-down
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
03.4 (37 °C) AO2
4.1.1.6
37 °C is human / body 1
4.3.1.3
temperature
RPA2
Salmonella / bacteria grows best allow (so) bacteria grow best / 1
/ better at 37 °C better at human body
temperature
(25 °C)
25 °C reduces / prevents the allow because it is too low for 1
growth of bacteria that are growth of human pathogens
harmful to humans / students
15

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2023 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 03.5 (acts as a) control allow for comparison 1 AO2 4.1.1.6 allow to show that the results RPA2 are not due to the paper disc allow to show that the results are due to the antibiotic ignore to show the effect / effectiveness of the antibiotic do not accept as a control variable AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 03.6 (they) killed the most bacteria allow prevented most bacteria 1 AO2 growing / replicating 4.1.1.6 RPA2 allow largest zone of inhibition (of bacteria) ignore largest clear area unqualified ignore antibiotic B killed the most bacteria AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 03.7 measure the diameter / radius of allow measure the diameter / 1 AO3 each clear area radius of each region where the 4.1.1.6 bacteria are killed RPA2 or calculate / measure the area of allow calculate the area of each each clear area region where the bacteria are killed 16

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2023
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
03.5 (acts as a) control allow for comparison 1 AO2
4.1.1.6
allow to show that the results
RPA2
are not due to the paper disc
allow to show that the results
are due to the antibiotic
ignore to show the effect /
effectiveness of the antibiotic
do not accept as a control
variable
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
03.6 (they) killed the most bacteria allow prevented most bacteria 1 AO2
growing / replicating 4.1.1.6
RPA2
allow largest zone of inhibition
(of bacteria)
ignore largest clear area
unqualified
ignore antibiotic B killed the
most bacteria
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
03.7 measure the diameter / radius of allow measure the diameter / 1 AO3
each clear area radius of each region where the 4.1.1.6
bacteria are killed RPA2
or
calculate / measure the area of allow calculate the area of each
each clear area region where the bacteria are
killed
16

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2023 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 03.8 bacteria must be resistant (to do not accept bacteria must be 1 AO3 antibiotic B ) immune 4.3.1.8 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 03.9 water enters the (bacterial) cell 1 AO2 4.3.1.8 (water enters) by osmosis allow (water enters) by diffusion 1 4.1.3.2 through a partially / selectively / 4.1.1.1 semi permeable membrane do not accept if description of concentrations is incorrect (so) damaged / incomplete / no allow (so remaining) cell 1 cell wall cannot withstand membrane cannot stretch pressure (of water) further Total Question 3 17 17

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2023
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
03.8 bacteria must be resistant (to do not accept bacteria must be 1 AO3
antibiotic B ) immune 4.3.1.8
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
03.9 water enters the (bacterial) cell 1 AO2
4.3.1.8
(water enters) by osmosis allow (water enters) by diffusion 1
4.1.3.2
through a partially / selectively /
4.1.1.1
semi permeable membrane
do not accept if description of
concentrations is incorrect
(so) damaged / incomplete / no allow (so remaining) cell 1
cell wall cannot withstand membrane cannot stretch
pressure (of water) further
Total Question 3 17
17

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2023 Question 4 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 04.1 any two from: mark as pairs 4 AO1 4.4.2.1 • (effect) muscle fatigue or allow muscle cramp 4.4.2.2 oxygen debt occurs (1) ignore fatigue / cramp unqualified (reason) caused by (build-up of) lactic acid (1) • (effect) (continued) heavy / deep / fast breathing (1) (reason) to provide the allow to repay the oxygen debt oxygen needed to break down (built-up) lactic acid (1) • (effect) (continued) increased heart rate (1) ( reason) to provide the allow to repay the oxygen debt oxygen needed to break down (built-up) lactic acid (1) • (effect) fewer / weaker muscle contractions (1) (reason) (because) less do not accept energy being energy is released / available produced / made / created (1) 18

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2023
Question 4
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
04.1 any two from: mark as pairs 4 AO1
4.4.2.1
• (effect) muscle fatigue or allow muscle cramp
4.4.2.2
oxygen debt occurs (1) ignore fatigue / cramp
unqualified
(reason) caused by (build-up
of) lactic acid (1)
• (effect) (continued) heavy /
deep / fast breathing (1)
(reason) to provide the allow to repay the oxygen debt
oxygen needed to break down
(built-up) lactic acid (1)
• (effect) (continued) increased
heart rate (1)
( reason) to provide the allow to repay the oxygen debt
oxygen needed to break down
(built-up) lactic acid (1)
• (effect) fewer / weaker muscle
contractions (1)
(reason) (because) less do not accept energy being
energy is released / available produced / made / created
(1)
18

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2023 AO / Question Answers Mark Spec Ref. 04.2 Level 3: The method would lead to the production of a valid 5-6 AO3 outcome. The key steps are identified and logically sequenced. 4.4.2.2 Level 2: The method would not necessarily lead to a valid 3-4 outcome. Most steps are identified, but the method is not fully logically sequenced. Level 1: The method would not lead to a valid outcome. Some 1-2 relevant steps are identified, but links are not made clear. No relevant content. 0 Indicative content • test a group of athletes • use at least two different types / intensities of exercise • get each athlete to do all exercises or have a large (≥30) group doing each exercise • record heart rate for each athlete before and after exercise or calculate increase in heart rate for each athlete after exercise • calculate the mean increase in heart rates for each type / intensity of exercise • compare mean increase in heart rates for each type / intensity of exercise • control variables: o same (biological) sex or mix of sexes o same level of activity / exercise o same age o same caffeine / drug / medicine intake o same length of time for exercise o no health issues / illnesses o return to resting heart rate before each exercise AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 04.3 (athlete is) faster / stronger allow description of improved 1 AO2 performance 4.4.2.1 4.4.2.2 allow reference to increased stamina / endurance (because more muscle mass so) 1 more / stronger muscle contractions 19

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2023
AO /
Question Answers Mark
Spec Ref.
04.2 Level 3: The method would lead to the production of a valid 5-6 AO3
outcome. The key steps are identified and logically sequenced. 4.4.2.2
Level 2: The method would not necessarily lead to a valid 3-4
outcome. Most steps are identified, but the method is not fully
logically sequenced.
Level 1: The method would not lead to a valid outcome. Some 1-2
relevant steps are identified, but links are not made clear.
No relevant content. 0
Indicative content
• test a group of athletes
• use at least two different types / intensities of exercise
• get each athlete to do all exercises or have a large (≥30) group
doing each exercise
• record heart rate for each athlete before and after exercise or
calculate increase in heart rate for each athlete after exercise
• calculate the mean increase in heart rates for each type / intensity
of exercise
• compare mean increase in heart rates for each type / intensity of
exercise
• control variables:
o same (biological) sex or mix of sexes
o same level of activity / exercise
o same age
o same caffeine / drug / medicine intake
o same length of time for exercise
o no health issues / illnesses
o return to resting heart rate before each exercise
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
04.3 (athlete is) faster / stronger allow description of improved 1 AO2
performance 4.4.2.1
4.4.2.2
allow reference to increased
stamina / endurance
(because more muscle mass so) 1
more / stronger muscle
contractions
19

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2023 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 04.4 hybridoma 1 AO1 4.3.2.1 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 04.5 any three from: 3 AO1 4.3.2.1 • (cell) is cloned ignore name of cell • many (identical) cells are allow many clones are produced produced • all the cells make the same antibody • the antibody is (collected and) purified AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 04.6 a monoclonal antibody only binds 1 AO2 to the anabolic steroid 4.3.2.1 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 04.7 to show that the test is working allow to prevent a false negative 1 AO3 4.3.2.1 (result) 4.3.2.2 ignore to show there are free / remaining monoclonal antibodies 20

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2023
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
04.4 hybridoma 1 AO1
4.3.2.1
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
04.5 any three from: 3 AO1
4.3.2.1
• (cell) is cloned ignore name of cell
• many (identical) cells are allow many clones are produced
produced
• all the cells make the same
antibody
• the antibody is (collected and)
purified
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
04.6 a monoclonal antibody only binds 1 AO2
to the anabolic steroid 4.3.2.1
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
04.7 to show that the test is working allow to prevent a false negative 1 AO3
4.3.2.1
(result)
4.3.2.2
ignore to show there are free /
remaining monoclonal
antibodies
20

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2023 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 04.8 evidence AO3 no blue / visible dye (in control allow no line(s) (in control area) 1 4.3.2.1 area) allow no colour change (in 4.3.2.2 control area) reason (because) no (free) monoclonal allow the (free) monoclonal 1 antibodies bound to control area antibodies did not move up the test strip allow urine did not move up the or test strip (because) there were no (free) monoclonal antibodies on the end of the (test) strip AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 04.9 D 1 AO3 4.3.2.1 4.3.2.2 Total Question 4 21 21

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2023
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
04.8 evidence AO3
no blue / visible dye (in control allow no line(s) (in control area) 1 4.3.2.1
area) allow no colour change (in 4.3.2.2
control area)
reason
(because) no (free) monoclonal allow the (free) monoclonal 1
antibodies bound to control area antibodies did not move up the
test strip
allow urine did not move up the
or
test strip
(because) there were no (free)
monoclonal antibodies on the
end of the (test) strip
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
04.9 D 1 AO3
4.3.2.1
4.3.2.2
Total Question 4 21
21

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2023 Question 5 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 05.1 vector 1 AO1 4.3.1.5 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 05.2 any three from: allow converse for prokaryotic 3 AO2 cells 4.1.1.1 allow eukaryotic for protist 4.3.1.5 • protist / it has mitochondria if neither mark awarded, allow 1 mark for protist has • protist / it has (a) nucleus membrane-bound or protist DNA / genetic structures material is not free in the ignore genetic information cytoplasm • protist / it does not have a ignore genetic information single loop of DNA / genetic material • protist / it does not have plasmids • protist / it does not have a cell do not accept eukaryotic cell wall does not have a cell wall allow protist / it does not have a slime capsule ignore cilia / flagellae / ribosomes ignore size / shape 22

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2023
Question 5
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
05.1 vector 1 AO1
4.3.1.5
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
05.2 any three from: allow converse for prokaryotic 3 AO2
cells 4.1.1.1
allow eukaryotic for protist 4.3.1.5
• protist / it has mitochondria
if neither mark awarded,
allow 1 mark for protist has
• protist / it has (a) nucleus
membrane-bound
or protist DNA / genetic
structures
material is not free in the
ignore genetic information
cytoplasm
• protist / it does not have a ignore genetic information
single loop of DNA / genetic
material
• protist / it does not have
plasmids
• protist / it does not have a cell do not accept eukaryotic cell
wall does not have a cell wall
allow protist / it does not have a
slime capsule
ignore cilia / flagellae /
ribosomes
ignore size / shape
22

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2023 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 05.3 less oxygen carried (in blood) allow less oxygen carried (to 1 AO2 cells) 4.4.2.3 4.4.2.1 ignore reference to number of 4.2.2.3 red blood cells unqualified do not accept no oxygen carried less energy released from do not accept energy produced 1 respiration / made / created AO / Question Answers Mark Spec Ref. 05.4 any three pairs from: 3 AO1 4.6.1.1 4.1.2.2 Sexual reproduction Asexual reproduction involves two parents involves one parent involves gametes joining / involves no (fusion of) gametes fusing or involves fertilisation or does not involve fertilisation there is mixing of genetic there is no mixing of genetic material / information material / information or there is genetic variation or there is no genetic variation or offspring are genetically or offspring are genetically different identical ignore reference to clones involves (only) meiosis involves mitosis or does not involve meiosis more energy required less energy required slower faster if no other mark awarded allow 1 mark for asexual reproduction produces many offspring pairs of answers can be in any order 23

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2023
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
05.3 less oxygen carried (in blood) allow less oxygen carried (to 1 AO2
cells) 4.4.2.3
4.4.2.1
ignore reference to number of
4.2.2.3
red blood cells unqualified
do not accept no oxygen carried
less energy released from do not accept energy produced 1
respiration / made / created
AO /
Question Answers Mark
Spec Ref.
05.4 any three pairs from: 3 AO1
4.6.1.1
Sexual reproduction Asexual reproduction 4.1.2.2
involves two parents involves one parent
involves gametes joining / involves no (fusion of) gametes
fusing
or involves fertilisation or does not involve fertilisation
there is mixing of genetic there is no mixing of genetic
material / information material / information
or there is genetic variation or there is no genetic variation
or offspring are genetically or offspring are genetically
different identical
ignore reference to clones
involves (only) meiosis involves mitosis
or does not involve meiosis
more energy required less energy required
slower faster
if no other mark awarded allow 1 mark for asexual reproduction
produces many offspring
pairs of answers can be in any order
23

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2023 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 05.5 (no bases so) DNA replication allow copying / duplicating / 1 AO2 cannot occur doubling for replication 4.1.2.2 ignore cannot make DNA unqualified AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 05.6 (after DNA replication) one set allow one (member) of each pair 1 AO1 of chromosomes is pulled to of chromosomes is pulled to 4.1.2.2 each end of the cell each end of the cell ignore (half the) chromosomes are pulled to each end of the cell nucleus divides allow two (new) nuclei form 1 cytoplasm or cell membrane allow cytokinesis 1 divides to form two cells AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 05.7 having disorder S reduces allow having disorder S reduces 1 AO3 incidence / percentage of chance of getting malaria 4.2.2.5 malaria 4.3.1.5 allow having disorder S protects against malaria as age increases a lower allow protection against malaria 1 percentage of children with increases with (increasing) age disorder S get malaria until age until age 10, then it decreases 10, then the percentage increases Total Question 5 15 24

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2023
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
05.5 (no bases so) DNA replication allow copying / duplicating / 1 AO2
cannot occur
doubling for replication 4.1.2.2
ignore cannot make DNA
unqualified
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
05.6 (after DNA replication) one set allow one (member) of each pair 1 AO1
of chromosomes is pulled to of chromosomes is pulled to
4.1.2.2
each end of the cell each end of the cell
ignore (half the) chromosomes
are pulled to each end of the cell
nucleus divides allow two (new) nuclei form 1
cytoplasm or cell membrane allow cytokinesis 1
divides to form two cells
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
05.7 having disorder S reduces allow having disorder S reduces 1 AO3
incidence / percentage of chance of getting malaria 4.2.2.5
malaria 4.3.1.5
allow having disorder S protects
against malaria
as age increases a lower allow protection against malaria 1
percentage of children with increases with (increasing) age
disorder S get malaria until age until age 10, then it decreases
10, then the percentage
increases
Total Question 5 15
24

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2023 Question 6 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 06.1 ( lhs) H O + CO in either order 1 AO1 2 2 4.4.1.1 and ( rhs ) O 2 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 06.2 from 0 to 5 000 lux 1 AO3 4.4.1.2 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 06.3 any one from: 1 AO2 4.4.1.2 • use (different) coloured bulb(s) / LED(s) RPA6 • use (different) coloured filter(s) in front of lamp • put (different) coloured allow named transparent transparent material(s) over material(s) lamp / beaker AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 06.4 independent AO2 4.4.1.1 allow wavelength of light colour of light 1 4.4.1.2 ignore colour of filter / bulb / RPA6 lamp dependent 1 time (taken for 10 leaf discs to reach the surface of the solution) 25

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2023
Question 6
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
06.1 ( lhs) H O + CO in either order 1 AO1
2 2
4.4.1.1
and
( rhs ) O
2
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
06.2 from 0 to 5 000 lux 1 AO3
4.4.1.2
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
06.3 any one from: 1 AO2
• use (different) coloured 4.4.1.2
bulb(s) / LED(s) RPA6
• use (different) coloured
filter(s) in front of lamp
• put (different) coloured allow named transparent
transparent material(s) over
material(s)
lamp / beaker
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
06.4 independent AO2
allow wavelength of light 4.4.1.1
colour of light 1
4.4.1.2
ignore colour of filter / bulb /
RPA6
lamp
dependent
time (taken for 10 leaf discs to 1
reach the surface of the
solution)
25

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2023 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 06.5 any one from: allow leaf for disc throughout 1 AO2 4.4.1.1 • so that discs would sink (to allow so the discs do not float 4.4.1.2 the bottom of the beaker) RPA6 • so any gas (that makes the discs rise) is from photosynthesis • air is a gas so any left in discs ignore reference to carbon would add to the oxygen dioxide produced by photosynthesis allow as a control variable AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 06.6 (sodium hydrogencarbonate) ignore (sodium 1 AO2 provides / releases carbon hydrogencarbonate) contains 4.4.1.1 dioxide carbon dioxide 4.4.1.2 ignore provides water RPA6 (carbon dioxide is used) for 1 photosynthesis AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 06.7 oxygen was produced in 1 AO1 photosynthesis oxygen / gas is trapped in / allow bubbles are trapped in / 1 AO2 around disc / leaf around the disc / leaf 4.4.1.1 4.4.1.2 allow oxygen / gas (makes leaf discs) less dense than solution / RPA6 water allow the oxygen / gas under the disc / leaf pushes the disc / leaf up 26

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2023
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
06.5 any one from: allow leaf for disc throughout 1 AO2
4.4.1.1
• so that discs would sink (to allow so the discs do not float
4.4.1.2
the bottom of the beaker)
RPA6
• so any gas (that makes the
discs rise) is from
photosynthesis
• air is a gas so any left in discs ignore reference to carbon
would add to the oxygen dioxide
produced by photosynthesis
allow as a control variable
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
06.6 (sodium hydrogencarbonate) ignore (sodium 1 AO2
provides / releases carbon hydrogencarbonate) contains 4.4.1.1
dioxide carbon dioxide 4.4.1.2
ignore provides water RPA6
(carbon dioxide is used) for 1
photosynthesis
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
06.7 oxygen was produced in 1 AO1
photosynthesis
oxygen / gas is trapped in / allow bubbles are trapped in / 1 AO2
around disc / leaf around the disc / leaf 4.4.1.1
allow oxygen / gas (makes leaf 4.4.1.2
discs) less dense than solution / RPA6
water
allow the oxygen / gas under the
disc / leaf pushes the disc / leaf
up
26

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2023 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 06.8 to absorb / use many / more allow to increase the rate of 1 AO2 colours / wavelengths of light photosynthesis 4.4.1.1 4.4.1.2 ignore to absorb as much light as possible do not accept to absorb all colours / wavelengths of light AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec Ref. 06.9 chlorophyll absorbs most or a 1 AO3 lot of blue light if neither mark awarded allow 1 mark for chlorophyll absorbs more blue light (than green light) chlorophyll absorbs least or very allow chlorophyll reflects 1 AO3 little or not much green light most of the green light (so) discs in blue light took the AO2 1 least time to rise (to surface) because they photosynthesised faster / more or (so) discs in green light took the most time to rise (to surface) because they photosynthesised slower / less use of data (from Figure 10 and 1 AO2 Table 6 ) eg approximately 80% 4.4.1.1 of blue light absorbed 4.4.1.2 Total Question 6 15 27

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1H – JUNE 2023
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
06.8 to absorb / use many / more allow to increase the rate of 1 AO2
colours / wavelengths of light photosynthesis 4.4.1.1
4.4.1.2
ignore to absorb as much light
as possible
do not accept to absorb all
colours / wavelengths of light
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec Ref.
06.9 chlorophyll absorbs most or a 1 AO3
lot of blue light
if neither mark awarded allow
1 mark for chlorophyll
absorbs more blue light (than
green light)
chlorophyll absorbs least or very allow chlorophyll reflects
1 AO3
little or not much green light most of the green light
(so) discs in blue light took the 1 AO2
least time to rise (to surface)
because they photosynthesised
faster / more
or
(so) discs in green light took the
most time to rise (to surface)
because they photosynthesised
slower / less
use of data (from Figure 10 and 1 AO2
Table 6 ) eg approximately 80% 4.4.1.1
of blue light absorbed 4.4.1.2
Total Question 6 15
27

June 2023 MS_2