PMT GCSE BIOLOGY 8461/1F Paper 1 Foundation Tier Mark scheme June 2019 Version : 1.0 Final * 196G84611F/MS *

PMT
GCSE
BIOLOGY
8461/1F
Paper 1 Foundation Tier
Mark scheme
June 2019
Version : 1.0 Final
* 196G84611F/MS *

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2019 Mark schemes are prepared by the Lead Assessment Writer and considered, together with the relevant questions, by a panel of subject teachers. This mark scheme includes any amendments made at the standardisation events which all associates participate in and is the scheme which was used by them in this examination. The standardisation process ensures that the mark scheme covers the students’ responses to questions and that every associate understands and applies it in the same correct way. As preparation for standardisation each associate analyses a number of students’ scripts. Alternative answers not already covered by the mark scheme are discussed and legislated for. If, after the standardisation process, associates encounter unusual answers which have not been raised they are required to refer these to the Lead Examiner. It must be stressed that a mark scheme is a working document, in many cases further developed and expanded on the basis of students’ reactions to a particular paper. Assumptions about future mark schemes on the basis of one year’s document should be avoided; whilst the guiding principles of assessment remain constant, details will change, depending on the content of a particular examination paper. Further copies of this mark scheme are available from aqa.org.uk Copyright © 2019 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved. AQA retains the copyright on all its publications. However, registered schools/colleges for AQA are permitted to copy material from this booklet for their own internal use, with the following important exception: AQA cannot give permission to schools/colleges to photocopy any material that is acknowledged to a third party even for internal use within the centre. 2

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2019
Mark schemes are prepared by the Lead Assessment Writer and considered, together with the relevant
questions, by a panel of subject teachers. This mark scheme includes any amendments made at the
standardisation events which all associates participate in and is the scheme which was used by them in
this examination. The standardisation process ensures that the mark scheme covers the students’
responses to questions and that every associate understands and applies it in the same correct way.
As preparation for standardisation each associate analyses a number of students’ scripts. Alternative
answers not already covered by the mark scheme are discussed and legislated for. If, after the
standardisation process, associates encounter unusual answers which have not been raised they are
required to refer these to the Lead Examiner.
It must be stressed that a mark scheme is a working document, in many cases further developed and
expanded on the basis of students’ reactions to a particular paper. Assumptions about future mark
schemes on the basis of one year’s document should be avoided; whilst the guiding principles of
assessment remain constant, details will change, depending on the content of a particular examination
paper.
Further copies of this mark scheme are available from aqa.org.uk
Copyright © 2019 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved.
AQA retains the copyright on all its publications. However, registered schools/colleges for AQA are permitted to copy material from this booklet
for their own internal use, with the following important exception: AQA cannot give permission to schools/colleges to photocopy any material that
is acknowledged to a third party even for internal use within the centre.
2

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2019 Information to Examiners 1. General The mark scheme for each question shows: • the marks available for each part of the question • the total marks available for the question • the typical answer or answers which are expected • extra information to help the Examiner make his or her judgement • the Assessment Objectives, level of demand and specification content that each question is intended to cover. The extra information is aligned to the appropriate answer in the left-hand part of the mark scheme and should only be applied to that item in the mark scheme. At the beginning of a part of a question a reminder may be given, for example: where consequential marking needs to be considered in a calculation; or the answer may be on the diagram or at a different place on the script. In general the right-hand side of the mark scheme is there to provide those extra details which confuse the main part of the mark scheme yet may be helpful in ensuring that marking is straightforward and consistent. 2. Emboldening and underlining 2.1 In a list of acceptable answers where more than one mark is available ‘any two from’ is used, with the number of marks emboldened. Each of the following bullet points is a potential mark. 2.2 A bold and is used to indicate that both parts of the answer are required to award the mark. 2.3 Alternative answers acceptable for a mark are indicated by the use of or . Different terms in the mark scheme are shown by a / ; e.g. allow smooth / free movement. 2.4 Any wording that is underlined is essential for the marking point to be awarded. 3

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2019
Information to Examiners
1. General
The mark scheme for each question shows:
• the marks available for each part of the question
• the total marks available for the question
• the typical answer or answers which are expected
• extra information to help the Examiner make his or her judgement
• the Assessment Objectives, level of demand and specification content that each question is intended
to cover.
The extra information is aligned to the appropriate answer in the left-hand part of the mark scheme and
should only be applied to that item in the mark scheme.
At the beginning of a part of a question a reminder may be given, for example: where consequential
marking needs to be considered in a calculation; or the answer may be on the diagram or at a different
place on the script.
In general the right-hand side of the mark scheme is there to provide those extra details which confuse
the main part of the mark scheme yet may be helpful in ensuring that marking is straightforward and
consistent.
2. Emboldening and underlining
2.1 In a list of acceptable answers where more than one mark is available ‘any two from’ is used, with
the number of marks emboldened. Each of the following bullet points is a
potential mark.
2.2 A bold and is used to indicate that both parts of the answer are required to award the mark.
2.3 Alternative answers acceptable for a mark are indicated by the use of or . Different terms in the
mark scheme are shown by a / ; e.g. allow smooth / free movement.
2.4 Any wording that is underlined is essential for the marking point to be awarded.
3

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2019 3. Marking points 3.1 Marking of lists This applies to questions requiring a set number of responses, but for which students have provided extra responses. The general principle to be followed in such a situation is that ‘right + wrong = wrong’. Each error / contradiction negates each correct response. So, if the number of error / contradictions equals or exceeds the number of marks available for the question, no marks can be awarded. However, responses considered to be neutral (indicated as * in example 1) are not penalised. Example 1: What is the pH of an acidic solution? [1 mark] Student Response Marks awarded 1 green, 5 0 2 red*, 5 1 3 red*, 8 0 Example 2: Name two planets in the solar system. [2 marks] Student Response Marks awarded 1 Neptune, Mars, Moon 1 2 Neptune, Sun, Mars, 0 Moon 3.2 Use of chemical symbols / formulae If a student writes a chemical symbol / formula instead of a required chemical name, full credit can be given if the symbol / formula is correct and if, in the context of the question, such action is appropriate. 3.3 Marking procedure for calculations Marks should be awarded for each stage of the calculation completed correctly, as students are instructed to show their working. Full marks can, however, be given for a correct numerical answer, without any working shown. 3.4 Interpretation of ‘it’ Answers using the word ‘it’ should be given credit only if it is clear that the ‘it’ refers to the correct subject. 4

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2019
3. Marking points
3.1 Marking of lists
This applies to questions requiring a set number of responses, but for which students have
provided extra responses. The general principle to be followed in such a situation is that ‘right +
wrong = wrong’.
Each error / contradiction negates each correct response. So, if the number of error /
contradictions equals or exceeds the number of marks available for the question, no marks can be
awarded.
However, responses considered to be neutral (indicated as * in example 1) are not penalised.
Example 1: What is the pH of an acidic solution?
[1 mark]
Student Response Marks
awarded
1 green, 5 0
2 red*, 5 1
3 red*, 8 0
Example 2: Name two planets in the solar system.
[2 marks]
Student Response Marks awarded
1 Neptune, Mars, Moon 1
2 Neptune, Sun, Mars, 0
Moon
3.2 Use of chemical symbols / formulae
If a student writes a chemical symbol / formula instead of a required chemical name, full credit can
be given if the symbol / formula is correct and if, in the context of the question, such action is
appropriate.
3.3 Marking procedure for calculations
Marks should be awarded for each stage of the calculation completed correctly, as students are
instructed to show their working. Full marks can, however, be given for a correct numerical
answer, without any working shown.
3.4 Interpretation of ‘it’
Answers using the word ‘it’ should be given credit only if it is clear that the ‘it’ refers to the correct
subject.
4

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2019 3.5 Errors carried forward Any error in the answers to a structured question should be penalised once only. Papers should be constructed in such a way that the number of times errors can be carried forward is kept to a minimum. Allowances for errors carried forward are most likely to be restricted to calculation questions and should be shown by the abbreviation ecf in the marking scheme. 3.6 Phonetic spelling The phonetic spelling of correct scientific terminology should be credited unless there is a possible confusion with another technical term. 3.7 Brackets (…..) are used to indicate information which is not essential for the mark to be awarded but is included to help the examiner identify the sense of the answer required. 3.8 Allow In the mark scheme additional information, ‘allow’ is used to indicate creditworthy alternative answers. 3.9 Ignore Ignore is used when the information given is irrelevant to the question or not enough to gain the marking point. Any further correct amplification could gain the marking point. 3.10 Do not accept Do not accept means that this is a wrong answer which, even if the correct answer is given as well, will still mean that the mark is not awarded. 4. Level of response marking instructions Extended response questions are marked on level of response mark schemes. • Level of response mark schemes are broken down into levels, each of which has a descriptor. • The descriptor for the level shows the average performance for the level. • There are two marks in each level. Before you apply the mark scheme to a student’s answer, read through the answer and annotate it (as instructed) to show the qualities that are being looked for. You can then apply the mark scheme. 5

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2019
3.5 Errors carried forward
Any error in the answers to a structured question should be penalised once only.
Papers should be constructed in such a way that the number of times errors can be carried forward
is kept to a minimum. Allowances for errors carried forward are most likely to be restricted to
calculation questions and should be shown by the abbreviation ecf in the marking scheme.
3.6 Phonetic spelling
The phonetic spelling of correct scientific terminology should be credited unless there is a possible
confusion with another technical term.
3.7 Brackets
(…..) are used to indicate information which is not essential for the mark to be awarded but is
included to help the examiner identify the sense of the answer required.
3.8 Allow
In the mark scheme additional information, ‘allow’ is used to indicate creditworthy
alternative answers.
3.9 Ignore
Ignore is used when the information given is irrelevant to the question or not enough to gain the
marking point. Any further correct amplification could gain the marking point.
3.10 Do not accept
Do not accept means that this is a wrong answer which, even if the correct answer is given as
well, will still mean that the mark is not awarded.
4. Level of response marking instructions
Extended response questions are marked on level of response mark schemes.
• Level of response mark schemes are broken down into levels, each of which has a descriptor.
• The descriptor for the level shows the average performance for the level.
• There are two marks in each level.
Before you apply the mark scheme to a student’s answer, read through the answer and annotate it
(as instructed) to show the qualities that are being looked for. You can then apply the mark scheme.
5

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2019 Step 1: Determine a level Start at the lowest level of the mark scheme and use it as a ladder to see whether the answer meets the descriptor for that level. The descriptor for the level indicates the different qualities that might be seen in the student’s answer for that level. If it meets the lowest level then go to the next one and decide if it meets this level, and so on, until you have a match between the level descriptor and the answer. When assigning a level you should look at the overall quality of the answer. Do not look to penalise small and specific parts of the answer where the student has not performed quite as well as the rest. If the answer covers different aspects of different levels of the mark scheme you should use a best fit approach for defining the level. Use the variability of the response to help decide the mark within the level, ie if the response is predominantly level 2 with a small amount of level 3 material it would be placed in level 2 but be awarded a mark near the top of the level because of the level 3 content. Step 2: Determine a mark Once you have assigned a level you need to decide on the mark. The descriptors on how to allocate marks can help with this. The exemplar materials used during standardisation will help. There will be an answer in the standardising materials which will correspond with each level of the mark scheme. This answer will have been awarded a mark by the Lead Examiner. You can compare the student’s answer with the example to determine if it is the same standard, better or worse than the example. You can then use this to allocate a mark for the answer based on the Lead Examiner’s mark on the example. You may well need to read back through the answer as you apply the mark scheme to clarify points and assure yourself that the level and the mark are appropriate. Indicative content in the mark scheme is provided as a guide for examiners. It is not intended to be exhaustive and you must credit other valid points. Students do not have to cover all of the points mentioned in the indicative content to reach the highest level of the mark scheme. You should ignore any irrelevant points made. However, full marks can be awarded only if there are no incorrect statements that contradict a correct response. An answer which contains nothing of relevance to the question must be awarded no marks. 6

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2019
Step 1: Determine a level
Start at the lowest level of the mark scheme and use it as a ladder to see whether the answer meets
the descriptor for that level. The descriptor for the level indicates the different qualities that might be
seen in the student’s answer for that level. If it meets the lowest level then go to the next one and
decide if it meets this level, and so on, until you have a match between the level descriptor and the
answer.
When assigning a level you should look at the overall quality of the answer. Do not look to penalise
small and specific parts of the answer where the student has not performed quite as well as the rest.
If the answer covers different aspects of different levels of the mark scheme you should use a best
fit approach for defining the level.
Use the variability of the response to help decide the mark within the level, ie if the response is
predominantly level 2 with a small amount of level 3 material it would be placed in level 2 but be
awarded a mark near the top of the level because of the level 3 content.
Step 2: Determine a mark
Once you have assigned a level you need to decide on the mark. The descriptors on how to
allocate marks can help with this.
The exemplar materials used during standardisation will help. There will be an answer in the
standardising materials which will correspond with each level of the mark scheme. This answer will
have been awarded a mark by the Lead Examiner. You can compare the student’s answer with the
example to determine if it is the same standard, better or worse than the example. You can then
use this to allocate a mark for the answer based on the Lead Examiner’s mark on the example.
You may well need to read back through the answer as you apply the mark scheme to clarify points
and assure yourself that the level and the mark are appropriate.
Indicative content in the mark scheme is provided as a guide for examiners. It is not intended to be
exhaustive and you must credit other valid points. Students do not have to cover all of the points
mentioned in the indicative content to reach the highest level of the mark scheme.
You should ignore any irrelevant points made. However, full marks can be awarded only if there are
no incorrect statements that contradict a correct response.
An answer which contains nothing of relevance to the question must be awarded no marks.
6

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2019 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 01.1 rice 1 4.2.2.1 AO3 01.2 25 (%) allow an answer between 23 1 4.2.2.1 and 27 (%) AO2 ignore ¼ / 0.25 01.3 (beans) contain all (four) food allow converse for chicken 1 4.2.2.1 groups AO3 allow chicken contains no / less carbohydrate or beans contain carbohydrate allow beans contain more nutrients ignore references to water / fat / protein 01.4 amylase 1 4.2.2.1 AO1 01.5 Benedict’s reagent 1 4.2.2.1 AO1 01.6 (brick) red / green / yellow / 1 4.2.2.1 orange / brown AO1 01.7 C 1 4.2.2.1 AO3 01.8 small intestine allow ileum 1 4.1.3.3 4.2.2.1 ignore intestine unqualified AO1 do not accept large intestine / duodenum 01.9 active transport 1 4.1.3.2 4.1.3.3 AO1 osmosis 1 AO1 Total 10 7

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2019
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
01.1 rice 1 4.2.2.1
AO3
01.2 25 (%) allow an answer between 23 1 4.2.2.1
and 27 (%) AO2
ignore ¼ / 0.25
01.3 (beans) contain all (four) food allow converse for chicken 1 4.2.2.1
groups allow chicken contains no / less AO3
carbohydrate or beans contain
carbohydrate
allow beans contain more
nutrients
ignore references to water / fat /
protein
01.4 amylase 1 4.2.2.1
AO1
01.5 Benedict’s reagent 1 4.2.2.1
AO1
01.6 (brick) red / green / yellow / 1 4.2.2.1
orange / brown AO1
01.7 C 1 4.2.2.1
AO3
01.8 small intestine allow ileum 1 4.1.3.3
4.2.2.1
ignore intestine unqualified AO1
do not accept large intestine /
duodenum
01.9 active transport 1 4.1.3.2
4.1.3.3
AO1
osmosis 1 AO1
Total 10
7

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2019 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 02.1 the movement of particles 1 4.1.3.1 from a high concentration to AO1 a low concentration 02.2 (gills) have (many) allow description of projections 1 4.1.3.1 projections AO2 allow have lots of / five gills (for) large(r) surface / area 1 or (gills) are on the outside of the body (1) for good access to water (1) 02.3 differentiation 1 4.1.2.3 AO1 02.4 mitosis do not accept meiosis 1 4.1.2.2 AO1 02.5 hair 1 4.1.2.2 4.1.2.3 AO1 02.6 axolotls are cheap to feed 1 4.1.2.3 AO3 axolotls are easy to breed 1 02.7 D 1 4.2.2.2 AO1 02.8 trachea allow windpipe 1 4.2.2.2 AO1 allow cartilage (ring) 02.9 pulmonary artery 1 4.2.2.2 AO1 Total 11 8

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2019
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
02.1 the movement of particles 1 4.1.3.1
from a high concentration to AO1
a low concentration
02.2 (gills) have (many) allow description of projections 1 4.1.3.1
projections allow have lots of / five gills AO2
(for) large(r) surface / area 1
or
(gills) are on the outside of
the body (1)
for good access to water (1)
02.3 differentiation 1 4.1.2.3
AO1
02.4 mitosis do not accept meiosis 1 4.1.2.2
AO1
02.5 hair 1 4.1.2.2
4.1.2.3
AO1
02.6 axolotls are cheap to feed 1 4.1.2.3
AO3
axolotls are easy to breed 1
02.7 D 1 4.2.2.2
AO1
02.8 trachea allow windpipe 1 4.2.2.2
allow cartilage (ring) AO1
02.9 pulmonary artery 1 4.2.2.2
AO1
Total 11
8

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2019 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 03.1 epidermis 3 4.2.3.2 4.2.3.1 palisade mesophyll allow palisade / mesophyll AO1 xylem 03.2 guard cells 1 4.2.3.2 4.2.3.1 AO1 03.3 to let carbon dioxide into the 1 4.2.3.2 leaf AO1 03.4 by evaporation 1 4.2.3.2 AO1 03.5 an answer of 4 (cm 3 ) scores 2 4.2.3.2 marks AO2 evidence of correct graph allow in range 4.8 to 5.2 and 0.8 1 readings (5 and 1) to 1.2 4 (cm 3 ) allow correct subtraction from 1 their graph readings allow their calculated value from readings in the range 4.6 to 5.4 and 0.6 to 1.4 03.6 plant A has more leaves 1 4.2.3.2 AO3 03.7 any one from: answers must be comparative 1 4.2.3.2 (the new room was) AO2 • windier • warmer • drier / less humid • brighter allow sunnier ignore more sun 9

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2019
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
03.1 epidermis 3 4.2.3.2
4.2.3.1
palisade mesophyll allow palisade / mesophyll AO1
xylem
03.2 guard cells 1 4.2.3.2
4.2.3.1
AO1
03.3 to let carbon dioxide into the 1 4.2.3.2
leaf AO1
03.4 by evaporation 1 4.2.3.2
AO1
03.5 an answer of 4 (cm 3 ) scores 2 4.2.3.2
marks AO2
evidence of correct graph allow in range 4.8 to 5.2 and 0.8 1
readings (5 and 1) to 1.2
4 (cm 3 ) allow correct subtraction from 1
their graph readings
allow their calculated value from
readings in the range 4.6 to 5.4
and 0.6 to 1.4
03.6 plant A has more leaves 1 4.2.3.2
AO3
03.7 any one from: answers must be comparative 1 4.2.3.2
(the new room was) AO2
• windier
• warmer
• drier / less humid
• brighter allow sunnier
ignore more sun
9

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2019 Mark AO / Question Answers Extra information Spec. Ref. 03.8 any one from : ignore reference to predators 1 AO2 • spikes / points / thorns / eating holly 4.3.3.2 sharp • poisonous / toxic allow unpleasant taste • brightly coloured berries • leaves are tough / leathery or leaves are hard to chew Total 11 10

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2019
Mark AO /
Question Answers Extra information
Spec. Ref.
03.8 any one from : ignore reference to predators 1 AO2
• spikes / points / thorns / eating holly 4.3.3.2
sharp
• poisonous / toxic allow unpleasant taste
• brightly coloured berries
• leaves are tough /
leathery
or leaves are hard to
chew
Total 11
10

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2019 AO / Spec. Question Answers Extra information Mark Ref. 04.1 temperature 1 4.4.2.1 AO3 volume of yeast and water 1 04.2 28 1 4.4.2.1 AO2 04.3 carbon dioxide 1 4.4.2.1 AO2 04.4 the greater the mass of allow reference to weight / 1 4.4.2.1 sugar, the greater the volume amount of sugar AO3 of foam / gas produced allow reference to amount of foam / gas allow positive correlation ignore names of gases ignore directly proportional 04.5 no respiration occurs ignore no reaction occurs 1 4.4.2.1 or AO2 sugar / glucose is needed for respiration 04.6 for comparison / to compare allow as a control (experiment) 1 4.4.2.1 AO2 allow as a base line do not accept as a control variable or to check that no other factor / allow answers in the context of variable is influencing the the investigation e.g. results to prove that the results obtained were due to the sugar (and nothing else) or to ensure validity ignore fair test / accuracy 04.7 (it) stops the oxygen / air ignore (it) stops the oxygen / air 1 4.4.2.1 getting in / through getting out AO2 ignore gases unqualified 11

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2019
AO / Spec.
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Ref.
04.1 temperature 1 4.4.2.1
AO3
volume of yeast and water 1
04.2 28 1 4.4.2.1
AO2
04.3 carbon dioxide 1 4.4.2.1
AO2
04.4 the greater the mass of allow reference to weight / 1 4.4.2.1
sugar, the greater the volume amount of sugar AO3
of foam / gas produced allow reference to amount of
foam / gas
allow positive correlation
ignore names of gases
ignore directly proportional
04.5 no respiration occurs ignore no reaction occurs 1 4.4.2.1
or AO2
sugar / glucose is needed for
respiration
04.6 for comparison / to compare allow as a control (experiment) 1 4.4.2.1
allow as a base line AO2
do not accept as a control
variable
or
to check that no other factor / allow answers in the context of
variable is influencing the the investigation e.g.
results to prove that the results
obtained were due to the sugar
(and nothing else)
or
to ensure validity ignore fair test / accuracy
04.7 (it) stops the oxygen / air ignore (it) stops the oxygen / air 1 4.4.2.1
getting in / through getting out AO2
ignore gases unqualified
11

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2019 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 04.8 ethanol 1 4.4.2.1 AO1 Total 9 12

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2019
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
04.8 ethanol 1 4.4.2.1
AO1
Total 9
12

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2019 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 05.1 gonorrhoea 1 4.3.1.3 AO1 05.2 the bacteria are resistant to 1 4. 3.1.3 the antibiotics AO2 05.3 abstain from sex ( ual allow abstinence 1 4.3.1.1 intercourse) 4.3.1.3 AO2 or wash hands after touching ignore wash hands unqualified penis / urinating / using the toilet 05.4 Level 2: Scientifically relevant features are identified; the way(s) 4–6 4.1.1.6 in which they are similar / different is made clear and (where AO3 x3 appropriate) the magnitude of the similarity / difference is noted. AO2 x3 Level 1: Relevant features are identified and differences noted. 1–3 No relevant content 0 Indicative Content: qualitative statements • 3 works best on A • 1 works best on B • 2 works best on C • 1 is least effective on A • 3 is least effective on B • 3 is least effective or has no effect on C quantitative statements • 1 kills more of B and C compared to A • 2 kills more of C than A / B • 3 kills more of A than B and C • 2 kills the same amount of A and B • 2 and 3 killed similar amounts of B • C are resistant to 3 • only 2 worked well on all of the bacteria • for A , 3 works best, 2 is next and 1 is least effective • for B , 1 works best, 2 is next and 3 is least effective • for C , 2 works best, 1 is next and 3 is least effective for level 2 reference to qualitative and quantitative statements is required 13

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2019
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
05.1 gonorrhoea 1 4.3.1.3
AO1
05.2 the bacteria are resistant to 1 4. 3.1.3
the antibiotics AO2
05.3 abstain from sex ( ual allow abstinence 1 4.3.1.1
intercourse) 4.3.1.3
AO2
or
wash hands after touching ignore wash hands unqualified
penis / urinating / using the
toilet
05.4 Level 2: Scientifically relevant features are identified; the way(s) 4–6 4.1.1.6
in which they are similar / different is made clear and (where AO3 x3
appropriate) the magnitude of the similarity / difference is noted. AO2 x3
Level 1: Relevant features are identified and differences noted. 1–3
No relevant content 0
Indicative Content:
qualitative statements
• 3 works best on A
• 1 works best on B
• 2 works best on C
• 1 is least effective on A
• 3 is least effective on B
• 3 is least effective
or has no effect on C
quantitative statements
• 1 kills more of B and C compared to A
• 2 kills more of C than A / B
• 3 kills more of A than B and C
• 2 kills the same amount of A and B
• 2 and 3 killed similar amounts of B
• C are resistant to 3
• only 2 worked well on all of the bacteria
• for A , 3 works best, 2 is next and 1 is least effective
• for B , 1 works best, 2 is next and 3 is least effective
• for C , 2 works best, 1 is next and 3 is least effective
for level 2 reference to qualitative and quantitative statements is
required
13

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2019 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 05.5 sample E 1 4.1.1.6 AO2 05.6 an answer of 14 scores 2 marks 4.1.1.6 AO2 15 + 12 + 13 + 16 1 4 or 56 4 14 1 05.7 an answer of 140 000 scores 3 4.1.1.6 marks AO2 an incorrect answer for one step does not prevent allocation of marks for subsequent steps (area = 0.1 × 0.1 =) 0.01 allow 1 × 10 −2 1 (volume = 0.01 × 0.01 =) allow 1 × 10 −4 1 0.0001 14 allow ecf from question 05.6 1 (number = =) 0.0001 allow 1.4 × 10 5 140 000 do not accept 14 × 10 4 05.8 Q 1 4.1.1.6 AO2 05.9 allow reverse argument 4.3.1.1 AO2 (bacteria) could make allow (bacteria) cause infection / 1 humans ill disease or allow (bacteria) cause (bacteria) could kill humans appropriately named disease or (bacteria) could release ignore harmful toxins Total 17 14

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2019
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
05.5 sample E 1 4.1.1.6
AO2
05.6 an answer of 14 scores 2 marks 4.1.1.6
AO2
15 + 12 + 13 + 16 1
4
or
56
4
14 1
05.7 an answer of 140 000 scores 3 4.1.1.6
marks AO2
an incorrect answer for one step
does not prevent allocation of
marks for subsequent steps
(area = 0.1 × 0.1 =) 0.01 allow 1 × 10 −2 1
(volume = 0.01 × 0.01 =) allow 1 × 10 −4 1
0.0001
14 allow ecf from question 05.6 1
(number = =)
0.0001 allow 1.4 × 10 5
140 000
do not accept 14 × 10 4
05.8 Q 1 4.1.1.6
AO2
05.9 allow reverse argument 4.3.1.1
AO2
(bacteria) could make allow (bacteria) cause infection / 1
humans ill disease
or allow (bacteria) cause
(bacteria) could kill humans appropriately named disease
or
(bacteria) could release
ignore harmful
toxins
Total 17
14

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2019 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 06.1 circulatory / circulation allow cardiovascular (system) 1 4.2.2.2 (system) 4.2.1 ignore blood (system) AO1 ignore cardiorespiratory system 06.2 any valve ringed allow more than one valve 1 4.2.2.2 separately ringed AO1 06.3 prevent backflow (of blood) allow correct description of 1 4.2.2.2 or backflow 4.2.2.4 ensure one-way flow AO1 allow maintains (correct) direction of blood 06.4 vein allow correctly named veins 1 4.2.2.2 AO1 06.5 any two from: 2 4.2.2.4 (referring to mechanical AO3 valves) • long lasting allow reliable or allow less likely to need a durable replacement (after 5 years) or does not break / tear ignore no need for a or replacement does not wear out • do not need to go into hospital / surgery again • no ethical issues (surrounding use of living / animal tissue) • no risk of rejection • no need for anti-rejection / immunosuppressant drugs • no risk of transmission of disease 15

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2019
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
06.1 circulatory / circulation allow cardiovascular (system) 1 4.2.2.2
(system) 4.2.1
ignore blood (system) AO1
ignore cardiorespiratory system
06.2 any valve ringed allow more than one valve 1 4.2.2.2
separately ringed AO1
06.3 prevent backflow (of blood) allow correct description of 1 4.2.2.2
or backflow 4.2.2.4
ensure one-way flow allow maintains (correct) AO1
direction of blood
06.4 vein allow correctly named veins 1 4.2.2.2
AO1
06.5 any two from: 2 4.2.2.4
(referring to mechanical AO3
valves)
• long lasting allow reliable
or allow less likely to need a
durable replacement (after 5 years)
or
does not break / tear
ignore no need for a
or
replacement
does not wear out
• do not need to go into
hospital / surgery again
• no ethical issues
(surrounding use of living
/ animal tissue)
• no risk of rejection
• no need for anti-rejection
/ immunosuppressant
drugs
• no risk of transmission of
disease
15

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2019 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec.Ref. 06.6 no need to take anti - clotting allow can’t hear a pig valve 1 4.2.2.4 medication AO3 allow can get a better fit with a pig valve allow less leaky with a pig valve allow less likely to get a heart attack / stroke ignore will not get blood clots (around the valve) 06.7 an additional line from a medical 2 4.2.2.2 condition negates the mark AO1 Total 9 16

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2019
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec.Ref.
06.6 no need to take anti - clotting allow can’t hear a pig valve 1 4.2.2.4
medication allow can get a better fit with a AO3
pig valve
allow less leaky with a pig valve
allow less likely to get a heart
attack / stroke
ignore will not get blood clots
(around the valve)
06.7 an additional line from a medical 2 4.2.2.2
condition negates the mark AO1
Total 9
16

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2019 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 07.1 controls the (activities of the) allow contains genetic 1 4.1.1.2 cell information / genes / DNA / AO1 chromosomes do not accept brain do not accept controls substances entering / leaving the cell 0 7 .2 red blood cell / RBC allow erythrocyte 1 4.2.2.3 4.1.1.1 ignore blood cell unqualified AO1 ignore platelets or allow named examples of bacteria / prokaryote bacteria do not accept virus or xylem (cell) 07 .3 cell shape is similar to cell in ignore shading 1 4.1.1.2 Figure 12 and nucleus present AO2 do not accept a cell wall drawn 8.2.1 AO1 any two features correctly 1 identified and labelled: • nucleus allow cell wall if drawn and • (cell) membrane correctly labelled • cytoplasm do not accept other plant sub- • mitochondria / mitochondrion cellular structures • ribosome(s) 07 .4 any one from: 1 4.1.1.2 • (cellulose cell) wall AO1 • chloroplast ignore chlorophyll • (permanent) vacuole allow starch grain 17

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2019
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
07.1 controls the (activities of the) allow contains genetic 1 4.1.1.2
cell information / genes / DNA / AO1
chromosomes
do not accept brain
do not accept controls
substances entering / leaving
the cell
0 7 .2 red blood cell / RBC allow erythrocyte 1 4.2.2.3
4.1.1.1
ignore blood cell unqualified AO1
ignore platelets
or
allow named examples of
bacteria / prokaryote
bacteria
do not accept virus
or
xylem (cell)
07 .3 cell shape is similar to cell in ignore shading 1 4.1.1.2
Figure 12 and nucleus present AO2
do not accept a cell wall drawn 8.2.1
AO1
any two features correctly 1
identified and labelled:
• nucleus allow cell wall if drawn and
• (cell) membrane correctly labelled
• cytoplasm
• mitochondria / mitochondrion do not accept other plant sub-
• ribosome(s) cellular structures
07 .4 any one from: 1 4.1.1.2
• (cellulose cell) wall AO1
• chloroplast ignore chlorophyll
• (permanent) vacuole
allow starch grain
17

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2019 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 07.5 an answer of (×) 400 scores 3 4.1.1.5 marks AO2 an answer of (×) 40 scores 2 marks allow in range 23 to 25 (mm) 24 (mm) or 2.4 (cm) 1 or in range 2.3 to 2.5 (cm) allow correct calculation from 24 1 their measurement of X to Y in 0.06 the range 2.3 cm to 3.5 cm or 23 mm to 35 mm or 2.4 0.06 1 (×) 400 allow correct magnification derived from their measurement in mm ignore rounding errors 07 .6 high(er) magnification ignore bigger / zoom 1 4.1.1.5 AO1 high(er) resolution or high(er) allow see more detail 1 resolving power if neither mark awarded allow 1 mark for see smaller objects or see smaller sub-cellular structures allow 3D image Total 10 18

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2019
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
07.5 an answer of (×) 400 scores 3 4.1.1.5
marks AO2
an answer of (×) 40 scores 2
marks
allow in range 23 to 25 (mm)
24 (mm) or 2.4 (cm) 1
or in range 2.3 to 2.5 (cm)
24 allow correct calculation from 1
their measurement of X to Y in
0.06
the range 2.3 cm to 3.5 cm or
23 mm to 35 mm
or
2.4
0.06
(×) 400 allow correct magnification 1
derived from their measurement
in mm
ignore rounding errors
07 .6 high(er) magnification ignore bigger / zoom 1 4.1.1.5
AO1
high(er) resolution or high(er) allow see more detail 1
resolving power
if neither mark awarded allow 1
mark for see smaller objects
or see smaller sub-cellular
structures
allow 3D image
Total 10
18

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2019 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 08.1 a protist 1 4.3.1.5 AO1 08.2 allow converse if clearly 4.3.1.5 describing people who do not AO3 use (mosquito) nets lower percentage of people 1 allow fewer people with malaria with malaria when using when using (mosquito) nets (mosquito) nets allow only 1.2% of people with malaria when using (mosquito) nets ignore reference to data from table unqualified do not accept incorrectly calculated figures 08 .3 any one from: 1 4.3.1.5 • some people who use allow people can get malaria AO3 (mosquito) nets have when they are not sleeping malaria • data from only one area / part of Africa allow correlation does not imply • size of group too small or causation sample size too small or only 476 people • only 50 people did not use (mosquito) nets or uneven group sizes (nets vs. no nets) • no other information about allow examples of information people considered not considered e.g. age, other medical issues such as sickle cell, whether taking anti-malarial medication, vaccination ignore ref to other factors unqualified • people may have lied about using (mosquito) nets 08 .4 any value between 88 ‒ 91 allow decimal values 1 4.3.1.5 AO2 19

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2019
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
08.1 a protist 1 4.3.1.5
AO1
08.2 allow converse if clearly 4.3.1.5
describing people who do not AO3
use (mosquito) nets
lower percentage of people allow fewer people with malaria 1
with malaria when using when using (mosquito) nets
(mosquito) nets
allow only 1.2% of people with
malaria when using (mosquito)
nets
ignore reference to data from
table unqualified
do not accept incorrectly
calculated figures
08 .3 any one from: 1 4.3.1.5
• some people who use allow people can get malaria AO3
(mosquito) nets have when they are not sleeping
malaria
• data from only one area /
part of Africa
• size of group too small or allow correlation does not imply
sample size too small causation
or
only 476 people
• only 50 people did not use
(mosquito) nets
or
uneven group sizes (nets
vs. no nets)
• no other information about allow examples of information
people considered not considered e.g. age, other
medical issues such as sickle
cell, whether taking anti-malarial
medication, vaccination
ignore ref to other factors
unqualified
• people may have lied about
using (mosquito) nets
08 .4 any value between 88 ‒ 91 allow decimal values 1 4.3.1.5
AO2
19

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2019 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 08.5 any one from: 1 4.2.2.5 • improved health care allow examples of improved 4.3.1.5 health care such as AO2 more / cheaper / new treatments / vaccinations / antibiotics • use of mosquito control allow descriptions such as methods spraying of insecticides / repellent or draining water holes or preventing mosquitoes from breeding allow descriptions such as wear • changing behaviour to long clothing or avoid going out avoid being bitten (by at dusk mosquitoes) 20

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2019
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
08.5 any one from: 1 4.2.2.5
• improved health care allow examples of improved 4.3.1.5
health care such as AO2
more / cheaper / new
treatments / vaccinations /
antibiotics
• use of mosquito control allow descriptions such as
methods spraying of insecticides /
repellent or draining water holes
or preventing mosquitoes from
breeding
• changing behaviour to allow descriptions such as wear
avoid being bitten (by long clothing or avoid going out
mosquitoes) at dusk
20

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2019 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 08.6 Level 2: Scientifically relevant facts, events or processes are 4 – 6 4.3.1.6 identified and given in detail to form an accurate account. 4.3.1.7 AO1 Level 1: Facts, events or processes are identified and simply 1–3 stated but their relevance is not clear. No relevant content 0 Indicative content prevents pathogens from entering skin • tough / dry / dead outer layer • skin acts as a barrier • sebum / oil on (surface of) skin • sebum / oil repels pathogens • scabs form over cuts or scabs form a barrier • platelets are involved in forming clots / scab stomach • contains (hydrochloric) acid • (HCl) kills bacteria • in food or in swallowed mucus eyes • produce tears • contains enzymes to kill bacteria • tears are antiseptic breathing system • trachea / bronchi / nose produce mucus • mucus is sticky • (mucus) traps bacteria • (mucus) carried away by cilia defends itself against pathogens inside the body • immune system / white blood cells (WBCs) • WBCs engulf pathogens • antitoxins are produced • (antitoxins) neutralise toxins / poisons (produced by pathogen) • antibodies are produced • (antibodies) help destroy pathogens • memory cells (are formed) • (memory cells give a) more rapid response if pathogen re- enters a level 2 response should refer to body defence and the immune system Total 11 21

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2019
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
08.6 Level 2: Scientifically relevant facts, events or processes are 4 – 6 4.3.1.6
identified and given in detail to form an accurate account. 4.3.1.7
AO1
Level 1: Facts, events or processes are identified and simply 1–3
stated but their relevance is not clear.
No relevant content 0
Indicative content
prevents pathogens from entering
skin
• tough / dry / dead outer layer
• skin acts as a barrier
• sebum / oil on (surface of) skin
• sebum / oil repels pathogens
• scabs form over cuts or scabs form a barrier
• platelets are involved in forming clots / scab
stomach
• contains (hydrochloric) acid
• (HCl) kills bacteria
• in food or in swallowed mucus
eyes
• produce tears
• contains enzymes to kill bacteria
• tears are antiseptic
breathing system
• trachea / bronchi / nose produce mucus
• mucus is sticky
• (mucus) traps bacteria
• (mucus) carried away by cilia
defends itself against pathogens inside the body
• immune system / white blood cells (WBCs)
• WBCs engulf pathogens
• antitoxins are produced
• (antitoxins) neutralise toxins / poisons (produced by pathogen)
• antibodies are produced
• (antibodies) help destroy pathogens
• memory cells (are formed)
• (memory cells give a) more rapid response if pathogen re-
enters
a level 2 response should refer to body defence and the immune
system
Total 11
21

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2019 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 09.1 words take precedence over 4.4.1.1 symbols AO1 LHS: 1 carbon dioxide and water allow correct symbols (ignore balancing) RHS: 1 glucose in any order do not accept starch ignore carbohydrates / sugar 09 .2 power output of bulb 1 4.4.1.2 AO2 09 .3 any two from: ignore do a control experiment 2 4.4.1.2 • repeat and calculate a mean unqualified AO3 or repeat and to eliminate anomalies • control the (water) allow a method of controlling temperature (water) temperature allow a method of controlling • control the concentration of carbon dioxide concentration carbon dioxide • control the distance of the bulb from the pondweed • control the mass / length / allow use the same piece of species / age of the pondweed pondweed • give pondweed time to equilibrate allow do experiment with the bulb off / in the dark 09 .4 3.3 (cm 3 /hour) 1 4.4.1.2 AO2 22

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2019
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
09.1 words take precedence over 4.4.1.1
symbols AO1
LHS: 1
carbon dioxide and water allow correct symbols (ignore
balancing)
RHS: 1
glucose in any order
do not accept starch
ignore carbohydrates / sugar
09 .2 power output of bulb 1 4.4.1.2
AO2
09 .3 any two from: ignore do a control experiment 2 4.4.1.2
• repeat and calculate a mean unqualified AO3
or
repeat and to eliminate
anomalies
• control the (water) allow a method of controlling
temperature (water) temperature
• control the concentration of allow a method of controlling
carbon dioxide carbon dioxide concentration
• control the distance of the
bulb from the pondweed
• control the mass / length / allow use the same piece of
species / age of the pondweed
pondweed
• give pondweed time to
equilibrate
allow do experiment with the
bulb off / in the dark
09 .4 3.3 (cm 3 /hour) 1 4.4.1.2
AO2
22

PMT MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2019 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 09.5 max 3 marks for bar chart 4.4.1.2 correct scale and axis labelled 1 AO2 all points plotted correctly allow points plotted to within 2 ± ½ small square allow 3 or 4 correct plots for 1 mark allow correct plot from incorrect value calculated in question 09.4 correct curved line of best fit ignore line extended beyond 1 60 / 250 (W) ignore line joined point to point with straight lines 09 .6 1 4.4.1.2 correct answer from their line allow ± ½ small square AO2 drawn on Figure 15 tolerance allow 1.8 / 1.9 if no line of best fit or incorrect graph is drawn 09 .7 1 4.4.1.2 AO2 Total 12 23

PMT
MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2019
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
09.5 max 3 marks for bar chart 4.4.1.2
correct scale and axis labelled 1 AO2
all points plotted correctly allow points plotted to within 2
± ½ small square
allow 3 or 4 correct plots for 1
mark
allow correct plot from incorrect
value calculated in question
09.4
correct curved line of best fit ignore line extended beyond 1
60 / 250 (W)
ignore line joined point to point
with straight lines
09 .6 correct answer from their line allow ± ½ small square 1 4.4.1.2
drawn on Figure 15 tolerance AO2
allow 1.8 / 1.9 if no line of best
fit or incorrect graph is drawn
09 .7 1 4.4.1.2
AO2
Total 12
23

June 2019 MS