GCSE BIOLOGY 8461/1F Paper 1 Foundation Tier Mark scheme June 2022 Version: 1.0 Final Mark Scheme * 226G 84611F /MS *

GCSE
BIOLOGY
8461/1F
Paper 1 Foundation Tier
Mark scheme
June 2022
Version: 1.0 Final Mark Scheme
* 226G 84611F /MS *

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2022 Mark schemes are prepared by the Lead Assessment Writer and considered, together with the relevant questions, by a panel of subject teachers. This mark scheme includes any amendments made at the standardisation events which all associates participate in and is the scheme which was used by them in this examination. The standardisation process ensures that the mark scheme covers the students’ responses to questions and that every associate understands and applies it in the same correct way. As preparation for standardisation each associate analyses a number of students’ scripts. Alternative answers not already covered by the mark scheme are discussed and legislated for. If, after the standardisation process, associates encounter unusual answers which have not been raised they are required to refer these to the Lead Examiner. It must be stressed that a mark scheme is a working document, in many cases further developed and expanded on the basis of students’ reactions to a particular paper. Assumptions about future mark schemes on the basis of one year’s document should be avoided; whilst the guiding principles of assessment remain constant, details will change, depending on the content of a particular examination paper. Further copies of this mark scheme are available from aqa.org.uk Copyright information AQA retains the copyright on all its publications. However, registered schools/colleges for AQA are permitted to copy material from this booklet for their own internal use, with the following important exception: AQA cannot give permission to schools/colleges to photocopy any material that is acknowledged to a third party even for internal use within the centre.. Copyright © 2022 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved. 2

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2022
Mark schemes are prepared by the Lead Assessment Writer and considered, together with the relevant
questions, by a panel of subject teachers. This mark scheme includes any amendments made at the
standardisation events which all associates participate in and is the scheme which was used by them in
this examination. The standardisation process ensures that the mark scheme covers the students’
responses to questions and that every associate understands and applies it in the same correct way.
As preparation for standardisation each associate analyses a number of students’ scripts. Alternative
answers not already covered by the mark scheme are discussed and legislated for. If, after the
standardisation process, associates encounter unusual answers which have not been raised they are
required to refer these to the Lead Examiner.
It must be stressed that a mark scheme is a working document, in many cases further developed and
expanded on the basis of students’ reactions to a particular paper. Assumptions about future mark
schemes on the basis of one year’s document should be avoided; whilst the guiding principles of
assessment remain constant, details will change, depending on the content of a particular examination
paper.
Further copies of this mark scheme are available from aqa.org.uk
Copyright information
AQA retains the copyright on all its publications. However, registered schools/colleges for AQA are permitted to copy material from this booklet for their own
internal use, with the following important exception: AQA cannot give permission to schools/colleges to photocopy any material that is acknowledged to a third
party even for internal use within the centre..
Copyright © 2022 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved.
2

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2022 Information to Examiners 1. General The mark scheme for each question shows: • the marks available for each part of the question • the total marks available for the question • the typical answer or answers which are expected • extra information to help the examiner make their judgement • the Assessment Objectives and specification content that each question is intended to cover. The extra information is aligned to the appropriate answer in the left-hand part of the mark scheme and should only be applied to that item in the mark scheme. At the beginning of a part of a question a reminder may be given, for example: where consequential marking needs to be considered in a calculation; or the answer may be on the diagram or at a different place on the script. In general the right-hand side of the mark scheme is there to provide those extra details which confuse the main part of the mark scheme yet may be helpful in ensuring that marking is straightforward and consistent (for example, a scientifically correct answer that could not reasonably be expected from a student’s knowledge of the specification). 2. Emboldening and underlining 2.1 In a list of acceptable answers where more than one mark is available ‘any two from’ is used, with the number of marks emboldened. Each of the following bullet points is a potential mark. 2.2 A bold and is used to indicate that both parts of the answer are required to award the mark. 2.3 Alternative answers acceptable for a mark are indicated by the use of or . Alternative words in the mark scheme are shown by a solidus eg allow smooth / free movement. 2.4 Any wording that is underlined is essential for the marking point to be awarded. 3

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2022
Information to Examiners
1. General
The mark scheme for each question shows:
• the marks available for each part of the question
• the total marks available for the question
• the typical answer or answers which are expected
• extra information to help the examiner make their judgement
• the Assessment Objectives and specification content that each question is intended to cover.
The extra information is aligned to the appropriate answer in the left-hand part of the mark scheme and
should only be applied to that item in the mark scheme.
At the beginning of a part of a question a reminder may be given, for example: where consequential
marking needs to be considered in a calculation; or the answer may be on the diagram or at a different
place on the script.
In general the right-hand side of the mark scheme is there to provide those extra details which confuse
the main part of the mark scheme yet may be helpful in ensuring that marking is straightforward and
consistent (for example, a scientifically correct answer that could not reasonably be expected from a
student’s knowledge of the specification).
2. Emboldening and underlining
2.1 In a list of acceptable answers where more than one mark is available ‘any two from’ is used, with
the number of marks emboldened. Each of the following bullet points is a potential mark.
2.2 A bold and is used to indicate that both parts of the answer are required to award the mark.
2.3 Alternative answers acceptable for a mark are indicated by the use of or .
Alternative words in the mark scheme are shown by a solidus eg allow smooth / free movement.
2.4 Any wording that is underlined is essential for the marking point to be awarded.
3

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2022 3. Marking points 3.1 Marking of lists This applies to questions requiring a set number of responses, but for which students have provided extra responses. The general principle to be followed in such a situation is that ‘right + wrong = wrong’. Each error / contradiction negates each correct response. So, if the number of errors / contradictions equals or exceeds the number of marks available for the question, no marks can be awarded. However, responses considered to be neutral (indicated as * in example 1) are not penalised. Example 1: What is the pH of an acidic solution? [1 mark] Student Response Marks awarded 1 green, 5 0 2 red*, 5 1 3 red*, 8 0 Example 2: Name two magnetic materials. [2 marks] Student Response Marks awarded 1 iron, steel, tin 1 2 cobalt, nickel, nail* 2 3.2 Use of symbols / formulae If a student writes a chemical symbol / formula instead of a required chemical name, or uses symbols to denote quantities in a physics equation, full credit can be given if the symbol / formula is correct and if, in the context of the question, such action is appropriate. 3.3 Marking procedure for calculations Marks should be awarded for each stage of the calculation completed correctly, as students are instructed to show their working. At any point in a calculation students may omit steps from their working. If a subsequent step is given correctly, the relevant marks may be awarded. Full marks are not awarded for a correct final answer from incorrect working. 3.4 Interpretation of ‘it’ Answers using the word ‘it’ should be given credit only if it is clear that the ‘it’ refers to the correct subject. 4

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2022
3. Marking points
3.1 Marking of lists
This applies to questions requiring a set number of responses, but for which students have
provided extra responses. The general principle to be followed in such a situation is that
‘right + wrong = wrong’.
Each error / contradiction negates each correct response. So, if the number of errors /
contradictions equals or exceeds the number of marks available for the question, no marks can be
awarded.
However, responses considered to be neutral (indicated as * in example 1) are not penalised.
Example 1: What is the pH of an acidic solution?
[1 mark]
Student Response Marks
awarded
1 green, 5 0
2 red*, 5 1
3 red*, 8 0
Example 2: Name two magnetic materials.
[2 marks]
Student Response Marks awarded
1 iron, steel, tin 1
2 cobalt, nickel, nail* 2
3.2 Use of symbols / formulae
If a student writes a chemical symbol / formula instead of a required chemical name, or uses
symbols to denote quantities in a physics equation, full credit can be given if the symbol / formula
is correct and if, in the context of the question, such action is appropriate.
3.3 Marking procedure for calculations
Marks should be awarded for each stage of the calculation completed correctly, as students are
instructed to show their working. At any point in a calculation students may omit steps from their
working. If a subsequent step is given correctly, the relevant marks may be awarded.
Full marks are not awarded for a correct final answer from incorrect working.
3.4 Interpretation of ‘it’
Answers using the word ‘it’ should be given credit only if it is clear that the ‘it’ refers to the correct
subject.
4

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2022 3.5 Errors carried forward An error can be carried forward from one question part to the next and is shown by the abbreviation ‘ecf’. Within an individual question part, an incorrect value in one step of a calculation does not prevent all of the subsequent marks being awarded. 3.6 Phonetic spelling Marks should be awarded if spelling is not correct but the intention is clear, unless there is a possible confusion with another technical term. 3.7 Brackets (…..) are used to indicate information which is not essential for the mark to be awarded but is included to help the examiner identify the sense of the answer required. 3.8 Allow In the mark scheme additional information, ‘allow’ is used to indicate creditworthy alternative answers. 3.9 Ignore Ignore is used when the information given is irrelevant to the question or not enough to gain the marking point. Any further correct amplification could gain the marking point. 3.10 Do not accept Do not accept means that this is a wrong answer which, even if the correct answer is given as well, will still mean that the mark is not awarded. 3.11 Numbered answer lines Numbered lines on the question paper are intended to support the student to give the correct number of responses. The answer should still be marked as a whole. 4. Level of response marking instructions Extended response questions are marked on level of response mark schemes. • Level of response mark schemes are broken down into levels, each of which has a descriptor. • The descriptor for the level shows the average performance for the level. • There are two marks in each level. Before you apply the mark scheme to a student’s answer, read through the answer and, if necessary, annotate it (as instructed) to show the qualities that are being looked for. You can then apply the mark scheme. 5

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2022
3.5 Errors carried forward
An error can be carried forward from one question part to the next and is shown by the
abbreviation ‘ecf’.
Within an individual question part, an incorrect value in one step of a calculation does not prevent
all of the subsequent marks being awarded.
3.6 Phonetic spelling
Marks should be awarded if spelling is not correct but the intention is clear, unless there is a
possible confusion with another technical term.
3.7 Brackets
(…..) are used to indicate information which is not essential for the mark to be awarded but is
included to help the examiner identify the sense of the answer required.
3.8 Allow
In the mark scheme additional information, ‘allow’ is used to indicate creditworthy
alternative answers.
3.9 Ignore
Ignore is used when the information given is irrelevant to the question or not enough to gain the
marking point. Any further correct amplification could gain the marking point.
3.10 Do not accept
Do not accept means that this is a wrong answer which, even if the correct answer is given as
well, will still mean that the mark is not awarded.
3.11 Numbered answer lines
Numbered lines on the question paper are intended to support the student to give the correct
number of responses. The answer should still be marked as a whole.
4. Level of response marking instructions
Extended response questions are marked on level of response mark schemes.
• Level of response mark schemes are broken down into levels, each of which has a descriptor.
• The descriptor for the level shows the average performance for the level.
• There are two marks in each level.
Before you apply the mark scheme to a student’s answer, read through the answer and, if
necessary, annotate it (as instructed) to show the qualities that are being looked for. You can then
apply the mark scheme.
5

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2022 Step 1: Determine a level Start at the lowest level of the mark scheme and use it as a ladder to see whether the answer meets the descriptor for that level. The descriptor for the level indicates the different qualities that might be seen in the student’s answer for that level. If it meets the lowest level then go to the next one and decide if it meets this level, and so on, until you have a match between the level descriptor and the answer. With practice and familiarity you will find that for better answers you will be able to quickly skip through the lower levels of the mark scheme. When assigning a level you should look at the overall quality of the answer. Do not look to penalise small and specific parts of the answer where the student has not performed quite as well as the rest. If the answer covers different aspects of different levels of the mark scheme you should use a best fit approach for defining the level. Use the variability of the response to help decide the mark within the level, ie if the response is predominantly level 2 with a small amount of level 3 material it would be placed in level 2 but be awarded a mark near the top of the level because of the level 3 content. Step 2: Determine a mark Once you have assigned a level you need to decide on the mark. The descriptors on how to allocate marks can help with this. The exemplar materials used during standardisation will help. There will be an answer in the standardising materials which will correspond with each level of the mark scheme. This answer will have been awarded a mark by the Lead Examiner. You can compare the student’s answer with the example to determine if it is the same standard, better or worse than the example. You can then use this to allocate a mark for the answer based on the Lead Examiner’s mark on the example. You may well need to read back through the answer as you apply the mark scheme to clarify points and assure yourself that the level and the mark are appropriate. Indicative content in the mark scheme is provided as a guide for examiners. It is not intended to be exhaustive and you must credit other valid points. Students do not have to cover all of the points mentioned in the indicative content to reach the highest level of the mark scheme. You should ignore any irrelevant points made. However, full marks can be awarded only if there are no incorrect statements that contradict a correct response. An answer which contains nothing of relevance to the question must be awarded no marks. 6

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2022
Step 1: Determine a level
Start at the lowest level of the mark scheme and use it as a ladder to see whether the answer meets
the descriptor for that level.
The descriptor for the level indicates the different qualities that might be seen in the student’s
answer for that level. If it meets the lowest level then go to the next one and decide if it meets this
level, and so on, until you have a match between the level descriptor and the answer. With practice
and familiarity you will find that for better answers you will be able to quickly skip through the lower
levels of the mark scheme.
When assigning a level you should look at the overall quality of the answer. Do not look to penalise
small and specific parts of the answer where the student has not performed quite as well as the rest.
If the answer covers different aspects of different levels of the mark scheme you should use a best
fit approach for defining the level.
Use the variability of the response to help decide the mark within the level, ie if the response is
predominantly level 2 with a small amount of level 3 material it would be placed in level 2 but be
awarded a mark near the top of the level because of the level 3 content.
Step 2: Determine a mark
Once you have assigned a level you need to decide on the mark. The descriptors on how to
allocate marks can help with this. The exemplar materials used during standardisation will help.
There will be an answer in the standardising materials which will correspond with each level of the
mark scheme. This answer will have been awarded a mark by the Lead Examiner. You can
compare the student’s answer with the example to determine if it is the same standard, better or
worse than the example. You can then use this to allocate a mark for the answer based on the Lead
Examiner’s mark on the example.
You may well need to read back through the answer as you apply the mark scheme to clarify points
and assure yourself that the level and the mark are appropriate.
Indicative content in the mark scheme is provided as a guide for examiners. It is not intended to be
exhaustive and you must credit other valid points. Students do not have to cover all of the points
mentioned in the indicative content to reach the highest level of the mark scheme.
You should ignore any irrelevant points made. However, full marks can be awarded only if there are
no incorrect statements that contradict a correct response.
An answer which contains nothing of relevance to the question must be awarded no marks.
6

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2022 Question 1 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 01.1 sexual intercourse 1 AO1 4.3.1.1 4.3.1.2 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. ignore numbers unqualified 01.2 AO3 increased (at first) do not accept an implication of 1 4.3.1.2 an overall increase (then) decreased 1 if no other mark awarded allow (overall) decrease for 1 mark AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 01.3 better education on how to 1 AO3 prevent the spread of HIV 4.3.1.1 4.3.1.2 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 01.4 (C)  E  A  B  D allow 1 mark for E  A link 3 AO1 allow 1 mark for A  B link 4.3.1.1 allow 1 mark for B  D link 4.3.1.6 4.3.1.7 if no other mark awarded allow 1 4.3.1.2 mark for an answer of (C)  E  B  A  D 7

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2022
Question 1
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
01.1 sexual intercourse 1 AO1
4.3.1.1
4.3.1.2
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
ignore numbers unqualified
01.2 AO3
increased (at first) do not accept an implication of 1 4.3.1.2
an overall increase
(then) decreased 1
if no other mark awarded allow
(overall) decrease for 1 mark
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
01.3 better education on how to 1 AO3
prevent the spread of HIV 4.3.1.1
4.3.1.2
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
01.4 (C)  E  A  B  D allow 1 mark for E  A link 3 AO1
allow 1 mark for A  B link 4.3.1.1
allow 1 mark for B  D link 4.3.1.6
4.3.1.7
if no other mark awarded allow 1 4.3.1.2
mark for an answer of
(C)  E  B  A  D
7

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2022 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 01.5 testing on healthy volunteers 1 AO1 4.3.1.9 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 01.6 drugs that destroy viruses also 1 AO1 damage body tissues 4.3.1.8 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 01.7 AO1 4.3.1.1 4.3.1.9 1 1 do not accept more than one line from a box on the left Total Question 1 1 1 8

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2022
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
01.5 testing on healthy volunteers 1 AO1
4.3.1.9
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
01.6 drugs that destroy viruses also 1 AO1
damage body tissues 4.3.1.8
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
01.7 AO1
4.3.1.1
4.3.1.9
1
1
do not accept more than one line from a box on the left
Total Question 1 1 1
8

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2022 Question 2 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 02.1 1 1 AO2 4.1.2.2 4 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 02.2 10 1 AO2 4.1.2.2 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 02.3 must be in this order AO1 grows 1 4.1.2.2 replicates 1 divides 1 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 02.4 C 1 AO3 4.1.2.2 9

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2022
Question 2
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
02.1 1 1 AO2
4 4.1.2.2
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
02.2 10 1 AO2
4.1.2.2
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
02.3 must be in this order AO1
grows 1 4.1.2.2
replicates 1
divides 1
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
02.4 C 1 AO3
4.1.2.2
9

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2022 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 02.5 10% 1 AO2 4.1.2.2 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 02.6 circulatory system 1 AO1 4.2.2.2 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 02.7 cardiovascular disease / CVD allow heart attack 1 AO1 4.2.2.4 or 4.1.2.3 (coronary) heart disease / CHD allow any correctly named heart condition eg arrhythmia, hole in the heart AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 02.8 any one from: 1 AO2 4.1.2.3 • unethical allow examples of unethical 4.2.2.4 such as destroying a (potential) life • (against) religious / cultural / allow against God’s will personal beliefs ignore religion unqualified • the method is not (fully) tested allow the method might not work allow may cause side effects • risk of infection • (heart cells) may be rejected Total Question 2 10 10

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2022
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
02.5 10% 1 AO2
4.1.2.2
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
02.6 circulatory system 1 AO1
4.2.2.2
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
02.7 cardiovascular disease / CVD allow heart attack 1 AO1
4.2.2.4
or 4.1.2.3
(coronary) heart disease / CHD allow any correctly named heart
condition eg arrhythmia, hole in
the heart
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
02.8 any one from: 1 AO2
4.1.2.3
• unethical allow examples of unethical 4.2.2.4
such as destroying a (potential)
life
• (against) religious / cultural / allow against God’s will
personal beliefs ignore religion unqualified
• the method is not (fully) tested allow the method might not work
allow may cause side effects
• risk of infection
• (heart cells) may be rejected
Total Question 2 10
10

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2022 Question 3 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 03.1 any two from: 2 AO3 4.4.1.2 • temperature RPA6 • size of tomato plants or size / allow age of plant number of leaves • light • (volume of) water allow (amount of) water • (amount / type of) fertiliser / allow (type of) compost / soil minerals / ions / nutrients allow named example of mineral (given to plants) ion such as nitrate / magnesium • time before rate readings are ignore time unqualified taken ignore type of tomato plant ignore type of greenhouse AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 03.2 from 0.02% to 0.04% 1 AO3 4.4.1.2 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 03.3 repeat each reading three times 1 AO3 and calculate a mean 4.4.1.2 RPA6 11

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2022
Question 3
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
03.1 any two from: 2 AO3
4.4.1.2
• temperature RPA6
• size of tomato plants or size / allow age of plant
number of leaves
• light
• (volume of) water allow (amount of) water
• (amount / type of) fertiliser / allow (type of) compost / soil
minerals / ions / nutrients allow named example of mineral
(given to plants) ion such as nitrate / magnesium
• time before rate readings are ignore time unqualified
taken
ignore type of tomato plant
ignore type of greenhouse
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
03.2 from 0.02% to 0.04% 1 AO3
4.4.1.2
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
03.3 repeat each reading three times 1 AO3
and calculate a mean 4.4.1.2
RPA6
11

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2022 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 03.4 (the rate of photosynthesis) ignore values 1 AO2 increases 4.4.1.1 4.4.1.2 (because) carbon dioxide is 1 needed for photosynthesis allow 2 marks for (there is) more carbon dioxide for (more) photosynthesis AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 03.5 any two from: 2 AO3 4.4.1.2 • it would not increase the rate allow it would not change the (of photosynthesis) rate (of photosynthesis) allow photosynthesis would not increase • it would not increase the growth of tomatoes • it would cost more allow idea of profit will not increase allow reference to avoiding global warming Total Question 3 8 12

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2022
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
03.4 (the rate of photosynthesis) ignore values 1 AO2
increases 4.4.1.1
4.4.1.2
(because) carbon dioxide is 1
needed for photosynthesis
allow 2 marks for (there is) more
carbon dioxide for (more)
photosynthesis
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
03.5 any two from: 2 AO3
4.4.1.2
• it would not increase the rate allow it would not change the
(of photosynthesis) rate (of photosynthesis)
allow photosynthesis would not
increase
• it would not increase the
growth of tomatoes
• it would cost more allow idea of profit will not
increase
allow reference to avoiding
global warming
Total Question 3 8
12

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2022 Question 4 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 04.1 AO2 4.1.1.2 RPA1 1 1 1 do not accept more than one line from a box on the left AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 04.2 to stain the cells 1 AO2 4.1.1.2 RPA1 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 04.3 to allow light to pass through the 1 AO2 cells 4.1.1.2 RPA1 13

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2022
Question 4
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
04.1 AO2
4.1.1.2
RPA1
1
1
1
do not accept more than one line from a box on the left
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
04.2 to stain the cells 1 AO2
4.1.1.2
RPA1
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
04.3 to allow light to pass through the 1 AO2
cells 4.1.1.2
RPA1
13

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2022 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 04.4 AO3 4.1.1.2 RPA1 1 1 do not accept more than one line from a box on the left AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 04.5 student’s measurement AO2 49 (mm) allow in range 48 – 50 (mm) 1 4.1.1.5 RPA1 conversion of student’s measurement 49 000 (μm) allow correct conversion using 1 student’s measurement substitution 49 000 allow a correct substitution using 1 incorrectly measured / 400 converted length 122.5 (μm) allow a correct answer from 1 student’s division using a magnification of ×400 14

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2022
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
04.4 AO3
4.1.1.2
RPA1
1
1
do not accept more than one line from a box on the left
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
04.5 student’s measurement AO2
49 (mm) allow in range 48 – 50 (mm) 1 4.1.1.5
RPA1
conversion of student’s
measurement
49 000 (μm) allow correct conversion using 1
student’s measurement
substitution
49 000 allow a correct substitution using 1
400 incorrectly measured /
converted length
122.5 (μm) allow a correct answer from 1
student’s division using a
magnification of ×400
14

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2022 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 04.6 the cells would look larger 1 AO1 4.1.1.5 the cells would show more 1 internal structures AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 04.7 complete the cell walls 1 AO3 4.1.1.5 include the magnification 1 RPA1 Total Question 4 15 15

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2022
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
04.6 the cells would look larger 1 AO1
4.1.1.5
the cells would show more 1
internal structures
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
04.7 complete the cell walls 1 AO3
4.1.1.5
include the magnification 1 RPA1
Total Question 4 15
15

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2022 Question 5 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 05.1 in either order AO1 4.4.1.1 oxygen allow O 1 2 glucose allow C H O 1 6 12 6 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 05.2 must be in this order AO1 xylem 1 4.1.1.3 4.2.3.1 stomata 1 4.2.3.2 phloem 1 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 05.3 310 AO2 1 4.2.3.2 254 1.22047… 1 1.2 allow an answer of 0.82 if 1 numerator and denominator reversed AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 05.4 each leaf of species A has more 1 AO3 stomata 4.2.3.2 16

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2022
Question 5
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
05.1 in either order AO1
4.4.1.1
oxygen allow O 1
2
glucose allow C H O 1
6 12 6
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
05.2 must be in this order AO1
xylem 1 4.1.1.3
4.2.3.1
stomata 1 4.2.3.2
phloem 1
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
05.3 310 AO2
254 1 4.2.3.2
1.22047… 1
1.2 allow an answer of 0.82 if 1
numerator and denominator
reversed
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
05.4 each leaf of species A has more 1 AO3
stomata 4.2.3.2
16

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2022 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 05.5 increased temperature 1 AO1 4.2.3.2 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 05.6 C 1 AO2 4.2.3.2 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 05.7 (spines) stop the plant being 1 AO2 eaten 4.3.3.2 or (spines) prevent animals allow any named animal damaging the plant allow to reduce water loss AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 05.8 it looks like the hornet allow animals think it is a hornet 1 AO3 (so) animals avoid the risk of allow (so) animals avoid the risk 1 AO2 being stung of pain 4.3.3.2 Total Question 5 14 17

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2022
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
05.5 increased temperature 1 AO1
4.2.3.2
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
05.6 C 1 AO2
4.2.3.2
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
05.7 (spines) stop the plant being 1 AO2
eaten 4.3.3.2
or
(spines) prevent animals allow any named animal
damaging the plant
allow to reduce water loss
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
05.8 it looks like the hornet allow animals think it is a hornet 1 AO3
(so) animals avoid the risk of allow (so) animals avoid the risk 1 AO2
being stung of pain
4.3.3.2
Total Question 5 14
17

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2022 Question 6 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. if no answer in answer space 06.1 allow answer in Table 4 AO2 View with 4.1.3.1 Table 4 3 600 1 1 200 3 allow 3:1 1 do not accept if a unit is given AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 06.2 as size increases, (surface area allow as one increases, the 1 AO3 to volume) ratio decreases other decreases 4.1.3.1 allow as size decreases, (surface area to volume) ratio increases AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. allow a correct chemical formula 06.3 any one from: 1 AO1 4.1.3.2 • carbon dioxide 4.1.3.1 • glucose / sugar • water • ions / minerals / salts allow named ions allow other correct substances eg amino acids / fatty acids / glycerol ignore nutrients / food 18

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2022
Question 6
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
if no answer in answer space
06.1 allow answer in Table 4 AO2
View with 4.1.3.1
Table 4 3 600 1
1 200
3 allow 3:1 1
do not accept if a unit is given
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
06.2 as size increases, (surface area allow as one increases, the 1 AO3
to volume) ratio decreases other decreases 4.1.3.1
allow as size decreases,
(surface area to volume) ratio
increases
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
allow a correct chemical formula
06.3 any one from: 1 AO1
4.1.3.2
• carbon dioxide 4.1.3.1
• glucose / sugar
• water
• ions / minerals / salts allow named ions
allow other correct substances
eg amino acids / fatty acids /
glycerol
ignore nutrients / food
18

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2022 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 06.4 any two from: 2 AO1 4.1.3.1 • concentration gradient allow description • surface area allow surface area : volume ratio ignore size unqualified • thickness of exchange allow thickness of skin surface • presence of a blood / circulatory system • temperature AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 06.5 gills 1 AO1 4.1.3.1 19

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2022
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
06.4 any two from: 2 AO1
4.1.3.1
• concentration gradient allow description
• surface area allow surface area : volume ratio
ignore size unqualified
• thickness of exchange allow thickness of skin
surface
• presence of a blood /
circulatory system
• temperature
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
06.5 gills 1 AO1
4.1.3.1
19

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2022 AO / Question Answers Mark Spec. Ref. 06.6 Level 3: Relevant points (reasons / causes) are identified, given in 5 − 6 AO2 detail and logically linked to form a clear account. Level 2: Relevant points (reasons / causes) are identified, and 3 − 4 AO1 there are attempts at logical linking. The resulting account is not fully clear. Level 1: Points are identified and stated simply, but their relevance 1 − 2 AO1 is not clear and there is no attempt at logical linking. 4.1.3.1 No relevant content 0 4.2.2.2 Indicative content • large number of alveoli • large surface / area • alveolus and blood vessel / capillary are in close proximity • alveoli / capillaries have thin walls or alveoli / capillaries have walls that are one cell thick • to reduce diffusion distance • has a good blood supply or has a capillary network • to maintain concentration gradient • to remove oxygen quickly or to deliver carbon dioxide quickly • (capillary network) increases surface area (for diffusion) • lungs are ventilated or lungs continually move air in and out • (ventilation) brings in oxygen or removes carbon dioxide • to maintain concentration gradient Types of adaptation of the lungs are required for Level 3. Total Question 6 13 20

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2022
AO /
Question Answers Mark
Spec. Ref.
06.6 Level 3: Relevant points (reasons / causes) are identified, given in 5 − 6 AO2
detail and logically linked to form a clear account.
Level 2: Relevant points (reasons / causes) are identified, and 3 − 4 AO1
there are attempts at logical linking. The resulting account is not
fully clear.
Level 1: Points are identified and stated simply, but their relevance 1 − 2 AO1
is not clear and there is no attempt at logical linking.
4.1.3.1
No relevant content 0 4.2.2.2
Indicative content
• large number of alveoli
• large surface / area
• alveolus and blood vessel / capillary are in close proximity
• alveoli / capillaries have thin walls or alveoli / capillaries have
walls that are one cell thick
• to reduce diffusion distance
• has a good blood supply or has a capillary network
• to maintain concentration gradient
• to remove oxygen quickly or to deliver carbon dioxide quickly
• (capillary network) increases surface area (for diffusion)
• lungs are ventilated or lungs continually move air in and out
• (ventilation) brings in oxygen or removes carbon dioxide
• to maintain concentration gradient
Types of adaptation of the lungs are required for Level 3.
Total Question 6 13
20

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2022 Question 7 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 07.1 must be in this order AO1 4.1.1.1 nucleus allow chromosomes 1 4.1.1.2 allow plasmid (site of aerobic) respiration allow makes ATP 1 or releases energy do not accept produces / makes / creates energy do not accept anaerobic respiration (cell) membrane 1 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 07.2 photosynthesis allow produce glucose / sugar 1 AO1 allow to absorb (sun) light 4.1.1.2 4.4.1.1 ignore contains chlorophyll AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 07.3 root (hair) allow xylem / phloem / epidermis 1 AO1 / meristem 4.1.1.3 4.2.3.1 4.2.3.2 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 07.4 concentration of salt solution 1 AO1 4.1.3.2 RPA3 21

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2022
Question 7
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
07.1 must be in this order AO1
4.1.1.1
nucleus allow chromosomes 1 4.1.1.2
allow plasmid
(site of aerobic) respiration allow makes ATP 1
or releases energy
do not accept produces / makes
/ creates energy
do not accept anaerobic
respiration
(cell) membrane 1
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
07.2 photosynthesis allow produce glucose / sugar 1 AO1
allow to absorb (sun) light 4.1.1.2
4.4.1.1
ignore contains chlorophyll
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
07.3 root (hair) allow xylem / phloem / epidermis 1 AO1
/ meristem 4.1.1.3
4.2.3.1
4.2.3.2
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
07.4 concentration of salt solution 1 AO1
4.1.3.2
RPA3
21

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2022 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 07.5 to make sure only the potato allow (to) remove excess water 1 AO2 mass was measured / solution / liquid 4.1.3.2 or RPA3 if water / solution / liquid was left do not accept if water / solution on (the potato), the mass would / liquid was left on (potato) the be higher / affected mass would be lower ignore to remove water / solution / liquid on the outside / surface (of potato) AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 07.6 0.2 2.7 − 2.5 1 AO2 ×100 allow ×100 4.1.3.2 2.5 2.5 RPA3 8(%) 1 if no other mark awarded allow 1 mark for 2.5 − 2.7 ×100 = − 8 (%) 2.5 22

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2022
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
07.5 to make sure only the potato allow (to) remove excess water 1 AO2
mass was measured / solution / liquid 4.1.3.2
or RPA3
if water / solution / liquid was left do not accept if water / solution
on (the potato), the mass would / liquid was left on (potato) the
be higher / affected mass would be lower
ignore to remove water /
solution / liquid on the outside /
surface (of potato)
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
07.6 0.2 2.7 − 2.5 1 AO2
×100 allow ×100
2.5 2.5 4.1.3.2
RPA3
8(%) 1
if no other mark awarded allow 1
mark for
2.5 − 2.7
×100 = − 8 (%)
2.5
22

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2022 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 07.7 max 3 marks for bar chart AO2 Mark with 4.1.3.2 07.8 correct scale and axis labelled scale must take up at least 50% 1 RPA3 (concentration (of salt solution) of grid in mol/dm 3 ) all points plotted correctly allow a tolerance of ± ½ small 2 square allow 3 or 4 correct plots for 1 mark curved line of best fit ignore line extended beyond 1 0.4 mol/dm 3 ignore line joined point to point with straight lines AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 07.8 1 AO2 correct answer from their line allow a tolerance of ± ½ small Mark with 4.1.3.2 drawn on Figure 9 square 07.7 RPA3 ignore line joined point to point with straight lines if a line of best fit is drawn if no line of best fit is drawn, allow an answer in the range 0.31 – 0.33 (mol/dm 3 ) 23

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2022
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
07.7 max 3 marks for bar chart AO2
Mark with 4.1.3.2
07.8 correct scale and axis labelled scale must take up at least 50% 1 RPA3
(concentration (of salt solution) of grid
in mol/dm 3 )
all points plotted correctly allow a tolerance of ± ½ small 2
square
allow 3 or 4 correct plots for 1
mark
curved line of best fit ignore line extended beyond 1
0.4 mol/dm 3
ignore line joined point to point
with straight lines
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
07.8 correct answer from their line allow a tolerance of ± ½ small 1 AO2
Mark with drawn on Figure 9 square 4.1.3.2
07.7 RPA3
ignore line joined point to point
with straight lines if a line of best
fit is drawn
if no line of best fit is drawn,
allow an answer in the range
0.31 – 0.33 (mol/dm 3 )
23

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2022 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 07.9 allow ‘pieces’ for potato AO2 throughout 4.1.3.2 RPA3 water moves out of cells / potato 1 by osmosis allow by diffusion through a 1 partially / selectively / semi permeable membrane (because) the solution in the allow (because) the solution 1 cells / potato is less outside the cells / potato is more concentrated than outside concentrated than inside or (because) the solution in the allow (because) the solution cells / potato is more dilute than outside the cells / potato is less outside dilute than inside allow correct references to water concentration / potential ignore reference to amount of water or salt do not accept water moves from an area of high (solute) concentration to an area of low (solute) concentration Total Question 7 17 24

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2022
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
07.9 allow ‘pieces’ for potato AO2
throughout 4.1.3.2
RPA3
water moves out of cells / potato 1
by osmosis allow by diffusion through a 1
partially / selectively / semi
permeable membrane
(because) the solution in the allow (because) the solution 1
cells / potato is less outside the cells / potato is more
concentrated than outside concentrated than inside
or
(because) the solution in the allow (because) the solution
cells / potato is more dilute than outside the cells / potato is less
outside dilute than inside
allow correct references to water
concentration / potential
ignore reference to amount of
water or salt
do not accept water moves from
an area of high (solute)
concentration to an area of low
(solute) concentration
Total Question 7 17
24

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2022 Question 8 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 08.1 (cell) wall ignore cellulose 1 AO3 4.1.1.1 or 4.1.1.2 (large / permanent) vacuole AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 08.2 rose black spot 1 AO1 4.3.1.4 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 08.3 24 × 60 1440 1 AO2 allow 4.1.1.6 90 90 4.1.1.1 or 24 1.5 16 do not accept if a unit is given 1 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 08.4 stomach 1 AO1 4.2.2.1 AO / Question Answers Extra information Mark Spec. Ref. 08.5 biuret reagent 1 AO1 4.2.2.1 RPA4 25

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2022
Question 8
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
08.1 (cell) wall ignore cellulose 1 AO3
4.1.1.1
or 4.1.1.2
(large / permanent) vacuole
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
08.2 rose black spot 1 AO1
4.3.1.4
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
08.3 24 × 60 1440 1 AO2
allow
90 90 4.1.1.6
4.1.1.1
or
24
1.5
16 do not accept if a unit is given 1
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
08.4 stomach 1 AO1
4.2.2.1
AO /
Question Answers Extra information Mark
Spec. Ref.
08.5 biuret reagent 1 AO1
4.2.2.1
RPA4
25

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2022 AO / Question Answers Mark Spec. Ref. 08.6 Level 3: A judgement, strongly linked and logically supported by a 5 − 6 AO3 sufficient range of correct reasons, is given. Level 2: Some logically linked reasons are given. There may also 3 − 4 AO2 be a simple judgement. Level 1: Relevant points are made. They are not logically linked. 1 − 2 AO1 No relevant content. 0 4.2.2.1 4.2.2.4 Indicative content 4.2.2.5 4.2.2.6 • meat-free burgers contain more fibre • aids digestion or prevents constipation • meat burgers contain more protein • for growth • meat burgers contain more fat • can cause CHD or heart attack or narrowing of arteries • may lead to needing a stent • may lead to obesity • obesity is a risk factor for (type 2) diabetes • meat burgers contain more cholesterol • can cause narrowing of arteries or CHD or heart attack • may lead to needing a stent • may need to take statins • both burgers have similar amounts of carbohydrate • good for providing energy • no information on vitamins / minerals provided for either burger • meat burgers require animals to be farmed • increase in methane in atmosphere • (methane) contributes to global warming • meat burgers require animals to be slaughtered • ethical issues • some people won’t eat meat-free burgers • (because) some people don’t like the idea of eating fungus • (because) some people prefer the taste of meat For Level 2 , comparisons and linked reasons using own knowledge are required. Total Question 8 12 26

MARK SCHEME – GCSE BIOLOGY – 8461/1F – JUNE 2022
AO /
Question Answers Mark
Spec. Ref.
08.6 Level 3: A judgement, strongly linked and logically supported by a 5 − 6 AO3
sufficient range of correct reasons, is given.
Level 2: Some logically linked reasons are given. There may also 3 − 4 AO2
be a simple judgement.
Level 1: Relevant points are made. They are not logically linked. 1 − 2 AO1
No relevant content. 0 4.2.2.1
4.2.2.4
Indicative content 4.2.2.5
4.2.2.6
• meat-free burgers contain more fibre
• aids digestion or prevents constipation
• meat burgers contain more protein
• for growth
• meat burgers contain more fat
• can cause CHD or heart attack or narrowing of arteries
• may lead to needing a stent
• may lead to obesity
• obesity is a risk factor for (type 2) diabetes
• meat burgers contain more cholesterol
• can cause narrowing of arteries or CHD or heart attack
• may lead to needing a stent
• may need to take statins
• both burgers have similar amounts of carbohydrate
• good for providing energy
• no information on vitamins / minerals provided for either burger
• meat burgers require animals to be farmed
• increase in methane in atmosphere
• (methane) contributes to global warming
• meat burgers require animals to be slaughtered
• ethical issues
• some people won’t eat meat-free burgers
• (because) some people don’t like the idea of eating fungus
• (because) some people prefer the taste of meat
For Level 2 , comparisons and linked reasons using own knowledge
are required.
Total Question 8 12
26

June 2022 MS