PMT Please write clearly in block capitals. Centre number Candidate number Surname Forename(s) Candidate signature F GCSE BIOLOGY Foundation Tier Paper 1F Tuesday 15 May 2018 Afternoon Time allowed: 1 hour 45 minutes Materials For this paper you must have: For Examiner’s Use • a ruler Question Mark • a scientific calculator. 1 Instructions 2 • Use black ink or black ball-point pen. 3 • Fill in the boxes at the top of this page. 4 • Answer all questions in the spaces provided. 5 • Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want to be marked. 6 • In all calculations, show clearly how you work out your answer. 7 8 Information • There are 100 marks available on this paper. TOTAL • The marks for questions are shown in brackets. • You are expected to use a calculator where appropriate. • You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation in your answers. * jun1884611f01 * 8461/1F IB/M/Jun18/E9

PMT
Please write clearly in block capitals.
Centre number Candidate number
Surname
Forename(s)
Candidate signature
F
GCSE
BIOLOGY
Foundation Tier Paper 1F
Tuesday 15 May 2018 Afternoon Time allowed: 1 hour 45 minutes
Materials
For this paper you must have: For Examiner’s Use
• a ruler Question Mark
• a scientific calculator.
1
Instructions 2
• Use black ink or black ball-point pen. 3
• Fill in the boxes at the top of this page.
4
• Answer all questions in the spaces provided.
• Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want 5
to be marked. 6
• In all calculations, show clearly how you work out your answer.
7
Information 8
• There are 100 marks available on this paper. TOTAL
• The marks for questions are shown in brackets.
• You are expected to use a calculator where appropriate.
• You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation
in your answers.
* jun1884611f01 * 8461/1F
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PMT 2 Do not write outside the 0 1 This question is about the cell cycle. box 0 1 . 1 Chromosomes are copied during the cell cycle. Where are chromosomes found? [1 mark] Tick one box. Cytoplasm Nucleus Ribosomes Vacuole 0 1 . 2 What is the name of a section of a chromosome that controls a characteristic? [1 mark] Figure 1 shows information about the cell cycle. Figure 1 * 02 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1F

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2
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0 1 This question is about the cell cycle. outside the
box
0 1 . 1 Chromosomes are copied during the cell cycle.
Where are chromosomes found?
[1 mark]
Tick one box.
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Vacuole
0 1 . 2 What is the name of a section of a chromosome that controls a characteristic?
[1 mark]
Figure 1 shows information about the cell cycle.
Figure 1
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PMT 3 Do not write outside the 0 1 . 3 Which stage of the cell cycle in Figure 1 takes the most time? box [1 mark] Tick one box. Cell growth Copying of chromosomes Mitosis 0 1 . 4 During mitosis cells need extra energy. Which cell structures provide most of this energy? [1 mark] Tick one box. Chromosomes Cytoplasm Mitochondria Ribosomes 0 1 . 5 The cell cycle in Figure 1 takes two hours in total. The cell growth stage takes 45 minutes. Calculate the time taken for mitosis. [2 marks] Time = minutes Turn over ► * 03 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1F

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3
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outside the
0 1 . 3 Which stage of the cell cycle in Figure 1 takes the most time? box
[1 mark]
Tick one box.
Cell growth
Copying of chromosomes
Mitosis
0 1 . 4 During mitosis cells need extra energy.
Which cell structures provide most of this energy?
[1 mark]
Tick one box.
Chromosomes
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
0 1 . 5 The cell cycle in Figure 1 takes two hours in total.
The cell growth stage takes 45 minutes.
Calculate the time taken for mitosis.
[2 marks]
Time = minutes
Turn over ►
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PMT 4 Do not write outside the Figure 2 shows some cells in different stages of the cell cycle. box Figure 2 0 1 . 6 Which cell is not dividing by mitosis? [1 mark] Tick one box. A B C D * 04 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1F

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4
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Figure 2 shows some cells in different stages of the cell cycle. outside the
box
Figure 2
0 1 . 6 Which cell is not dividing by mitosis?
[1 mark]
Tick one box.
A B C D
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PMT 5 Do not write outside the 0 1 . 7 Cell E in Figure 2 contains 8 chromosomes. box Cell E divides by mitosis. How many chromosomes will each new cell contain? [1 mark] Tick one box. 2 4 8 16 0 1 . 8 Why is mitosis important in living organisms? [1 mark] Tick one box. To produce gametes To produce variation To release energy To repair tissues 9 Turn over for the next question Turn over ► * 05 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1F

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5
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outside the
0 1 . 7 Cell E in Figure 2 contains 8 chromosomes. box
Cell E divides by mitosis.
How many chromosomes will each new cell contain?
[1 mark]
Tick one box.
2
4
8
16
0 1 . 8 Why is mitosis important in living organisms?
[1 mark]
Tick one box.
To produce gametes
To produce variation
To release energy
To repair tissues
9
Turn over for the next question
Turn over ►
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PMT 6 Do not write outside the 0 2 Plants are made up of cells, tissues and organs. box 0 2 . 1 Draw one line from each level of organisation to the correct plant part. [2 marks] Level of o rganisation Plant p art Leaf Organ Root hair Spongy mesophyll Tissue Vacuole Xylem cell Figure 3 shows a plant cell drawn to scale. Figure 3 * 06 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1F

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6
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0 2 Plants are made up of cells, tissues and organs. outside the
box
0 2 . 1 Draw one line from each level of organisation to the correct plant part.
[2 marks]
Level of o rganisation Plant p art
Leaf
Organ Root hair
Spongy mesophyll
Tissue Vacuole
Xylem cell
Figure 3 shows a plant cell drawn to scale.
Figure 3
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PMT 7 Do not write outside the 0 2 . 2 Where in a plant would the cell in Figure 3 be found? box [1 mark] Tick one box. Epidermis Palisade mesophyll Phloem Xylem 0 2 . 3 Calculate the length of the chloroplast labelled in Figure 3 . [2 marks] Length = micrometres 0 2 . 4 Cells in plant roots do not photosynthesise. Give one reason why. [1 mark] Turn over ► * 07 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1F

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7
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outside the
0 2 . 2 Where in a plant would the cell in Figure 3 be found? box
[1 mark]
Tick one box.
Epidermis
Palisade mesophyll
Phloem
Xylem
0 2 . 3 Calculate the length of the chloroplast labelled in Figure 3 .
[2 marks]
Length = micrometres
0 2 . 4 Cells in plant roots do not photosynthesise.
Give one reason why.
[1 mark]
Turn over ►
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PMT 8 Do not write outside the 0 2 . 5 As a plant grows, new root hair cells are formed from unspecialised cells. box How does an unspecialised cell become a new root hair cell? [1 mark] Tick one box. Differentiation Metabolism Transpiration Transport Scientists can clone plants using tissue culture. Figure 4 shows the process of tissue culture. Figure 4 * 08 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1F

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8
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0 2 . 5 As a plant grows, new root hair cells are formed from unspecialised cells. outside the
box
How does an unspecialised cell become a new root hair cell?
[1 mark]
Tick one box.
Differentiation
Metabolism
Transpiration
Transport
Scientists can clone plants using tissue culture.
Figure 4 shows the process of tissue culture.
Figure 4
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PMT 9 Do not write outside the 0 2 . 6 Why might scientists want to clone plants? box [1 mark] Tick one box. To create new species of plants. To introduce variation into plants. To protect endangered plants from extinction. To reduce disease resistance in plants. 0 2 . 7 What is the advantage of cloning plants using tissue culture? [1 mark] Tick one box. No special equipment is needed. Plants can be produced quickly. The flowers are all different colours. The offspring are all genetically different. 0 2 . 8 The growth medium in Figure 4 helps the plants to grow. Name one substance in the growth medium. [1 mark] 10 Turn over ► * 09 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1F

PMT
9
Do not write
outside the
0 2 . 6 Why might scientists want to clone plants? box
[1 mark]
Tick one box.
To create new species of plants.
To introduce variation into plants.
To protect endangered plants from extinction.
To reduce disease resistance in plants.
0 2 . 7 What is the advantage of cloning plants using tissue culture?
[1 mark]
Tick one box.
No special equipment is needed.
Plants can be produced quickly.
The flowers are all different colours.
The offspring are all genetically different.
0 2 . 8 The growth medium in Figure 4 helps the plants to grow.
Name one substance in the growth medium.
[1 mark]
10
Turn over ►
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PMT 10 Do not write outside the 0 3 Figure 5 shows the human digestive system. box Figure 5 0 3 . 1 Label organs A , B and C . [3 marks] 0 3 . 2 Complete the sentences. [3 marks] Choose the answers from the box. catalyse denatured digest energise excreted ingested insoluble soluble Digestion is the process of breaking down large food molecules into smaller molecules that are . Enzymes help to break down food because they chemical reactions. If the temperature of an enzyme gets too high, the enzyme is . * 10 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1F

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10
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0 3 Figure 5 shows the human digestive system. outside the
box
Figure 5
0 3 . 1 Label organs A , B and C .
[3 marks]
0 3 . 2 Complete the sentences.
[3 marks]
Choose the answers from the box.
catalyse denatured digest energise
excreted ingested insoluble soluble
Digestion is the process of breaking down large food molecules into smaller
molecules that are .
Enzymes help to break down food because they
chemical reactions.
If the temperature of an enzyme gets too high, the enzyme is
.
* 10 *
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PMT 11 Do not write outside the 0 3 . 3 Protease is an enzyme. box Protease breaks down protein. What is protein broken down into? [1 mark] Tick one box. Amino acids Fatty acids Glucose Glycerol 0 3 . 4 Why is protein needed by the body? [1 mark] 0 3 . 5 Which organ in the human digestive system produces protease? [1 mark] Tick one box. Gall bladder Large intestine Liver Stomach Turn over ► * 11 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1F

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11
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outside the
0 3 . 3 Protease is an enzyme. box
Protease breaks down protein.
What is protein broken down into?
[1 mark]
Tick one box.
Amino acids
Fatty acids
Glucose
Glycerol
0 3 . 4 Why is protein needed by the body?
[1 mark]
0 3 . 5 Which organ in the human digestive system produces protease?
[1 mark]
Tick one box.
Gall bladder
Large intestine
Liver
Stomach
Turn over ►
* 11 *
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PMT 12 Do not write outside the 0 3 . 6 Describe how you would test a sample of food to show it contains protein. box Give the reason for any safety precautions you would take. [4 marks] 0 3 . 7 Complete the sentence. [1 mark] Choose the answer from the box. fat fibre minerals vitamins Obesity can be caused by a diet high in . 0 3 . 8 Complete the sentence. [1 mark] Choose the answer from the box. skin cancer type 1 diabetes type 2 diabetes Obesity is a risk factor for . 15 * 12 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1F

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12
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0 3 . 6 Describe how you would test a sample of food to show it contains protein. outside the
box
Give the reason for any safety precautions you would take.
[4 marks]
0 3 . 7 Complete the sentence.
[1 mark]
Choose the answer from the box.
fat fibre minerals vitamins
Obesity can be caused by a diet high in .
0 3 . 8 Complete the sentence.
[1 mark]
Choose the answer from the box.
skin cancer type 1 diabetes type 2 diabetes
Obesity is a risk factor for .
15
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PMT 13 Do not write outside the 0 4 This question is about the circulatory system. box 0 4 . 1 Draw one line from each blood component to its function. [3 marks] Blood component Function Destroys microorganisms Platelet Helps the blood to clot Red blood cell Transports glucose around the body White blood cell Transports oxygen around the body Transports urea Question 4 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 13 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1F

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13
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outside the
0 4 This question is about the circulatory system. box
0 4 . 1 Draw one line from each blood component to its function.
[3 marks]
Blood component Function
Destroys microorganisms
Platelet
Helps the blood to clot
Red blood cell
Transports glucose
around the body
White blood cell
Transports oxygen
around the body
Transports urea
Question 4 continues on the next page
Turn over ►
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PMT 14 Do not write outside the 0 4 . 2 Figure 6 shows cross sections of the three main types of blood vessel found in the box human body. Each blood vessel is drawn to the scale shown. Figure 6 Which blood vessel has the smallest diameter? [1 mark] Tick one box. A B C 0 4 . 3 Which blood vessel in Figure 6 is an artery? Give one reason for your answer. [2 marks] Blood vessel: Reason: * 14 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1F

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14
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0 4 . 2 Figure 6 shows cross sections of the three main types of blood vessel found in the outside the
box
human body. Each blood vessel is drawn to the scale shown.
Figure 6
Which blood vessel has the smallest diameter?
[1 mark]
Tick one box.
A B C
0 4 . 3 Which blood vessel in Figure 6 is an artery?
Give one reason for your answer.
[2 marks]
Blood vessel:
Reason:
* 14 *
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PMT 15 Do not write outside the Table 1 gives information about the blood flow in two people. box Table 1 Blood flow through the Person coronary arteries in cm 3 /minute A - does not have coronary heart disease 250 B - has coronary heart disease 155 0 4 . 4 Calculate the difference in blood flow between person A and person B . [1 mark] Difference = cm 3 /minute 0 4 . 5 Suggest why blood flow through the coronary arteries is lower in people with coronary heart disease. [1 mark] 0 4 . 6 Calculate the volume of blood flowing through the coronary arteries of person A in 1 hour. Give your answer in dm 3 . [2 marks] Volume of blood in 1 hour = dm 3 Turn over ► * 15 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1F

PMT
15
Do not write
outside the
Table 1 gives information about the blood flow in two people. box
Table 1
Blood flow through the
Person coronary arteries in
cm 3 /minute
A - does not have coronary heart disease 250
B - has coronary heart disease 155
0 4 . 4 Calculate the difference in blood flow between person A and person B .
[1 mark]
Difference = cm 3 /minute
0 4 . 5 Suggest why blood flow through the coronary arteries is lower in people with
coronary heart disease.
[1 mark]
0 4 . 6 Calculate the volume of blood flowing through the coronary arteries of person A
in 1 hour.
Give your answer in dm 3 .
[2 marks]
Volume of blood in 1 hour = dm 3
Turn over ►
* 15 *
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PMT 16 Do not write outside the Coronary heart disease can be treated by: box • inserting a stent • using a Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG). Table 2 gives information about each method. Table 2 Stent CABG Procedure The patient is awake during the The patient is not awake during procedure. the procedure. A small cut is made in the skin. The chest is cut open. A wire mesh is inserted into the A section of blood vessel from coronary artery via a blood the arm or leg is removed. It is vessel in the arm or leg. used to create a new channel for blood to bypass the blockage in the coronary artery. When procedure When only one blockage is When multiple blockages are is recommended present present Time spent in hospital after 2-3 hours at least 7 days procedure Recovery time 7 days 12 weeks after procedure Risk of heart attack during 1% 2% procedure Chance of failure 40% 5% within one year 0 4 . 7 Give two advantages of using a stent instead of CABG. [2 marks] 1 2 * 16 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1F

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16
Do not write
Coronary heart disease can be treated by: outside the
box
• inserting a stent
• using a Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG).
Table 2 gives information about each method.
Table 2
Stent CABG
Procedure The patient is awake during the The patient is not awake during
procedure. the procedure.
A small cut is made in the skin. The chest is cut open.
A wire mesh is inserted into the A section of blood vessel from
coronary artery via a blood the arm or leg is removed. It is
vessel in the arm or leg. used to create a new channel for
blood to bypass the blockage in
the coronary artery.
When procedure When only one blockage is When multiple blockages are
is recommended present present
Time spent in
hospital after 2-3 hours at least 7 days
procedure
Recovery time
7 days 12 weeks
after procedure
Risk of heart
attack during 1% 2%
procedure
Chance of failure
40% 5%
within one year
0 4 . 7 Give two advantages of using a stent instead of CABG.
[2 marks]
1
2
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PMT 17 Do not write outside the 0 4 . 8 Give two advantages of using CABG instead of a stent. box [2 marks] 1 2 14 Turn over for the next question Turn over ► * 17 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1F

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17
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outside the
0 4 . 8 Give two advantages of using CABG instead of a stent. box
[2 marks]
1
2
14
Turn over for the next question
Turn over ►
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PMT 18 Do not write outside the 0 5 Aphids are small insects that carry pathogens. box Figure 7 shows an aphid feeding from a plant stem. Figure 7 0 5 . 1 An aphid feeds by inserting its sharp mouthpiece into the stem of a plant. After feeding, the mouthpiece of an aphid contains a high concentration of dissolved sugars. Which part of the plant was the aphid feeding from? [1 mark] Tick one box. Palisade layer Phloem Stomata Xylem * 18 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1F

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18
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0 5 Aphids are small insects that carry pathogens. outside the
box
Figure 7 shows an aphid feeding from a plant stem.
Figure 7
0 5 . 1 An aphid feeds by inserting its sharp mouthpiece into the stem of a plant.
After feeding, the mouthpiece of an aphid contains a high concentration of
dissolved sugars.
Which part of the plant was the aphid feeding from?
[1 mark]
Tick one box.
Palisade layer
Phloem
Stomata
Xylem
* 18 *
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PMT 19 Do not write outside the 0 5 . 2 What is the process that transports dissolved sugars around a plant? box [1 mark] Tick one box. Filtration Respiration Translocation Transpiration 0 5 . 3 Plants infected with aphids have stunted growth. Explain one way the removal of dissolved sugars from the stem of the plant causes stunted growth. [2 marks] 0 5 . 4 Most aphids do not have wings when they hatch. After several generations some , aphids hatch which have wings and can fly. Explain the advantage to the aphid of being able to fly. [2 marks] Turn over ► * 19 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1F

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19
Do not write
outside the
0 5 . 2 What is the process that transports dissolved sugars around a plant? box
[1 mark]
Tick one box.
Filtration
Respiration
Translocation
Transpiration
0 5 . 3 Plants infected with aphids have stunted growth.
Explain one way the removal of dissolved sugars from the stem of the plant causes
stunted growth.
[2 marks]
0 5 . 4 Most aphids do not have wings when they hatch. After several generations , some
aphids hatch which have wings and can fly.
Explain the advantage to the aphid of being able to fly.
[2 marks]
Turn over ►
* 19 *
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PMT 20 Do not write outside the 0 5 . 5 The leaves of some plants release oils onto their surface. box Suggest how the production of oil on the surface of a leaf may protect the plant from aphids. [1 mark] Figure 8 shows part of a rose plant. Figure 8 0 5 . 6 Give one adaptation shown in Figure 8 that helps the rose plant defend itself. [1 mark] * 20 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1F

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20
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0 5 . 5 The leaves of some plants release oils onto their surface. outside the
box
Suggest how the production of oil on the surface of a leaf may protect the plant
from aphids.
[1 mark]
Figure 8 shows part of a rose plant.
Figure 8
0 5 . 6 Give one adaptation shown in Figure 8 that helps the rose plant defend itself.
[1 mark]
* 20 *
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PMT 21 Do not write outside the Figure 9 shows a plan of a garden containing rose plants. box Figure 9 0 5 A . 7 Plant has the fungal disease rose black spot. Which plant in Figure 9 is the fungus likely to spread to first? Give a reason for your answer. [2 marks] Plant Reason 0 5 . 8 Suggest one way the gardener could reduce the spread of rose black spot to the other plants in the garden. [1 mark] 11 Turn over ► * 21 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1F

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21
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Figure 9 shows a plan of a garden containing rose plants. outside the
box
Figure 9
0 5 . 7 Plant A has the fungal disease rose black spot.
Which plant in Figure 9 is the fungus likely to spread to first?
Give a reason for your answer.
[2 marks]
Plant
Reason
0 5 . 8 Suggest one way the gardener could reduce the spread of rose black spot to the
other plants in the garden.
[1 mark]
11
Turn over ►
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PMT 22 Do not write outside the 0 6 Earthworms are small animals that live in soil. Earthworms have no specialised gas box exchange system and absorb oxygen through their skin. 0 6 . 1 What is the name of the process in which oxygen enters the skin cells? [1 mark] Tick one box. Active transport Diffusion Osmosis Respiration Table 3 shows information about four skin cells of an earthworm. Table 3 Percentage of oxygen Cell Outside cell Inside cell A 9 8 B 12 8 C 12 10 D 8 12 0 6 . 2 Which cell has the smallest difference in percentage of oxygen between the outside and the inside of the cell? [1 mark] Tick one box. A B C D * 22 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1F

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22
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0 6 Earthworms are small animals that live in soil. Earthworms have no specialised gas outside the
box
exchange system and absorb oxygen through their skin.
0 6 . 1 What is the name of the process in which oxygen enters the skin cells?
[1 mark]
Tick one box.
Active transport
Diffusion
Osmosis
Respiration
Table 3 shows information about four skin cells of an earthworm.
Table 3
Percentage of oxygen
Cell
Outside cell Inside cell
A 9 8
B 12 8
C 12 10
D 8 12
0 6 . 2 Which cell has the smallest difference in percentage of oxygen between the outside
and the inside of the cell?
[1 mark]
Tick one box.
A B C D
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PMT 23 Do not write outside the 0 6 . 3 Which cell will oxygen move into the fastest? box [1 mark] Tick one box. A B C D 0 6 . 4 Earthworms have a large surface area to volume ratio. Suggest why a large surface area to volume ratio is an advantage to an earthworm. [1 mark] 0 6 . 5 The earthworm uses enzymes to digest dead plants. Many plants contain fats or oils. Which type of enzyme would digest fats? [1 mark] Question 6 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 23 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1F

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23
Do not write
outside the
0 6 . 3 Which cell will oxygen move into the fastest? box
[1 mark]
Tick one box.
A B C D
0 6 . 4 Earthworms have a large surface area to volume ratio.
Suggest why a large surface area to volume ratio is an advantage to an earthworm.
[1 mark]
0 6 . 5 The earthworm uses enzymes to digest dead plants.
Many plants contain fats or oils.
Which type of enzyme would digest fats?
[1 mark]
Question 6 continues on the next page
Turn over ►
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PMT 24 Do not write outside the 0 6 . 6 Earthworms move through the soil. box This movement brings air into the soil. Dead plants decay faster in soil containing earthworms compared with soil containing no earthworms. Explain why. [3 marks] 0 6 . 7 When earthworms reproduce, a sperm cell from one earthworm fuses with an egg cell from a different earthworm. Name the process when an egg cell and a sperm cell fuse. [1 mark] 0 6 . 8 Some types of worm reproduce by a process called fragmentation. In fragmentation, the worm separates into two or more parts. Each part grows into a new worm. What type of reproduction is fragmentation? [1 mark] 10 * 24 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1F

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24
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0 6 . 6 Earthworms move through the soil. outside the
box
This movement brings air into the soil.
Dead plants decay faster in soil containing earthworms compared with soil containing
no earthworms.
Explain why.
[3 marks]
0 6 . 7 When earthworms reproduce, a sperm cell from one earthworm fuses with an egg cell
from a different earthworm.
Name the process when an egg cell and a sperm cell fuse.
[1 mark]
0 6 . 8 Some types of worm reproduce by a process called fragmentation.
In fragmentation, the worm separates into two or more parts. Each part grows into a
new worm.
What type of reproduction is fragmentation?
[1 mark]
10
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PMT 25 Do not write outside the 0 7 Eating food containing Salmonella bacteria can cause illness. box 0 7 . 1 Two symptoms of infection by Salmonella are vomiting and diarrhoea. What causes these symptoms? [1 mark] 0 7 . 2 Give two ways a person with a mild infection of Salmonella can help prevent the spread of the bacteria to other people. [2 marks] 1 2 0 7 . 3 In very serious infections of Salmonella , a doctor can prescribe drugs to kill the bacteria. What type of drug can the doctor prescribe to kill the bacteria? [1 mark] 0 7 . 4 A person with AIDS may take longer than a healthy person to recover from a Salmonella infection. Explain why. [2 marks] Turn over ► * 25 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1F

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25
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outside the
0 7 Eating food containing Salmonella bacteria can cause illness. box
0 7 . 1 Two symptoms of infection by Salmonella are vomiting and diarrhoea.
What causes these symptoms?
[1 mark]
0 7 . 2 Give two ways a person with a mild infection of Salmonella can help prevent the
spread of the bacteria to other people.
[2 marks]
1
2
0 7 . 3 In very serious infections of Salmonella , a doctor can prescribe drugs to kill
the bacteria.
What type of drug can the doctor prescribe to kill the bacteria?
[1 mark]
0 7 . 4 A person with AIDS may take longer than a healthy person to recover from a
Salmonella infection.
Explain why.
[2 marks]
Turn over ►
* 25 *
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PMT 26 Do not write outside the 0 7 . 5 Salmonella bacteria can be transmitted from chickens to humans. Chickens can be box vaccinated to prevent the transmission of Salmonella bacteria to humans. Suggest one other way farmers could prevent the transmission of Salmonella from chickens to humans. [1 mark] A restaurant owner employed a scientist to test the effectiveness of two kitchen cleaning liquids. The scientist took samples from two work surfaces: • before the surfaces had been cleaned with the cleaning liquids • after the surfaces had been cleaned with the cleaning liquids. The samples were then analysed for the number of bacteria they contained. The results are shown in Figure 10 . Figure 10 * 26 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1F

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26
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0 7 . 5 Salmonella bacteria can be transmitted from chickens to humans. Chickens can be outside the
box
vaccinated to prevent the transmission of Salmonella bacteria to humans.
Suggest one other way farmers could prevent the transmission of Salmonella
from chickens to humans.
[1 mark]
A restaurant owner employed a scientist to test the effectiveness of two kitchen
cleaning liquids.
The scientist took samples from two work surfaces:
• before the surfaces had been cleaned with the cleaning liquids
• after the surfaces had been cleaned with the cleaning liquids.
The samples were then analysed for the number of bacteria they contained.
The results are shown in Figure 10 .
Figure 10
* 26 *
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PMT 27 Do not write outside the 0 7 . 6 Which cleaning liquid is the more effective? box Give a reason for your answer. [1 mark] Cleaning liquid Reason Question 7 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 27 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1F

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27
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outside the
0 7 . 6 Which cleaning liquid is the more effective? box
Give a reason for your answer.
[1 mark]
Cleaning liquid
Reason
Question 7 continues on the next page
Turn over ►
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PMT 28 Do not write outside the The scientist investigated the effect of cleaning liquid A and cleaning liquid B on box Salmonella bacteria grown in a laboratory. Figure 11 shows the way the investigation was set up. Figure 11 The Petri dish was placed in an incubator at 25 °C for 48 hours. After 48 hours, the scientist calculated the area around each paper disc where no bacteria were growing. The results are shown in Table 4 . Table 4 Area around disc with no Filter paper disc bacteria growing in cm 2 Water 0 Cleaning liquid A 11 Cleaning liquid B 13 0 7 . 7 What measurement would the scientist need to take to calculate the area where no bacteria were growing? [1 mark] * 28 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1F

PMT
28
Do not write
The scientist investigated the effect of cleaning liquid A and cleaning liquid B on outside the
box
Salmonella bacteria grown in a laboratory.
Figure 11 shows the way the investigation was set up.
Figure 11
The Petri dish was placed in an incubator at 25 °C for 48 hours.
After 48 hours, the scientist calculated the area around each paper disc where no
bacteria were growing.
The results are shown in Table 4 .
Table 4
Area around disc with no
Filter paper disc
bacteria growing in cm 2
Water 0
Cleaning liquid A 11
Cleaning liquid B 13
0 7 . 7 What measurement would the scientist need to take to calculate the area where no
bacteria were growing?
[1 mark]
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PMT 29 Do not write outside the 0 7 . 8 Give one change to the investigation that would allow the scientist to check if the box results are repeatable. [1 mark] 0 7 . 9 The scientist showed the results to the restaurant owner. Both cleaning liquids cost the same per dm 3 . Suggest one other factor the restaurant owner should consider when choosing which cleaning liquid to use. [1 mark] 11 Turn over for the next question Turn over ► * 29 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1F

PMT
29
Do not write
outside the
0 7 . 8 Give one change to the investigation that would allow the scientist to check if the box
results are repeatable.
[1 mark]
0 7 . 9 The scientist showed the results to the restaurant owner.
Both cleaning liquids cost the same per dm 3 .
Suggest one other factor the restaurant owner should consider when choosing which
cleaning liquid to use.
[1 mark]
11
Turn over for the next question
Turn over ►
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PMT 30 Do not write outside the 0 8 Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical reactions in the cells of the body. box One metabolic reaction is the formation of lipids. 0 8 . 1 Give one other metabolic reaction in cells. [1 mark] Table 5 shows the mean metabolic rate of humans of different ages. Table 5 Age in Mean metabolic rate in kJ/m 2 /hour years Males Females 5 53 53 15 45 42 25 39 35 35 37 35 45 36 35 0 8 . 2 What two conclusions can be made from the data in Table 5 ? [2 marks] Tick two boxes. As age increases, mean metabolic rate of males and females increases. Males have a higher metabolic rate than females after five years of age. The mean metabolic rate of females decreases faster than males up to 25 years of age. The mean metabolic rate of males and females decreases more quickly after the age of 35. There is no relationship between age and mean metabolic rate. * 30 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1F

PMT
30
Do not write
0 8 Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical reactions in the cells of the body. outside the
box
One metabolic reaction is the formation of lipids.
0 8 . 1 Give one other metabolic reaction in cells.
[1 mark]
Table 5 shows the mean metabolic rate of humans of different ages.
Table 5
Age in Mean metabolic rate in kJ/m 2 /hour
years
Males Females
5 53 53
15 45 42
25 39 35
35 37 35
45 36 35
0 8 . 2 What two conclusions can be made from the data in Table 5 ?
[2 marks]
Tick two boxes.
As age increases, mean metabolic rate of males and
females increases.
Males have a higher metabolic rate than females after
five years of age.
The mean metabolic rate of females decreases faster than males
up to 25 years of age.
The mean metabolic rate of males and females decreases more
quickly after the age of 35.
There is no relationship between age and mean metabolic rate.
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PMT 31 Do not write outside the 0 8 . 3 Calculate the percentage decrease in the mean metabolic rate of males between box 5 years and 45 years of age. Use the equation: decrease in metabolic rate percentage decrease= × 100 original metabolic rate Give your answer to 3 significant figures. [3 marks] Percentage decrease= Question 8 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 31 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1F

PMT
31
Do not write
outside the
0 8 . 3 Calculate the percentage decrease in the mean metabolic rate of males between box
5 years and 45 years of age.
Use the equation:
decrease in metabolic rate
percentage decrease= × 100
original metabolic rate
Give your answer to 3 significant figures.
[3 marks]
Percentage decrease=
Question 8 continues on the next page
Turn over ►
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PMT 32 Do not write outside the Regular exercise can increase metabolic rate. box Two people did five minutes of gentle exercise from rest. Table 6 shows the effect of the exercise on their heart rates. Table 6 Time in Heart rate in beats per minute minutes Person R Person S 0 (at rest) 60 78 1 76 100 2 85 110 3 91 119 4 99 129 5 99 132 0 8 . 4 Describe two differences in the response of person R and person S to the exercise. Use information from Table 6 . [2 marks] 1 2 0 8 . 5 Complete the line graph in Figure 12 for person S . You should: • add the scale to the x axis • label the x axis. [4 marks] * 32 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1F

PMT
32
Do not write
Regular exercise can increase metabolic rate. outside the
box
Two people did five minutes of gentle exercise from rest.
Table 6 shows the effect of the exercise on their heart rates.
Table 6
Time in Heart rate in beats per minute
minutes
Person R Person S
0 (at rest) 60 78
1 76 100
2 85 110
3 91 119
4 99 129
5 99 132
0 8 . 4 Describe two differences in the response of person R and person S to the exercise.
Use information from Table 6 .
[2 marks]
1
2
0 8 . 5 Complete the line graph in Figure 12 for person S .
You should:
• add the scale to the x axis
• label the x axis.
[4 marks]
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PMT 33 Do not write outside the Figure 12 box 0 8 After five minutes of exercise, the heart rate of person S . 6 was 132 beats per minute. When person S rested, his heart rate decreased steadily at a rate of 12 beats every minute. Calculate how much time it would take the heart rate of person S to return to its resting rate. [2 marks] Time = minutes Question 8 continues on the next page Turn over ► * 33 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1F

PMT
33
Do not write
Figure 12 outside the
box
0 8 . 6 After five minutes of exercise, the heart rate of person S was 132 beats per minute.
When person S rested, his heart rate decreased steadily at a rate of 12 beats
every minute.
Calculate how much time it would take the heart rate of person S to return to its
resting rate.
[2 marks]
Time = minutes
Question 8 continues on the next page
Turn over ►
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PMT 34 Do not write outside the 0 8 . 7 A student made the following hypothesis about the heart rate of smokers and box non-smokers during exercise. “During exercise, the heart rate of smokers increases more than the heart rate of non-smokers.” Design an investigation that would allow you to test this hypothesis. [6 marks] 20 END OF QUESTIONS * 34 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1F

PMT
34
Do not write
0 8 . 7 A student made the following hypothesis about the heart rate of smokers and outside the
box
non-smokers during exercise.
“During exercise, the heart rate of smokers increases more than the heart rate
of non-smokers.”
Design an investigation that would allow you to test this hypothesis.
[6 marks]
20
END OF QUESTIONS
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PMT 35 Do not write outside the box There are no questions printed on this page DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED * 35 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1F

PMT
35
Do not write
outside the
box
There are no questions printed on this page
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE
ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED
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PMT 36 Do not write outside the box There are no questions printed on this page DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED Copyright i nformation For confidentiality purposes, from the November 2015 examination series, acknowledgements of third party copyright material will be published in a separate booklet rather than including them on the examination paper or support materials. This booklet is published after each examination series and is available for free download from www.aqa.org.uk after the live examination series. Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for. In some cases, efforts to contact copyright-holders may have been unsuccessful and AQA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgements. If you have any queries please contact the Copyright Team, AQA, Stag Hill House, Guildford, GU2 7XJ. Copyright © 2018 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved. * 36 * IB/M/Jun18/8461/1F

PMT
36
Do not write
outside the
box
There are no questions printed on this page
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE
ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED
Copyright i nformation
For confidentiality purposes, from the November 2015 examination series, acknowledgements of third party copyright material will be published in a
separate booklet rather than including them on the examination paper or support materials. This booklet is published after each examination series and is
available for free download from www.aqa.org.uk after the live examination series.
Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for. In some cases, efforts to contact copyright-holders may have been unsuccessful and
AQA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgements. If you have any queries please contact the Copyright Team, AQA, Stag Hill House,
Guildford, GU2 7XJ.
Copyright © 2018 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved.
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June 2018 QP - Paper 1F AQA Biology GCSE